LITERATURE

latin word “ litera “ - acquaintance with letters

 Some loosely interpret literature as a faithful reproduction of man's
manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression.
 According to Chesterton, literature can be said to be the story of man;
man's loves, grief, thoughts, dreams, and aspirations coached in beautiful
langvage.
 Literature deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man - thus it can
be said the literature is the story of
man.
 Literature in its broader sense, is everything that has been written.

ESSENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE

Artistry - quality which appeals to our sense

of beauty.
Intellectual value - a literary work stimulates thought enriches are mental life by
making us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature.
Suggestiveness - this is the quality associated with the emotional power of
literature, such that it should move as deeply and stir our creative imagination,
giving and evoking vision above and beyond the plane of ordinary life and
experience.
Spiritual value - a good literature elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values
which makes us better persons - this capacity to inspire is part of the spiritual
value of literature.
Permanence - a great work of literature endures - it can be read again and again
as each reading gives fresh delight and new insights and opens new worlds of
meaning and experience.
Universality - great literature is timeless and timely - forever relevant in terms of
its theme and conditions.

FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE
 Literature gives "pleasure and enjoyment."
According to Horace the three functions of Literature are:
*Dulce - (sweetness) It appeals to human pleasure or to the emotional aspect, or
simply to entertain;
*Utile - (usefulness) It appeals to human intellect; drawing application to life
*Movere - (to move) it should appeal to human imagination; igniting the soul of
the reader.

GENRES OF LITERATURE

PROSE POETRY
Form - Written in paragraph form Written in stanza or verse form
Language- Expressed in ordinary Expressed in metrical, rhythmical
language and figurative language
Appeal - To the intellect To the emotion
Aim - To convince, inform, Stir the imagination and set an
instruct, imitate, and reflect ideal of how life should be

PROSE
 Prose is the MOST COMMON FORM OF WRITING. It is not restricted by
rhythm or dialogue, and it most closely resembles everyday speech.
It is usually straightforward, and may utilize figurative language, dialogue,
characters, and imagery.
 A prose is any form of writing that is not in verse. It is a continuous writing
in units of words, sentences, paragraphs and chapters. Prose fiction is a
term used to describe a literary work borne out of the author's
imagination. Most novels fall under this classification as the author goes
out of his way to create literature.

A. PROSE DRAMA
- A drama in prose form. It consists entirely of dialogues in prose, and is meant
to be acted on stage.
B. ESSAY
 A short literary composition which is exporsitory in nature. The auhor
shares some of his thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observations on
some aspects of life that have interested him.
 this expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular
problem or event. The best example of this is the editorial page of a
newspaper.
Example: Carmen Guerrero Nakpil's "Where is the Patis?"
C. PROSE FICTION
(something invented, imagined, or feigned to be true)
• a type of writing that tells a fictional story in a natural, flowing style.
It's written without a set meter and uses full sentences.
Example: Novel, novella, short story

NOVEL
 this is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from
true-lo life stories and spans long period of time. There are many
characters involved.
 a long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot. It may have a main
plot and one or more sub-plots that develop with the main plot.
Characters and actions representative of the real life of past or present
times are portrayed in a plot. it is made up of chapters.
Example: Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana.
D. AUTOBIOGRAPHY & BIOGRAPHY
 AUTHORBIOGRAPHY
 this is a narrative about one's life written by that person. It differs from a
memoir in that it usually covers the entire scope of the author's life,
rather than focusing on a single period of his or her life.
  BIOGRAPHY
 this is a written account of a persons life. It incorporates character,
personality and accomplishments.
E. DIARIES AND JOURNALS
This is a personal, and often daily, record of events, experiences, and reflection.
& Diaries - a daily written record or account of the writer's own experience,
thoughts, activities, or observations.
• focus more on emotion and personal ascounts.
> Journals - a magazine or periodical especially of a serious or learned nature.
• tend to be logs of events and often describes the experiences of a group of
people.
F. TRAVEL
 A written account of trips, journeys, tours, etc. taken by the writer.
 Travel prose can include journals, letters, reflections, essays, and articles.
Travel writing can be about the destination, the journey, or both.
G. PARODY
 An imitation of another author's work, where ridicule is the main objective.
Example: Pride and Prejudice and Zombies by Seth Grahame-Smith
H. ANECDOTE
 A brief narrative concerning a particular individual or incident.
Example: The Moth and the Lamp
I. PARABLE
 A short tale that illustrates principle, usually by setting for the
application of the principle to something familiar to the hearer or reader.
 A parable is a short story that teaches a moral lesson or spiritual truth.
It's like a story with a built-in takeaway.
Example: The Prodigal Son
J. EULOGY
 Writing in praise of a dead person, event, or thing.

POETRY
 Poetry is derived from a Greek word "poesis" meaning, making or creating.
 Poetry is the most intense form of writing. It allows a writer to express his or her deepest emotions and
thoughts in a very personal way. It relies heavily on figurative language shuthm, and imagery to relay its
message to
 Poetry is a kind of language that says it more intensely than ordinary.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY

SENSE
 is revealed through the meaning of words, images and symbols.
 This refers to the overallmessage, theme, and ideas that the poem conveys.
It's the heart of the poem, the reason the poet chose to write it in the first place.
SENSE: DICTION
 denotative and connotative meanings or symbols.
 the careful choice of words, each one imbued with both denotative (literal) and connotative (implied)
meanings, creating layers of significance.
Example : Green leave grass
Denotation: Green denotes the familiar color of leaves and grass
Connotation: Green connotes "newness" or "freshness", and hope.
SENSE: IMAGES AND SENSE
  vivid sensory details that create a tangible experience for the reader, evoking sight, sound, smell, taste,
touch, motion, and even emotion.
 the use of vivid descriptions and sensory details to create a picture in the reader's mind. It appeals to sight,
sound, smell, taste, and touch, making the poem more engaging.‫لد‬

SENSE: FIGURE OF SPEECH

- the creative use of language to create a deeper meaning, often through comparisons, contrasts, or personification.
 Simile – as/ like
 Metonymy
 Synecdoche
 Paradox – 2 phrases that contradict each other
 Metaphor
 Hyperbole
 Irony
 Onomatopocia
 Personification
 Allusion
 Antithesis
 Apostrophe
 Litotes
 Oxymoron – 2 words that contradict each other

SOUND
SOUND: TONE COLOR
 is a way of describing how the sound of the poem contributes to the overall tone and mood.
 these elements work together to create a particular atmosphere and mood within the poem. These are all
fools for orating a pleasing sound and enhancing the meaning.
Alliteration, Rhyme, Assonance , Repetition, Consonance, Anaphora
SOUND: RHYTHM
 A pattern of sounds arranged in a particular way. It also refers to the regular recurrence of the accent or
stress in a poem or a song. It is the pulse or beat that we feel in a phrase of music or in lines of poetry.
 Ordered recurrence alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of the sound and silence.
 the flow of the poem, the ordered and recurrent arrangement of strong and weak elements within a line. It's
the pulse of the poem, creating a sense of movement and momentum.
SOUND: METER
 Stress, duration, or numbers of syllables per line, fixed metrical pattern, or a verse form.
 the rhythmic pattern created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables within a line. It creates
a sense of regularity and predictability, while also offering opportunities for variation and emphasis.
 defined as th
miber or stress and unstress syllables in one poetic foot. It is a
count of the stresses we feel in the poems rhythm
Example: quantitative, syllabic, accentual, and accentual syllabic.
SOUND: RHYME SCHEME
 the intentional arrangement of rhymes within a stanza or the entire poem. It can be a simple ABAB pattern
or a more intricate scheme, but it always adds structure and beauty to the poem
 The repetition of similar sounds at the end of lines. This creates a musical effect and can enhance
memorability.
 Formal arrangement of rhymes in stanza or whole poem
STRUCTURE
 The poem is organized into five quatrains (four-line stanzas).
Structure refers to:
1. Arrangement of words and lines to fit together
2. The organization of the parts to form a whole.
STRUCTURE: WORD ORDER

NATURAL WORD ORDER

TRADITIONAL SYNTAX
- This is the way we typically arrange words in sentences to make sense in everyday speech and writing. It follows a
subject-verb-object pattern.
Examble: "The ent crasea the mouse.
(Subject: "cat," Verb: "chased," Object:("mouse")
UNNATURAL WORD ORDER
INVERTED SYNTAX
- This is when the word order is changed from the typical pattern for emphasis or effect. It can create a more poetic,
dramatic, or unusual feel.
Example: "The mouse, the cat chased." (Object: "mouse" placed first, then the verb:
"chased," then the subject: "cat")

STRUCTURE: PUNCTUATION
 abundance or lack of punctuation marks.
 Punctuation marks (periods, commas, question marks, exclamation poms, etc.) guide the reader's pacing
and understanding.
STUCTURE: SHAPE
- contextual and visual designs: jumps, omission of spaces, capitalization, lower case.
This refers to the fact that a poem's shape is often connected to its content. The shape might visually renresentak
•poem's theme, subject matter, or even the
speaker's emotions.
Example: A poem about a winding road might be written in a shape that resembles a curving path.

TYPES OF POETRY
1. NARRATIVE POETRY
• This form describes important events in life either real osimaginary.

EPIC
- this is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control. It may deal with heroes and
gods.
Example: BIAG-NI-LAM-ANG by Pedro Bukaneg
Two kinds of epic poetry:
1. popular or ancient - often without a definite author and is of slow growth.
2.Interary or modern - with a definite author.
METRICAL TALE
 this is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance.
 a narrative poem consisting usually a single series of connective events that are simple idylls or home tales,
love tales, tales of the supernatural or tales written for a strong moral purpose in verse form.
examples:
simple idylls or home tales
tales of the supernatural
tales written for a strong moral purpose in verse form.
love tales
METRICAL ROMANCE
- a narrative poem tat tells a story of adventure, love, and chivalry.
The typical hero is a knight on a quest.
BALLAD
- of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and the simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a
simple incident.
2. LYRIC POETRY
- Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to
any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to
understand.
Examples of lyric poetry
a.Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) - these are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief,
doubt, joy, hope anc sorrow.
b.Sonnets - this is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion a feeling or an idea.
There are two types of sonnet: Italian and Shakespearean.
c.Elegy - this is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy and whose theme is death..
d.Ode - this is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite
number of lines in a stanza
e. Psalms (Dalit) - this is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.