TheOvary Fundus

Uterus
Fallopian Tube

Infundibulum

Endometrium

Myometrium Fimbriae

Vagina Ovary

•A pair of ovaries is located in the

abdomen.
-Dual Function

Primary sex organ EndocrineGland

-Produces two groups of
in female
-Produces one oVum steroids hormones called

during each menstrual Estrogen and Progesterone.

ycle.
-Requlate female sexual 5upports pregnancy
behaviour -Acts on mammary
-Mammary gland gland and stimulates

development the formation of

-Appearance of female alveoli(store milk) and

secondary sex characters milk secretion

-Stimulate growth and

activities of female

secondary sex organs

Menstrual Cyote
The reqularly occurring physiological changed in the endometriam that cuminate in its shedding may vary in length with the average being

about 28days

Ovarian Changes
Uterine Changes
Preovalateny Phoss
Menstrual Changs
Hueothalamus releases
qonadotropin-releasing hormone through the portal Coesists ofL to 6 days of bleeding as the endometrium breaks
system to the anterior pituitary system
down because of decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone
Secretonof follcle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
by the anterior lobe of the The lel of FSH increases, enablng the beginning of a new cycle
pitutary gland stimalates folicde qrouth

Most folicles die, leaving one to mature into a lorge qraafian folicle

Estroqen produced by the folicle stimulates increased secretion of Prolferative Phase

luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Losts about9 days

The folicle ruptures and rekases an ovum into the peritoneal cavity Estrogen stimadlates proliferaton and grouth of the endometriam

Luteal Phase As estrogen increoses, it suppresses the secretion of FSH and

Begins with ovalation increases secretion of LH

Body temperature decreases and then increases by 05 to degre F Seereionof LH stimulates ovulaton ond the develepment of the
I
around tme of ovwlation
corpus luteum

Corpus luteum is formed from remaining folicle cells: secretes estrogen Ovulotion occurs batween days l2 and l6 in a 28 day cyce

and proqesterone for the remaining I2 to la days of the cycle Estrogen is high and progesterone is low

degenerates if ovum is not fertlzed

Secretory Phass
Decline in estrogen and progesterone stimulates the onterior pihutary Losts about I2 days and follows ovulation

to secrete more FSH and LH, initating a new reproduche cycle Initiated in response to increase in LH
Menstrual cycle
Grafian folcle is replaced by corpus luteum

Corpus leteum secretes proqesterone and estrogen

Progesterone prepares the endometrium for pregnancy if a

fertilzed ovwm is implanted

Fertilization and Implantation

Day4
2Ce
Day 5
astocst
Clevege M

Day
Eoa ycote

fortitization ana Amplantatien

Day 6-7

of
Day 8
blastocyst
tihe
Fertlzution

Occurs in the ampula of the fallopian tube

Implontaton
Usually takes place within the outer third of the fallpian tube
fertlzed ovum becomes a Zygote
A
An ovum can be fertilzed up to 12 hours after its release
The zygote is propelled toward the uterus and implants 6 to i0
When fertilzed the membrane of the ovum undergoes changes
days after ovulation
that prevent the entry of other sperm
The blastocyst secretes human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
Each reproductve cell lgamete) contains 23 chromosomes
(HCG) to esure the corpus luteum remains viable and secretes
Sperm carry on X or Y chromosome
estrogen and proqesterone for the frst 2 to 3 months of
X\ male
qestation
XX female

Ovum carry only an X chromosome

 The Menstrual Cycle
246 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Pituitary hormones:
Just before ovulation,your hypothalamus
FSH
and pituitary gland release FSH
Hormones
(follicle stimulatinghormone) and LH
MENSES (luteinizing hormone) to trigger ovulation.

Uterus lining:
The uterus thickens to support a
pregnancy and then sheds if there
is no egg to support.

Growing Fotticle Corpus Luteum Egg development:

As our ovaries ripen follicles (or eggs).
estrogen levels begin to rise.

Development

Ovarian hormones:
Estrogen Progesterone Estrogen levels rise until ovulation
occurs. After ovulation,estrogen levels
gradually decline and progesterone levels
Hormones
rise.Many PMS symptoms can arise due
to a higher than normal estrogen to
progesterone ratio.
of
Moc Phases of the moon:
It is believed that before the advent of
the FullWaning New artificial light, prescription drugs, and
Phases
Now > Waxing >
technology. women's periods more
2468 10 12 16 16 18 20 24 26 28 closely corresponded with the moon.
 Femade
ReproductiveSystem
Gesta.tien
The period of time between the formation of the zygote and the birth of a
baby, is called pregnancy. It takes 9 months (or 40 weeks) for the zygote to
fully develop, so pregnancy usually lasts aboutnine months.During that

time,the zygote develops inside themother to become first an embryo,and

then a fetus (after two months), The fetuscontinues to grow and develop
until it is a fully formed baby. This period of pregnancy is called gestation.

These nine months of gestation are broken down into three 3-month
periods, called trimesters.

First Trimester (week I-2)

Soon after implantation, the placenta begins to grow.The placenta is a net
work of blood vessels that provides the embryo with Oxygen and nutrients.
The embryo is surrounded by the amnion,which is a sac filled with fluid that
protects the embryo.The embryo connects to the placenta by the umbilical
Cord. After week 10, the embryo is called a fetus. The heart, liver, brain, arms,
legs, and fingers all form during this time.

Second rimester (wok I3- 26)

During this time, joints and bones start to form, as the fetus's muscles grow
stronger. The fetus triples its size, the brain begins to grow rapidly, faces are
made, and the mother can start to fill movement. Toward theend of this
trimester, the fetus can breathe and swallow.

Third. Trimester (week 27- brth)

During this time,the brain develops further, organs become fully functional,
bones grow and harden, lungs completely develop, eyescan open and close,
and fetal dreams may take place, After 36 weeks,the fetus is almost ready
to be born.
AnSwer #2
-Male Reproductive System
FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland
located at the base of the brain, FSH is necessary for
sperm production and LH stimulates the production of
testosterone, which is necessary to continue the
process of spermatogenesis, Testosterone also is
important in the development of male characteristics,
including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution,
bone mass and sex drive.
-Female Reproductive System
•Gonadotropin releasing hormone is produced by a
part of the brain called the typothalamus, When it
circulatesin the blood it causes the releases of two
important hormones from the pitutary gland
•Follicleproduced bu the pituatary gland during
the first half of the menstrual cycle, Its stimulates

development of yhe maturing ovarian follicle and

controls ovum production in the female and sperm
production in the male,
•Leutenizing hormone is also produced by the
pituitary gland in the brain, It timukates the ovaries
to produce estrogen and progesterone, It also
triggers ovulation of a mature ovum from the ovary
•Oestrogen produced primarily by the ovaries in the
non pregnant woman. It promotes the maturation and
release of an ovum in every menstrual cycle
•Progesterone produced by the corpus luteum in
the ovary;itsfunction is to prepare tge endometrium
for the reception and development of the fertilized
oVum
 Female Reproductive System
Table 5 The Female Reproductive System
Structure Function

Ovaries produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone

site of ovum (egg cel)development and ovulation

Fallopian tubes carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
(oviducts) • usually the site of fertilization

fimbriae • sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube following ovulation
uterus (womb) • pear-shaped organ which the embryo and fetus develop
in
• involved menstruation
in

cervix • separates the vagina from the uterus

holds the fetus place during pregnancy
in

• dilates during birth to allow the fetus to leave the uterus

vagina extends from the cervix to the external environment

provides a passageway for sperm and menstrual flow
functionsas the birth canal
 Vedant.
Oviduct (Fallopian Tube):

Each fallopian tube is 1012 cm long

It extends trom the pernphery of en ovayto he uens

Fimbriae: They are the finger like projections at the edges of the infunditbulum that aid in collecting the ovum
after ovulation

Ampulla: It is the wider part ofthe oviduct after the infundibulum

Isthmus: Itis the last part of the oviduct. It has a narrow lumen and joins the uterus

Utertne undus
Utertne cavIy
-tathmis

Fallopa)
ube
cilbaulum

Eduneirium Ovary
Fibriae
Aerinetrium
Cevix

-Cervteal einal

Vaglna

Figure 3.9 b) DatarEatie Mectiorsal view of the feale remohutive synte

Uteru

Itis aso called as the womb

It is shaped like an inverted pear
Itis attached to the pelvic wall by ligaments
The uterus is the part where the embryodevelops into the foetus

me ur rmetrin yometriun and the endometrium

Perimetrlum: itis the thin external membranouslayer

Myometrium: it is the thick middle layermade up of smooth muscle, It exhibits strong contractions during the

is the inner glandular layer that lines the uterine cavity. It undergoes periodic changes during
the menstrual cvcie

Cervix

anal uterus to the vagina

e
Cervical canal: The cavity of the cervix is called as the cervical canal,

• Birth canal: The cervical canal alang with the vagina forms the birth canal

External Female Genitallat

They consist of: mons pubis,labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris

Mons pubis: it is a mass of fatty tissue covered by skin and hair

Labia majora: They are flesty folds of tissue that extend from the mons pubis and cover the vaginal opening

Labla minora: They are the paired folds of tissue under the labia majora