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Wa0035.

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hhimanshusingh9793
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‭Science and Technology‬

‭Lecture 36: New Computing Technologies‬


‭Development of Quantum Computers‬
‭●‬ ‭The development of quantum computers has marked significant milestones in recent years. The first‬
‭commercially available quantum computer, the D-Wave 2000, was introduced by a Canadian company,‬‭D-Wave‬
‭Systems, in 2011.‬
‭●‬ ‭Currently, major players such as Google, IBM, Microsoft, like companies are developing quantum computers and‬
‭exploring it in areas like machine learning and artificial intelligence.‬
‭●‬ ‭Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy a few years ago, demonstrating the computational‬
‭capabilities of quantum computers. In their landmark announcement, Google claimed that their quantum‬
‭computer could solve a extremely large amount of data in‬‭just 200 seconds,‬‭a task that would take traditional‬
‭supercomputers an‬‭estimated 10,000 years to complete.‬
‭Development of Quantum Computer in India:‬
‭●‬ ‭In 2017,‬‭the Department of Science and Technology‬‭organized national-level meetings at the‬‭Harish‬
‭Chandra Research Institute, Prayagraj,‬‭to explore‬‭the possibility of development of quantum computers‬
‭in India.‬
‭●‬ ‭In the budget for 2020-2021,‬‭8000 crores were allocated‬‭to NMQTA (National Mission on Quantum‬
‭Technology and Applications) to establish India at third place after the USA and China.‬
‭●‬ ‭In 2023, the Government of India started the National Quantum Mission (NQM) for the development‬
‭of Quantum computer and Technology in India. With this mission‬‭India became the‬‭7th country in the‬
‭world‬‭to have a dedicated quantum mission. Under this‬‭mission, India will try to achieve following‬
‭objectives in the time period of 2023-24 to 2030-31:‬
‭○‬ ‭Quantum Computing:‬‭In the next 5-8 years, India will‬‭develop a quantum computer.‬
‭○‬ ‭Quantum Communication:‬‭Under this, quantum encryption‬‭will be developed, to enhance‬
‭communication security. It will be utilized in defense applications and satellite communication and‬
‭other strategic areas.‬
‭○‬ ‭Quantum Sensing and Metrology:‬‭This area will focus‬‭on developing highly accurate measurement‬
‭technology capable of measuring dimensions at the atomic level.‬
‭○‬ ‭Quantum Materials and Devices:‬‭It will help to develop different types of quantum materials, devices‬
‭and designing of it. Within this domain, various types of equipment and systems will be developed to‬
‭aid industries related to semiconductors, superconductors, atomic clocks, etc.‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬
‭●‬ ‭These four objectives of the quantum mission are Thematic Hubs (4 - T- Hubs).‬

‭Digital Computer vs Optical Computer‬

‭Digital Computer‬ ‭Optical Computer‬

‭●‬ ‭Based on electronic flow (current) through an‬ ‭●‬ ‭Based on photon flow through an optical transistor.‬
‭electronic transistor.‬

‭Optical Computer or Photonic Computer‬


‭●‬ ‭This is a new computing concept in which photons can replace electrons in the calculation and processing of‬
‭digital or binary data.‬
‭●‬ ‭An optical computer, or photonic computer, will have the following benefits over electronic computers:‬
‭○‬ ‭Energy requirements will be‬‭very low‬‭because the light‬‭signal will be generated by LEDs. There will be no‬
‭internal resistance‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭It will give‬‭extremely high processing ability‬‭and‬‭faster data transfer because nothing can travel faster‬
‭than light.‬
‭●‬ ‭The biggest barrier in development of optical computing is the‬‭development of light based optical‬
‭transistors or optical processors.‬‭In 2016 MIT in‬‭the USA developed the‬‭world's‬‭first optical transistor‬
‭which can be helpful in the development of optical processors and optical computers in future.‬

‭DNA Computing/Organic computing/Biological Computing/Molecular Computing:‬


‭●‬ ‭In 2018, an article was published in a magazine called Nature titled 'DNA Can Store Digital Data'. In‬
‭molecular computing, DNA or other‬‭biological molecules‬‭can be used to store digital data.‬
‭●‬ ‭DNA is considered the most suitable because it can hold digital data as a‬‭sequence of nitrogenous bases.‬
‭To make the data secure, DNA will be placed inside‬‭suitable bacteria‬‭because‬‭they can survive in‬
‭extremely adverse conditions.‬
‭21‬
‭●‬ ‭A gram of DNA contains 10‬ ‭DNA bases (A, T, G, and‬‭C), which can store 108 terabytes of binary data (in‬
‭0 and 1 forms)‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Scientists are exploring DNA as a‬‭permanent data storage‬‭device‬‭where digital data can be stored for‬
‭thousands of years. In research, Bacillus subtilis bacteria have been considered suitable for this purpose‬
‭because they can retain binary data for thousands of years.‬

‭PW Web/App:‬‭https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4‬

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