PLUMBING WORKS

Prepared by: Engr. Lorenzo Galicia, MSCM

PLUMBING WORKS LEGENDS
PLUMBING WORKS
Plumbing work refers to installing, repairing, and maintaining pipes,
fixtures, and other systems used for water distribution and sewage
disposal in buildings.
It involves a variety of tasks, from simple repairs like fixing leaky
faucets to complex projects like designing and installing a new
plumbing system.
Plumbing is a complex system designed to bring fresh water into a
home, distribute it to various fixtures, and remove wastewater
efficiently.
Plumbing work also includes designing, installing, altering,
constructing, reconstructing, or repairing plumbing, gas, and
drainage systems.
PLUMBING WORKS
TYPES OF PLUMBING SYSTEMS
 Water Supply System
 A water supply system is a system of facilities and components that provide water
for various purposes.
 It usually involves the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of
water.
 Water supply systems can use different sources of water, such as wells, reservoirs,
canals, aqueducts, and rivers.
 Water supply systems are essential for human health, sanitation, agriculture, industry,
and firefighting.
PLUMBING WORKS
TYPES OF PLUMBING SYSTEMS
 Sewer System/Waste Water System
 A sewer system is an infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff using
sewers.
 Storm Drainage System
 Storm drainage refers to systems designed to direct and dispose of stormwater from
impervious surfaces.
 These systems prevent water accumulation and help avoid problems like flooding,
erosion, and structural damage.
 TYPES OF PIPES
GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
Galvanized steel is rigid, corrosion-
resistant steel piping that was used for
decades for drainage, water supply, gas
supply, and several other purposes. While
galvanized steel pipe is still around
(particularly for gas supply), it is far less
common and not used for water supply in
new construction or remodel projects.
While it has good durability, it's also pricey
to install. Each end of the pipe is threaded,
and individual pipes are screwed into each
other with connecting fittings.
 TYPES OF PIPES
GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
Use for: Use galvanized steel pipe for
water supply lines, drain, and vent
lines. For most homeowners,
galvanized pipe will mainly be found in
the form of gas supply lines. Though
once commonly used for sinks,
showers, tubs, and other fixtures,
galvanized pipe still can be used in this
manner, if local plumbing codes
permit.
 TYPES OF PIPES
ABS PIPE
(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
Made of a thermoplastic resin and
looks very much like PVC pipe except it
is black and slightly softer. It's mainly
used as a vent and drain line.

This pipe is fairly durable, though sun

exposure can warp and degrade it, and
it's a cost-effective choice. But like
PVC, it isn't accepted by building codes
everywhere.

Use for: Use ABS pipe for both indoor

or outdoor plumbing, but when it is
used indoors restrict the pipe to drain,
waste, and vent applications.
 TYPES OF PIPES
PVC PIPE
(PolyVinyl Chloride)
Plastic pipe material initially gained
popularity because it was lighter and
easier to work with than traditional
galvanized steel pipe. It's also
inexpensive and fairly durable. PVC pipe
is moderately easy to install and requires
little more than a hacksaw and a miter
box to cut. It glues together with
solvents.

Use for: PVC pipe and fittings are not

rated for highly pressurized applications.
Since building codes limit PVC pipe to
drain, waste, and vent applications, use
PVC pipe for drainage and vent lines
within the house. PVC pipe is commonly
used for below-ground exterior irrigation
water supply.
 TYPES OF PIPES
PPR PIPE
(Polypropylene Random
Copolymer)
PPR is a straight and unbending
cylindrical-shaped pipe produced using
Polypropylene Random Copolymer
plastic, delivered through a nonstop
expulsion process. They are generally
presented in green or white shades. If we
talk about the outer thickness of these
pipes, the outer diameter is far thicker
than PVC pipes.

PPR Pipes are known for several

characteristics. However, their most
common trait is that they can be used in
the construction of cold and hot water
systems. Apart from this, its properties
of it incorporate lightweight
development, erosion opposition, and
simple joining and cutting. Generally,
these pipes are used in oil and gas
exploration and water pipelines.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

SERVICE ENTRANCE HOT AND COLD WATER LINE

WASTE WATER AND STORM DRAIN SYSTEM
WASTE WATER AND STORM DRAIN SYSTEM
 TEST FOR PIPE INTEGRITY
 SMOKE TEST
• A plumbing smoke test for leak detection or identifying sources of odor
involves pushing artificial smoke through your drain pipes and sewage
systems. This smoke then travels throughout those pipes and wherever there
are cracks or issues in these pipes, smoke will come out. This non-invasive
approach reveals plumbing issues such as leaks, cracks, loose fittings, and
other plumbing problems.
 SURFACE PREPARATION
• Hydrostatic or Hydraulic Pressure Testing is a non-destructive test used to
prove the integrity of a hydraulic pipework system or vessel, ensuring no leaks
or pressure loss.
• This non-destructive testing method uses a medium of water introduced to
the system before being pressurized via a hand pump to a calculated or
specified pressure.
THANK YOU!
ELECTRICAL
WORKS
Prepared by: Engr. Lorenzo Galicia, MSCM
ELECTRICAL WORKS LEGENDS
ELECTRICAL WORKS
Electrical works refer to installing any wiring, cable, conduit,
trunking, isolators, switch socket outlets, power switches or any
other fittings for transmission of electricity for lighting, heating,
cooling or other similar purposes in a building.
High power is necessary for all the electrical equipment used
on a construction site, such as heavy-duty machinery and the
complex network of electrical installations. This network can be
interlinked or standalone.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
LIGHTING SYSTEM
Electric lighting is the artificial
illumination produced by electrical
sources. It revolutionized indoor
and outdoor spaces by replacing
traditional methods like candles
and gas lamps.
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
A network of components that
deliver and use electricity in a
household. It consists of incoming
power lines, an electric meter, a
service panel, subpanels,
household wiring, electrical boxes,
receptacles, switches, appliances,
lights, and equipment.
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
HVAC
Manages the heating, ventilation
and air conditioning needs of a
building.
Electrical components include
motors, fans, thermostats and
control systems.
Ensures optimal indoor comfort
and air quality.
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
AUXILIARY/DATA CABLING
Supports communication
infrastructure within the building.
Includes wiring, outlets, and
equipment for telephone, internet,
and networking.
Facilities connectivity and data
transfer for various applications
and devices.
TYPES OF PIPES USE IN
ELECTRICAL WORKS
 TYPES OF PIPES
PVC PIPES
PVC is a man-made hydrocarbon polymer
and is widely used in pipe manufacturing.
PVC pipes are durable, able to withstand
water pressure, and easy to fix if they leak.
PVC pipe is made from the thermoplastic
material polyvinyl chloride.
PVC pipes are used due to their low cost,
lightweight, and corrosion resistance.
 TYPES OF PIPES
RSC PIPES
Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) is a type of
electrical conduit made of galvanized
steel, designed for use in commercial
and industrial applications. It is known
for its durability and resistance to
corrosion.
 TYPES OF PIPES
IMC PIPES
IMC pipes Intermediate Metal Conduit
are rigid steel conduits designed to
provide a protective pathway for
conductors. They are an alternative to
rigid metal conduit (RSC) and weigh
about one-third less. IMC pipes are
used to protect wiring from
mechanical damage and
environmental elements. They can be
installed either exposed or concealed,
indoors or outdoors.
 TYPES OF PIPES
EMT PIPES
Electric Metallic Tubing is a type of
conduit pipe used in electrical
installations. It is made of coated steel
and aluminum, and is chosen for its
affordability and flexibility. EMT is
commonly referred to as a thin-wall
conduit.
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SERVICE ENTRANCE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION PANEL
HVAC
 TEST FOR WIRES AND PIPES INTEGRITY
 CONTINUITY TEST
• Testing of an electrical circuit to determine if the current can pass
through it (known as a close or complete circuit). In a continuity test, a
small voltage is applied to the two points of the circuit that need to be
checked.
 MEGGER TEST
• Megger test is a method of testing the electrical insulation of a wire or
a machine. It uses an insulation tester resistance meter that applies a
high-voltage DC potential to the insulation system and measures the
resulting current flow.
THANK YOU!
Concrete: The Backbone
Backbone of Modern
Construction
Concrete is a versatile and durable material used in various construction projects. It is a
projects. It is a composite material made from cement, aggregates, and water.
water.

by lorenzo galicia
Composition and Properties of Concrete
Cement Aggregates Water

Cement is a fine powder that acts as a binder, Aggregates are coarse and fine materials, Water is essential for the chemical reaction
reacting with water to form a paste. materials, such as sand and gravel, that reaction that allows cement to harden and
provide strength and volume. and bind aggregates.
Advantages and Versatility of
Concrete
1 Strength 2 Durability
Concrete is known for its Concrete is highly resistant to
compressive strength, making it weather and wear, making it a
making it ideal for load-bearing long-lasting building material.
bearing structures.

3 Versatility 4 Affordability
Concrete can be molded into Concrete is a cost-effective
various shapes and sizes, allowing material, making it a popular
allowing for diverse architectural choice for construction projects.
architectural designs. projects.
Sustainability and Innovation in Concrete
Concrete Technology
1 Recycled Concrete
Recycling concrete waste helps reduce environmental impact and conserve resources.

2 Self-Healing Concrete
This technology allows concrete to repair itself by using embedded microcapsules that contain
healing agents.

3 Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concrete reduces the weight of structures, minimizing the need for heavy support
heavy support systems.

4 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Adding fibers to concrete enhances its tensile strength and reduces cracking.
Types of Concrete
Concrete is a versatile and durable material used in various construction projects. Its
projects. Its types vary in their properties, strengths, and applications.

by lorenzo galicia
Portland Cement Concrete
1 Most Common Type 2 Versatile Strength
Made from Portland cement, Its strength can be adjusted by
aggregates, and water, it's strong varying the proportions of
and widely used in foundations, ingredients, allowing for different
pavements, and structures. applications.

3 Cost-Effective
The abundance of materials makes it a cost-effective option for many
many construction needs.
Reinforced Concrete
Increased Strength Structural Applications

Reinforced concrete combines the compressive strength of concrete It's essential for structures like bridges, buildings, and parking garages,
concrete with the tensile strength of steel. where resistance to bending and tension is crucial.
Prestressed Concrete
Tensioned Steel
High-strength steel tendons are tensioned within the concrete before
it sets, creating a pre-existing compressive force.

Improved Resistance
This pre-compression improves the concrete's resistance to bending
bending and cracking, allowing for longer spans and thinner sections.
sections.

Diverse Applications
Prestressed concrete is widely used in bridges, parking structures, and
structures, and building floors.
High-Performance Concrete
Enhanced Properties Special Additives
High-performance concrete is It often uses admixtures, such as
designed for specific applications as silica fume, fly ash, or
applications where high strength, superplasticizers, to achieve desired
strength, durability, and other desired properties.
performance characteristics are
required.

Applications
High-performance concrete is used in structures exposed to harsh conditions,
conditions, such as bridges, tunnels, and marine structures.
Lightweight Concrete
1 Reduced Weight
Lightweight concrete uses aggregates like expanded clay, pumice, or
perlite, which are lighter than traditional aggregates.

2 Construction Advantages
This reduced weight makes it ideal for non-structural applications
applications like roof decks, walls, and insulation.

3 Energy Efficiency
The lighter weight reduces the load on structures, leading to
to potential energy savings and lower construction costs.
Pervious Concrete

Water Permeability Environmental Benefits Urban Applications

Pervious concrete is designed to allow water to It promotes groundwater recharge, reduces the Pervious concrete is increasingly used in
water to pass through, reducing runoff and heat island effect, and improves soil health. parking lots, sidewalks, and other urban spaces.
and improving water quality. spaces.
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Type Advantages Applications

Steel Fibers Increased strength and impact resistance. Parking garages, pavements, and structures
structures exposed to impact loads.

Synthetic Fibers Improved crack control and durability. Roof decks, walls, and other applications
requiring enhanced crack resistance.
Geopolymer Concrete

Sustainable Alternative Reduced Carbon Footprint

Geopolymer concrete is a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland It uses industrial byproducts and reduces CO2 emissions compared to
cement concrete. Portland cement production.
Sustainable Concrete Solutions
1 Recycled Aggregates 2 Low-Carbon Cement 3 Innovative Mix Designs
Using recycled concrete, glass, or other Developing alternative cements with Exploring innovative mix designs can
other materials reduces waste and with lower carbon footprints is crucial can enhance concrete performance
saves resources. crucial for sustainable concrete. performance while minimizing
environmental impact.
Concrete and
Foundation Plans in the
the Philippines
The Philippines is a tropical country with a high level of seismic activity. This poses
poses unique challenges for concrete and foundation construction. Construction
Construction professionals in the country need to design structures that can withstand
withstand the impact of typhoons and earthquakes.

by lorenzo galicia
Key Components of Concrete and
and Foundation Design
Load Analysis Soil Investigation
Determining the load the foundation Evaluating soil properties, such as bearing
needs to support, including the weight of bearing capacity, to ensure the
the building and its contents, as well as foundation can adequately transfer loads
potential wind and seismic forces. loads to the ground.

Foundation Type Selection

Choosing the appropriate foundation system based on the soil conditions, building design,
building design, and budget, such as shallow foundations (footings, slabs), deep foundations
foundations (piles, caissons), or a combination.
Soil and Site Evaluation
1 Site Reconnaissance
Visual inspection of the site to identify any existing structures,
structures, topography, vegetation, and potential hazards.

2 Geotechnical Investigation
Collecting soil samples through drilling, testing the soil's strength,
strength, compressibility, and other relevant properties.

3 Site Plan Development

Creating a detailed site plan based on the gathered data, including
including proposed structures, utilities, and landscaping.
Concrete Mix Design and Reinforcement
Concrete Mix Design Reinforcement

Determining the proper proportions of cement, aggregates, water, and Selecting the appropriate type, size, and arrangement of steel bars or
water, and admixtures to achieve desired strength, durability, and mesh to reinforce the concrete and enhance its strength and resistance
and workability. to cracking.
Shallow Foundation Systems

Slab Foundations Footing Foundations

A continuous concrete slab poured directly on the ground, commonly Individual concrete blocks or pads supporting columns or walls, providing
used for residential and light commercial buildings. providing a wider base to distribute loads on the soil.
Deep Foundation Systems
Piles
Long, slender elements driven or drilled into the ground to transfer
loads to deeper, stronger soil strata.

Caissons
Large, hollow cylinders sunk into the ground to provide deep support
support for heavy structures or structures built on weak soil.

Pile Caps
Concrete structures connecting individual piles together and providing
providing a platform for supporting columns or beams.
Grading and Drainage
Considerations
1 Slope and Drainage 2 Surface Runoff
Proper grading and drainage are Installing gutters, downspouts,
essential for directing rainwater downspouts, and drainage
away from the foundation and systems to control surface runoff
preventing water infiltration. runoff and prevent erosion
around the foundation.

3 Waterproofing
Applying waterproofing membranes or coatings to protect the foundation
foundation from moisture and prevent leaks.
Building Code Requirements for
Concrete and Foundations
National Structural Code of the Philippines Specifies design requirements for concrete
(NSCP) concrete and foundation systems to
ensure structural integrity and safety.

Philippine Building Code (PBC) Outlines general building regulations,

including requirements for foundation
design and construction.

Local Building Ordinances May impose additional or specific

requirements for foundation design
depending on the municipality or city.
city.
Common Challenges and Mitigation
Mitigation Strategies

Seismic Activity Flooding

Designing foundations that can withstand Implementing flood control measures, such as
earthquake forces, such as using seismic elevating foundations, using waterproof
isolation systems and reinforced concrete. materials, and incorporating drainage systems.

Soil Variability Construction Quality Control

Conducting thorough soil investigations to Strict quality control measures throughout the
identify potential issues and selecting suitable throughout the construction process to ensure
foundation systems based on the specific soil ensure proper concrete mixing, placement, and
conditions. placement, and curing.
Emerging Trends and Innovations in
Concrete and Foundation
Construction
1 Sustainable Concrete 2 Prefabricated Foundations
Using recycled materials, reducing
cement consumption, and Utilizing precast concrete elements for
incorporating eco-friendly admixtures elements for foundations, reducing
to promote sustainable construction reducing construction time and
practices. improving accuracy and consistency.
consistency.

3 Advanced Monitoring Technologies

Employing sensors and monitoring systems to track foundation performance, identify
performance, identify potential issues early, and optimize maintenance strategies.
strategies.
WOOD
Woodworks in Construction
CONTENT
▪ Properties of Wood
▪ Types of Wood Used in Construction
▪ Applications of Wood in Construction
▪ Advantages of Using Wood in Construction
▪ Limitations of Wood in Construction
▪ Modern Advancements in Wood Construction
▪ Case Studies in Wood Construction
INTRODUCTION
Wood has been one of the most fundamental materials used in construction since the dawn
of civilization. Its versatility, natural beauty, and structural capabilities make it an enduring
choice for various construction applications. This report delves into wood properties, types
used in construction, their applications, advantages, limitations, and modern advancements
in wood construction technologies.

Wood terminology:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RrF7-
fDDRuXmvMVnDbcmTk7nUzaydFcB/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=106153108590613360652&rtp
of=true&sd=true
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
▪ Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Wood has a high
strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for
structural components.
▪ Thermal Insulation: Wood has low thermal
conductivity, offering good insulation properties.
PROPERTIES OF
▪ Aesthetic Appeal: Its natural grain and texture add WOOD
warmth and character to constructions.
Wood is a natural material with unique
▪ Workability: Wood is easy to cut, shape, and properties that make it suitable for
assemble using basic tools. construction

▪ Durability: Properly treated wood can last for

decades, even centuries.
TYPES OF WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION
HARDWOOD

▪ Derived from deciduous trees.

▪ Examples: Oak, Maple, Mahogany,
Teak.
▪ Common Uses: High-quality
furniture, decks, flooring, and
construction that needs to last.
TYPES OF WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION
SOFTWOOD

▪ Derived from coniferous trees.

▪ Examples: Pine, Cedar, Fir, Spruce.
▪ Common Uses: Building
components (e.g., windows, doors),
furniture, medium-density fiberboard
(MDF), paper, and Christmas trees.
TYPES OF WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION
WOODY GRASS

▪ It is herbaceous, which means it may

contain tiny strains of hard woody
tissues.
▪ Examples: Bamboo, Coconut,
Toddy Palm.
▪ Common Uses: Used as substitutes
for hardwoods and softwoods.
TYPES OF WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

▪ Manufactured by binding wood

fibers, veneers, or particles with
adhesives.
▪ Examples: Plywood, Oriented
Strand Board (OSB), Medium
Density Fiberboard (MDF),
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL).
▪ Common Uses: Sheathing, flooring,
and structural beams.
APPLICATIONS OF
WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
APPLICATIONS
Framing: Wood is widely used for wall
studs, roof trusses, and floor joists.
Beams and Columns: Engineered
wood products often serve as strong,
lightweight alternatives to steel or
concrete.
INTERIOR
APPLICATIONS
Flooring: Hardwood and engineered
wood flooring add elegance and
durability.
Cabinetry: High-quality woods are
often used in custom cabinetry and
shelving.
Moldings and Trims: Wood is
preferred for decorative elements like
baseboards, crown moldings, and
door casings.
EXTERIOR
APPLICATIONS
Cladding and Siding: Wood provides
a natural and sustainable option for
exterior walls.
Decking and Fencing: Pressure-
treated or naturally durable woods like
cedar and teak are common for
outdoor structures.
ADVANTAGES OF USING
WOOD IN
CONSTRUCTION
▪ Renewable Resource: Sustainable forestry
practices ensure a continuous supply of wood.
▪ Environmental Benefits: Wood acts as a carbon
sink, storing carbon throughout its lifecycle. ADVANTAGES OF
▪ Ease of Construction: Wood construction typically USING WOOD IN
requires less specialized labor compared to steel or CONSTRUCTION
concrete.
▪ Cost-Effectiveness: Wood is often more
affordable, especially for residential projects.
LIMITATIONS OF WOOD
IN CONSTRUCTION
▪ Moisture Sensitivity: Prolonged exposure to
moisture can cause rot, warping, or mold growth.
▪ Pest Vulnerability: Wood is susceptible to termites
and other insects if not treated properly. LIMITATIONS OF
▪ Fire Risk: Wood is combustible, requiring fire WOOD IN
retardant treatments in certain applications. CONSTRUCTION
▪ Dimensional Stability: Wood can shrink or expand
with changes in humidity.
MODERN
ADVANCEMENTS IN
WOOD CONSTRUCTION
CROSS-LAMINATED
TIMBER (CLT)
An engineered wood product used for
constructing high-rise buildings due to
its strength and fire resistance.
PREFABRICATION
Factory-built wood components
reduce on-site labor and construction
time.
WOOD TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
Advances in preservatives and
coatings enhance wood’s resistance
to fire, insects, and decay.
SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES
Certification programs like FSC
(Forest Stewardship Council) ensure
wood is sourced responsibly.
CASE STUDIES IN WOOD
CONSTRUCTION
BROCK COMMONS
TALLWOOD HOUSE,
CANADA
An 18-story student residence made
of mass timber, showcasing the
potential of CLT in modern
construction.
THE METROPOL
PARASOL, SPAIN
A striking wooden structure made of
laminated timber, demonstrating
wood’s capability for large-scale
architectural projects.
▪ Wood remains a cornerstone of construction due to
its versatility, aesthetic appeal, and environmental
benefits.
▪ While it has limitations, advancements in
engineered wood products and sustainable forestry
practices continue to expand its applications.
CONCLUSION
▪ As the industry moves toward greener construction
practices, wood’s role is set to become even more
prominent.
1. "Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering
Material," U.S. Forest Service.
2. "The Art of Woodworking," DK Publishing.
3. Websites of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
and industry case studies.
REFERENCES
THANK YOU!