How’s Calculus so far?

A B C D E F G
Review Questions
𝑡 2 −𝑡−12
lim
𝑡→4 𝑡 2 −5𝑡+ 4
Review Questions
2𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 < 5
𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ 2
𝑥 − 12 𝑥 ≥ 5
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ?
𝑥→5
 L esson Objectives:
❑ identify infinite limits
❑determine limits at infinity
Recall:
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

Substitute 𝑎 to 𝑥

Real 0 𝑐
number 0 0

Factor Rationalize +∞ −∞

INFINITE LIMITS
Remember this Example 1:
𝑥+3
lim =?
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥+3
Find lim−
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥+3
Find lim+
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
Tabular Illustration:
𝑥+3 Please check with your calculator.
lim− = ? −∞
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑥 2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999 →𝟑

𝑓(𝑥) −5 −11 −59 −599 −5,999 → − ∞

2 3 4
Tabular Illustration:
𝑥+3 Please check with your calculator.
lim+ = ? +∞
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑥 4 3.5 3.1 3.01 3.001 →𝟑

𝑓(𝑥) 7 13 61 601 6001 →+∞

2 3 4
Graphical Illustration
𝑥+3
lim+ = +∞
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3

𝑥+3
lim− = −∞ The line 𝒙 = 𝟑 is a
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
of the graph.
The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote of the graph
of 𝑓(𝑥) if at least one of the following holds.
lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = −∞ 𝑜𝑟 + ∞
𝑥→𝑎

lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = −∞ 𝑜𝑟 + ∞
𝑥→𝑎
 𝑐
Steps in evaluating lim 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑓(𝑎) =
𝑥→𝑎 0

𝑥+3 6
Example: lim−
−0.1 = −∞
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
=
Step 1: Substitute 𝑎 to the variable in the numerator.
Step 2: Substitute a very near number on the left (or right of 𝑎) to the
variable in the denominator.
Step 3. If the answer in Steps 1 and 2 have the same sign, the limit
goes to +∞. Otherwise, it’s −∞.

2.9 3
 Examples:
−9 𝑥−5
1. lim + = −∞ 4. lim+ 2 = +∞
𝑥→−4 𝑥 + 4 𝑥→5 𝑥 −10𝑥 + 25

𝑥+1
2. lim− 2 = +∞ 𝑥−5
𝑥→0 2𝑥 5. lim− 2 = −∞
𝑥→5 𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 25
𝑥+1
3. lim+ 2 = +∞
𝑥→0 2𝑥
 𝑥 2
−9
1. lim − 2 =?
𝑥→−3 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9

25 is
Time
seconds
up!!!
 𝑥+5
2. lim− =?
𝑥→6 2𝑥 −12

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 3𝑥 − 4
3. lim+ =?
𝑥→7 |7 − 𝑥|

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seconds
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Use the graph below.
4. lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = ?
𝑥→2

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Time
seconds
up!!!
Who got 4 out of 4? ☺
LIMITS AT INFINITY
 1 𝑐
lim =0 lim =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

𝑐
lim 𝑛 = 0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

𝑐
lim 𝑛 = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥
Example 1
6𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 −1 1ൗ𝑥3
lim 3 − 𝑥 + 5 1ൗ 3
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
6𝑥 3+ 𝑥2−
𝟔 𝒙1𝟑
• lim 𝒙
3 − 𝟏𝑥 + 𝟓 =3
𝑥→+∞ 𝟐
2𝑥 5
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
Example 2
6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 1ൗ 3
𝑥
lim 3 − 𝑥 +5 1ൗ 3
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 𝑥
𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 2+ 𝑥
6𝑥 𝒙𝟐− 1𝒙𝟑
• lim 3 − 𝟏𝑥 +
=0
𝑥→+∞ 𝟐
2𝑥 5𝟓
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
Example 3
6𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 1 1ൗ 3
𝑥
lim 3 − 𝑥 +5 1ൗ 3
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
𝟔𝒙4 + 𝒙𝑥𝟐 −
6𝑥 1𝒙𝟑
• lim 3 − 𝟏𝑥 + = lim 3𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥
𝟐 5𝟓 𝑥→+∞
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
Example 4
6𝑥 6 + 𝑥 − 1 1ൗ 5
𝑥
lim 3 5 1ൗ 5
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 +5 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
𝟔𝒙6 + 𝒙𝑥𝟒 − 1
6𝑥 𝒙𝟓
• lim𝟐 3− 𝑥 𝟏 5+ 𝟓 = lim −6𝑥 = −∞
2𝑥
𝑥→+∞ 𝟐 5 𝑥→+∞
𝒙 𝒙𝟓
Example 5
6𝑥 6 + 𝑥 − 1 1ൗ 5
𝑥
lim 3 5 1ൗ 5
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 +5 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
𝟔𝒙 6
6𝑥 + 𝒙𝑥𝟒 − 𝒙𝟓1
• lim 𝟐 3 − 𝑥𝟏5 + 𝟓 = lim −6𝑥 = +∞
2𝑥
𝑥→−∞ 𝟐 5 𝑥→−∞
𝒙 𝒙𝟓
Example 6
6𝑥 7 + 𝑥 − 1 1ൗ 5
𝑥
lim 3 5 1ൗ 5
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 +5 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
𝟔𝒙𝟐7 + 𝒙𝑥𝟒 − 1𝒙𝟓
6𝑥
• lim𝟐 3 − 𝑥𝟏5 + 5 𝟓 = lim −6𝑥 2 = −∞
2𝑥
𝑥→−∞ 𝟐 𝑥→−∞
𝒙 𝒙𝟓
 𝑁𝑢𝑚
In evaluating lim
𝑥→+∞ 𝐷𝑒𝑛
If deg(Num) = deg(Den),

just deal with the coefficients

If deg(Num) < deg(Den),

If deg(Num) > deg(Den),

The line 𝒚 = 𝟎 is a
HORIZONTAL
ASYMPTOTE of the
graph.

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ? lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ?
𝑥→−∞
𝑥→+∞
 Example

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ? lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ?
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→+∞
 Practice
2
Exercises
1. lim 𝑥 − 11
𝑥→ −∞

𝑥 3 +3
2. lim
𝑥→+∞ 3𝑥 4 −2

2𝑥 3 − 13
3. lim
𝑥→ −∞ 8 − 𝑥 3

𝑥6 + 7
4. lim
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 − 9
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ? lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ?
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→+∞
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ? lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ?
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→+∞
 3𝑥 2
−9
1. lim 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 =?
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥

25 is
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seconds
up!!!
 3𝑥 5−1
2. lim 3 +7𝑥 + 4 =?
𝑥→−∞ 9𝑥

25 is
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seconds
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 2𝑥 3
−5
3. lim 4 2 +13 =?
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 +5𝑥

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seconds
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 5
−3𝑥 + 8
4. lim 4 +7𝑥 + 4 =?
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

25 is
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seconds
up!!!
Refer to the graph below.

5. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥→+∞

25 is
Time
-5 5 seconds
up!!!
Who got AT LEAST 4? ☺