TIMBER PROMOTION COUNCIL

APRIL 1993
932 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053. Tel: (03) 347 6322. Fax: (03) 347 1226
ISBN 187549417 0 ©COPYRIGHT: Timber Promotion Council 1993
PREFACE
This manual has been produced as a simplified guide
to timber framed construction for domestic and
similar framed buildings.
It is aimed at assisting builders, designers, local
authorities and other interested parties in making
effective use of the timber species and stress grades
commonly available for building construction.
The manual is based on AS1684 - National Timber
Framing Code but does not necessarily cover every
provision of that code.
This edition constitutes a major revision of the
previous manual and introduces a significant number
of improvements to cater for modern housing design.
Sizes for seasoned hardwood are now compatible
with seasoned softwood, and member tables for F27
seasoned hardwood are included.
New bracing and fixing (tie-down) requirements are
provided for design gust wind speeds up to 41 m/s.
Additional member tables and other information is
contained in the publication "Timber Framing Manual
- Supplementary Tables" which is recommended for
use in conjunction with this manual.

3
!SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL Page

1.1 SCOPE 6
1.2 APPLICATION 6
1.3 PERFORMANCE 6
1.3.1 Design criteria 6
1.4 ALTERNATIVE TIMBER DIMENSIONS 6
1.5 TERMINOLOGY OF FRAMING MEMBERS 6
1.6 GUIDELINES FOR USE OF THIS MANUAL 9
1 .6.1 General 9
1.6.2 Interpolation 9
1.6.3 Vertical nail lamination 10
1 .6.4 Stud lamination 10
1.6.5 Engineered timber products 10
1.7 SPACING AND SPAN 10
1.8 ROOF LOAD WIDTH (RLW) 12
1.9 ROOF MASS 14

jSECTION 2 MEMBER DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

2.1 ROOF FRAMING 17
2.1.1 Roof framing sizes 17
2.1.2 Roof types 18
2.1.3 Ceiling battens 19
2.1.4 Roofing battens 19
2.1 .5 Cantilevered gable ends 19
2.1.6 Non-birdsmouthed rafters 19
2.1. 7 Roof beams 19
2.1.8 Other members/components 20
2.1.9 Alternative support systems 20
2.2 WALL FRAMING 21
2.2.1 Wall framing sizes 21
2.2.2 Wall plates 21
2.2.3 Studs 22
2.2.4 Lintels 24
2.2.5 Eaves beams and verandah plates 25
2.2.6 Non-loadbearing internal walls 25
2.3 FLOOR FRAMING AND FLOORING 26
2.3.1 Bearer and joist sizes 26
2.3.2 Bearers and joists supporting parallel loadbearing walls 27
2.3.3 Joists supporting offset internal loadbearing walls at right angles 28
2.3.4 Bearers and joists supporting roof point loads 28
2.3.5 Floor systems and flooring 29
2.4 SUBSTRUCTURE 29
2.4.1 Footing classification 30
2.4.2 Stumps/posts 30
2.4.3 Maximum permissible bearer spans 31

jSECTION 3 BRACING DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

3.1 GENERAL 33
3.2 ROOF BRACING 33
3.2.1 Coupled and non-coupled roofs 33
3.2.2 Truss roofs 33
3.3 WALL BRACING 33
3.3.1 Bracing unit types 33
3.3.2 Minimum number of bracing units 33
3.3.3 Area of elevation 34
3.4 SUB-FLOOR BRACING 37
3.4.1 Bracing Method 1 37
3.4.2 Bracing Method 2 37
3.4.3 Bracing Method 3 37
jSECTION 4 CONNECTION DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
4.1 GENERAL 39
4.2 FIXING REQUIREMENTS 39
4.2.1 Tie-down 39

4
!SECTION 5 BUILDING PRACTICE/ASSEMBLY Page
5.1 GENERAL 45
5.2 MATE RIALS 45
5.2.1 Stress grading 45
5.2.2 Seasoned timber 45
5.2.3 Shrinkage of unseasoned timber 45
5.2.4 Durability/service life 45
5.2.5 Flooring 45
5.2.6 Bracing for sub-floors, walls and roofs 46
5.2.7 Corrosion protection 46
5.2.8 Storage and handling of timber 46
5.3 SUBSTRUCTURE 46
5.3.1 Sub-floor ventilation 46
5.3.2 Stump installation 47
5.4 FLOOR FRAMING AND FLOORING 47
5.4.1 Installation of bearers and joists 47
5.4.2 Drilling and notching 47
5.4.3 Support for loadbearing walls 48
5.4.4 Offsets and cantilevers (single or upper storey loadbearing walls) 48
5.4.5 Support for non-loadbearing walls 49
5.4.6 Deep joisted floors 50
5.4.7 Openings in floors - normal floor loading only 50
5.4.8 Flooring 51
5.5 WALL FRAMING 52
5.5.1 Housing, notching, drilling, cutting and trenching 52
5.5.2 Joining wall plates 52
5.5.3 Straightening of studs 53
5.5.4 Support of major loads 53
5.5.5 Studs at wall junctions 54
5.5.6 Openings in walls 55
5.5.7 Multiple studs for studs at sides of openings 56
5.5.8 Noggings 56
5.5.9 Lateral support for external walls 57
5.6 ROOF FRAMING 57
5.6.1 Ceiling joists 57
5.6.2 Hanging beams 58
5.6.3 Common rafters ,58
5.6.4 Ridge boards - coupled roofs 58
5.6.5 Hip and valley rafters 59
5.6.6 Underpurlins 59
5.6.7 Roof struts 60
5.6.8 Strutting beams 62
5.6.9 Collar ties 62
5.6.10 Eaves construction 62
5.6.11 Lateral restraint 62
5.7 BRACING 63
507.1 Sub-floor bracing 63
5.7.2 Wall bracing 65
5.7.3 Roof bracing 70
5.8 CONNECTIONS 71
5.8.1 Fasteners 71
5.8.2 Tie-down details 72
5.8.3 Rafter to ridge connection 77
5.8.4 Tie-down for Type B bracing units 77

!SECTION 6 MEMBER SIZES

6.1 TIMBER DIMENSIONS 78
6.1.1 Minimum size 78
6.1.2 Size tolerance 78
6.2 MEMBER TABLES 78
6.2.1 Member table sections 78
6.2.2 Use of tables 78
6.2.3 Application of tables 78
6.3 ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS 78
6.4 TIMBER AVAILABILITY AND SIZES 78

5
 SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
This manual provides rules for the selection, placement and fixing of the various structural timber members
used in the construction of domestic and similar framed buildings.
It describes procedures which are designed to prevent misuse of timber or creation of an environment which
might adversely affect the ultimate performance of the structure.

1.2 APPLICATION
The information in the manual is provided specifically for conventional timber framed buildings and is
applicable to single and two storey construction with a maximum roof pitch of 35° (70:100), and building
shapes that are essentially rectangular or a combination of essentially rectangular elements.

1.3 PERFORMANCE
1.3.1 Design criteria
(i) The basis of the design used in the preparation of this manual is AS1684 National Timber Framing Code,
AS1720.1 SAA Timber Structures Code (Design Methods) and CSIRO Division of Building Research
Special Report "Low Rise Domestic and Similar Framed Structures, Part 1 Design Criteria (revised)".
(ii) The design loadings recommended in AS1170, SAA Loading Code, Part 1- Dead and Live Loads and
Part 2 - Wind Loads were taken into account in the member computations, with appropriate allowances
for the distribution of concentrated or localised loads over a number of members where relevant.
The manual caters for non-cyclonic design gust wind speeds, using the permissible stress method in
accordance with AS1170.2 SAA Loading Code, Part 2 - Wind Loads or AS4055 Wind Loads for
Housing, of 28, 33 and 41 m/s (AS4055 wind classification N1, N2 and N3 respectively).
(iii) In determining wall bracing requirements, an allowance for the contribution of non-structural walls was
included in the design. For the purposes of this manual structural wall bracing is classified as Type A or
Type B bracing units with designated design racking strengths of 2kN and 4kN respectively.
(iv) The member sizes, bracing and connection details are suitable for construction (including timber framed
brick veneer) in seismic zones 0, A and 1 in accordance with AS2121. This manual does not provide
specifications for unreinforced masonry construction subject to earthquake loads.

1.4 ALTERNATIVE TIMBER DIMENSIONS

For convenience Sections 1 to 5 of the manual refer to timber cross-sectional sizes by nominal unseasoned
dimension. If seasoned timber is used alternative minimum dimensions may be substituted in accordance
with Table 1.1, unless stated otherwise. This does not apply to the tables in Section 6 of the manual.

TABLE 1.1 SCHEDULE OF ALTERNATIVE TIMBER DIMENSIONS

Nominal unseasoned Allowable alternative dimension (Minimum actual size mm.)
timber dimension (mm) Seasoned softwood Seasoned hardwood
25 19 19
38 35 30
50 42 40
75 70 60
100 90 80
125 120 105
150 140 135
200 190 185
NOTE: Dimensions in column 1 are "nominal". Actual unseasoned dimensions may be up to 4 mm less for softwood and 3 mm less for
hardwood.

1.5 TERMINOLOGY OF FRAMING MEMBERS

Figure 1.1 details floor, wall and ceiling framing members in general. Figures 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 apply to roof
framing - hip roof, gable roof and scotch valley construction respectively.

6
 -<P----Hanging Beam

-=----- Ceiling Joist

Fascia
Soffit Bearer
Lintel - - - - - - - - + - ! + - '

Ledger
Jack Stud
- = - - - - - - Stud (common)
Jamb Stud --------+--H-----c,-J

Bottom Wall Plate

Floor Joist

- < > - - - - - - - - - Stump

FIGURE 1.1 FRAMING MEMBERS- FLOOR, WALL AND CEILING

NOTE: The ceiling and floor joists are shown parallel to the external loadbearing wall for clarity. The more usual case in practice is for
the joists to be located perpendicular to the external wall. Lintel location may also vary - see Figure 5.14

Ridgeboard
~ - - - - - Hip Rafter
/ Creeper Rafter

Broken Hip

Cripple Creeper Rafter

Crown End or Jack Rafter

Valley Rafter

Valley Creeper Rafter

Hip Rafter

r
Hanging
Beam
Crown End or
Jack Rafter

Underpurlin Rafter (common)

Roofstrut ~ - - - - - Ceiling Joist

FIGURE 1.2 FRAMING MEMBERS - HIP ROOF CONSTRUCTION

NOTE: Some members have been omitted for clarity.

7
 Railer \common)

Raking Plate

Nagging _ _ __,,

Ratter, Barge, or verge---✓ outr'!gger - - -

f!GURE 1.l FRAMING MEMBERS- GABLE ROOF CONSTRUCTION

NOTE: some members nave been omitted \or clarity.

curtailed Ratter

_ _ _ valley Creeper Railer

Pilching P\ale

~ otVa\\ey

Ridgeboard fascia

Railer \common)
Ceiling Joist - - - - '

FIGURE 1.4 FRAMING MEMBERS - scOTCH VALLEY CONSTRUCTION

NOTE: some members nave been omitted lor c\ar\ty.

8
1.6 GUIDELINES FOR USE OF THIS MANUAL
1.6.1 General
This manual may be used for a number of purposes including the checking of approved construction details,
member sizes and bracing or fixing requirements for timber frame construction.
The intended major use is in determining an appropriate frame specification, together with bracing and fixing
details, at the initial design stage.
It is necessary to establish the design gust wind speed (refer Clause 1.3.1) prior to using this manual.:
The recommended procedure for specifying structural timber framework is to firstly determine the basic
frame layout in relation to the floor plan and the proposed method of frame construction. Individual member
sizes are determined by selecting the roof framing timbers and then systematically working through the
remainder of the framework to the footings.
The tables in Section 6 are used to determine suitable sizes for the major framing members, with additional
information provided in Section 2. Section 5 also provides building practice/assembly related member size
information - refer Clauses 5.3 to 5.6.
Bracing and connection information is provided in Sections 3 and 4 respectively. Reference should also be
made to Clause 5.7 - BRACING and Clause 5.8 - CONNECTIONS.
The information in Clause 1.7 - SPACING AND SPAN, Clause 1.8 - ROOF LOAD WIDTH (RLW) and
Clause 1.9 - ROOF MASS is provided to facilitate the use of various tables in Sections 2,4 and 6, as
appropriate.

1.6.2 Interpolation
Direct linear interpolation may be applied to obtain table values for spacings, spans, stud heights, Roof load
width (RLW) and roof masses intermediate to those listed.
Interpolation may be carried out using the formula:

X=z_ [ (A- B) x (Z-Y)]

(C- B)
where: X = new table value required A = required input value
Y = next lower table value B = next lower input value
Z = next higher table value C = next higher input value

Example: Interpolate to obtain the permissible span and overhang for a roof beam at a spacing between those listed in
the roof beam table for F8 unseasoned timber, as shown in Table 1.2.

TABLE 1.2 ROOF BEAMS-INTERPOLATION

Beam Size Beam Spacing (mm)

Mass of
Depth x Roof 600 900 1200 1800
Breadth (kg/m 2 ) MAXIMUM BEAM SPAN AND OVERHANG (mm)
(mm)
Span O'hang Span O'hang Span O'hang Span O'hang
175 X 38 10 4700 2460 4400 2270 4100 2130 3700 1950
20 4100 2160 3700 1980 3400 1850 u 3100 1680
40 3400 1850 3100 1680 2800 1560 2500 1410
60 3100 1700 2700 1500 2500 1400 2200 1300
90 2700 1500 2400 1400 2200 1300 1900 1100
1•

For 1500 spacing

For span: X = 3400-[ (1500-1200) x (3400-3100)1 = 3250 mm (20 kg/m 2)
(1800-1200) J
Span O'hang

For overhang: X = 1850 - [ (1500-1200) x (1850-1680}1 = 1765 mm 3250 1765

(1800-1200) J

a
1.6.3 Vertical nail lamination
The required breadth for larger section sizes given in the member size tables may be obtained by vertically
nail laminating thinner and more readily obtainable sections. This is only permissible using seasoned timber
laminations of the same timber type and stress grade. Figure 1.5 shows nailing details.

DIRECTION
OF LOAD

Laminations to be unjointed in
their length.
_ __,_ _ Additional nail(s) at
Nails to be staggered as shown.
point of loading
Minimum nail diameter 2.8 mm.

- - - - - - - - Additional nail(s) at point of support

Members are to be through nailed and

clinched or nailed from both sides

FIGURE 1.5 VERTICAL NAIL LAMINATION

NOTE: Some proprietary products are jointed in their length - refer to Clause 1.6.5

1.6.4 Stud lamination

In the case of studs at sides of openings and studs supporting concentrations of load, the required size may
be built up using two or more laminations of the same timber type, stress grade and moisture content
condition providing the achieved width is at least that of the size nominated. The studs shall be nailed
together with one 75 mm nail at maximum 600 centres for studs up to 38 mm thick and one 90 mm nail at
maximum 600 centres for studs over 38 but not exceeding 50 mm thick.

1.6.5 Engineered timber products

Fabricated components such as roof trusses, glued-laminated timber members, plywood webbed beams,
laminated veneer lumber and nail-plate joined timber may be used where their design is in accordance with
AS1720.1 - Timber Structures Code and their manufacture complies with the relevant Australian Standards
and/or manufacturers' recommendations. (Also refer Clause 6.3).

1.7 SPACING AND SPAN

Figure 1.6 illustrates the terms spacing, span and single/continuous span.
"Spacing" is defined as the centre to centre distance between structural members, unless otherwise
indicated.
"Span" is defined as the face to face distance between points capable of giving full support to structural
members or assemblies. In particular, rafter spans are measured as the spacing between points of support
along the length of the rafter and not as the horizontal projection of this distance.
"Single span" is the span of a member supported at or near both ends with no intermediate supports.
"Continuous span" is the term applied to members supported at or near both ends and at one or more
evenly spaced points between the ends. Where support points are not evenly spaced, design spans shall be
determined as shown in Figure 1.7.

10
 CONTINUOUS SPAN

Span
~>---------<~ r=---~ Span

/ Sawcut or Joint
SINGLE SPAN

~,___s_p_an_ _____,~ ~,-.----S-pa_n- - ~

Members may be partially cut through over supports to remove spring provided they are considered to be single span

FIGURE 1.6 SPACING AND SPAN

Centre 1/3

~---S_pa_n_1_ _ _~i~---S_pa_n_2_ _ ~~
(Larger Span) (Smaller Span)

Case (i): Span 1 less than 1.17 x Span 2 (Support within centre 1/6)
Consider as continuous span member with span equal to 1/2 (Span 1 + Span 2)
Example: Span 1 = 3600 mm, Span 2 = 3200 mm
Span 1 = 1.13 x Span 2
Consider as continuous span 3400 mm

Case (ii): Span 1 between 1.17 x Span 2 and 2 x Span 2 (Support between centre 1/6 and centre 1/3)
Consider as continuous span member with span equal to 1.1 x span 1 (larger span).
Example: Span 1 = 3700 mm, Span 2 = 2700 mm
Span 1 = 1.37 x Span 2
Consider as continuous span 4070 mm.

Case (iii): Span 1 greater than 2 x Span 2 (Support outside centre 1/3)
Consider as single span member with span equal to Span 1 (larger span).
Example: Span 1 = 4200 mm, Span 2 = 1900 mm
Span 1 = 2.21 x Span 2
Consider as single span 4200 mm

FIGURE 1.7 DETERMINING DESIGN SPANS FOR UNEVENLY SPACED SUPPORTS

11
1.8 ROOF LOAD WIDTH (RLW}
The Roof load width (RLW) is used as a convenient indicator of the roof loads that are carried by
loadbearing wall members and their supporting sub-structure.
The RLW value is used as an input to the relevant wall framing and substructure member tables in the
manual. (Refer Clause 2.4 - SUBSTRUCTURE and Section 6 - MEMBER SIZES).
RLW is also used to determine the connection requirements for each structural joint as specified in Section 4.
Fig 1.8 defines RLW in relation to various types of roof construction.
NOTE: AS1684 National Timber Framing Code uses the term "Effective Roof Length (EL)" as an indicator of the roof loads carried by
loadbearing wall members. Conversion can be made using RLW =EL+ 600 or EL= 2 x RLW -1200 (Dimensions in mm).
2

TRUSS ROOFS NON-COUPLED ROOFS

X

b
A,--..

A B A B

(i) Truss (ii) Cathedral (iii) Skillion

Type of Construction Wall Roof load width {RLW} Roof load width (RLW)
for member sizing for tie-down
(i) or (iii) A RLW =.is+ a RLW =.is+ a
2 2
B RLW =.is+ b RLW =.is+ b
2 2
(ii) A RLW=.is+a RLW =.is+ a
2 2
B RLW = y_ + b RLW = y_ + b
2 2
C RLW=.lS.±...Y- RLW = .lS.±...Y-
2 2

COUPLED ROOFS (NO UNDERPURLINS)

X

A B A C B A C B

(i) No ridge struts or ridge tie-down. (ii) No ridge struts but ridge tie-down to (iii) Ridge struts/tie down to internal wall
internal wall.

Type of Construction Wall Roof load width {RLW) Roof load width {RLW)
for member sizing for tie-down

(i) A RLW =.is+ a RLW =.is+ a

2 2
B RLW =.is+ b RLW =.is+ b
2 2
(ii) A RLW = 2S.±...Y- + a RLW=.is+ a
2 2
B RLW = 2S.±...Y- + b RLW = y_ + b
2 2
C N/A RLW = .lS.±...Y-
2
(iii) A RLW =.is+ a RLW=.is+ a
2 2
B RLW = y_ + b RLW = y_ + b
2 2
C N/A* RLW = .lS.±...Y-
2
* RLW is not applicable as strut loads are supported by studs supporting concentrations of load and the remainder of Wall C is deemed
non-loadbearing. Refer Clause 2.2.3 (c) and 2.2.6 (c).
FIGURE 1.8 ROOF LOAD WIDTH (RLW)
NOTE: Collar ties have been omitted for clarity.
 COUPLED ROOFS
{UNDERPURLINS)

A B A C B A C B

(i) No ridge struts, ridge or underpurlin (ii) No ridge struts or underpurlin tie-down (iii) No underpurlin tie-down but ridge
tie down. but ridge tie-down to internal wall. struts/tie down to internal wall.

Type of Construction Wall Roof load width {RLW) Roof load width {RL W)
for member sizing for tie-down

(i) A RLW =x+a RLW = x.±.Y + a

2 2
B RLW =Y+ b RLW = x.±.Y + b
3 2
(ii) A RLW=x+a RLW =x+ a
2 2
B RLW =Y+ b RLW =Y+ b
3 2
C N/A RLW =..x.±..Y
2
(iii) A RLW=x+a RLW =x+ a
4 4
B RLW = y + b RLW=y+b
6 6
C N/A* RLW =X+Y
4 6
* RLW is not applicable as strut loads are supported by studs supporting concentrations of load and the remainder of Wall C is deemed
non-loadbearing. Refer Clause 2.2.3 (c) and 2.2.6 (c).

ROOF COMBINATIONS AND ADDITIONS

~~ioo\'\

---A
'iJ.

~H .
'iJ. -:

A C B A C B A B

(i) Cathedral/conventional (ii) Cathedral/truss (iii) Verandah

Type of Construction Wall Roof load width {RLW) Roof load width {RLW)
for member sizing for tie-down

(i) A RLW=x+a RLW=x+ a

4 2
B RLW=y+b RLW =Y+ b
4 2
C RLW = x.±.Y RLW =x.±.Y
4 2
(ii) A RLW=x+ a RLW=x+ a
2 2
B RLW=y+ b RLW=y+ b
2 2
C RLW =x.±.Y RLW =x.±.Y
2 2
(iii) A RLW=y+a RLW=Y+ a
2 2
B RLW = RLW (main roof)+ y RLW = RLW (main roof) + y
2 2

FIGURE 1.8 ROOF LOAD WIDTH {RLW) {cont.)

NOTE: Collar ties have been omitted for clarity.

13
1.9 ROOF MASS
Tables 1.3 and 1.4 may be used to determine the masses of various types of roof construction for input to
the tables for rafters/purlins, roof beams and underpurlins. For rafters/purlins and roof beams, "mass of
roof" shall include all materials supported, as indicated in Example 1.
For underpurlins "mass of roof" shall include all materials supported except the rafters which are accounted
for in the design, as indicated in Example 2.
The mass of the member being considered may be ignored.

Example 1
Determine the "mass of roof" input for a roof beam supporting concrete tiles on 50 x 25 unseasoned hardwood battens
(330 centres), 13 mm plaster ceiling lining with 50 x 38 unseasoned hardwood ceiling battens at 600 centres, sarking
(RFL) and bulk insulation.

Material Mass (kg/m 2) Source of information

Concrete tiles 54.0 Table 1.4
Tile battens 4.0 Table 1.4
Plaster ceiling 10.0 Table 1.4
Ceiling battens 3.5 Table 1.4 (half value for 100 x 38)
RFL & insulation 1.0 Table 1.4
Total 72.5 Adopt 75 kg/m 2
Similarly, using TABLE 1.3, a mass of 75 kg/m' would be appropriate.

Example 2
Determine the "mass of roof" input for an underpurlin supporting unseasoned hardwood rafters with 85 x 30 seasoned
hardwood purlins at 900 centres, 0.53 mm colorbond custom orb sheet roofing and sarking (RFL).

Material Mass (kg/m 2) Source of information

Rafters - No input required
Purlins 2.0 Table 1.4 [600 x mass at 600 centres]
900
Sheet roofing 5.0 Manufacturer's literature
RFL say 0.5 Table 1.4
Total 7.5 Adopt 10 kg/m 2
Similarly, using TABLE 1.3, a mass of 1O kg/m' would be appropriate.

TABLE 1.3 MASS OF TYPICAL ROOF CONSTRUCTIONS

Mass of Roof*
Material
{kg/m 2) '
10 Steel sheet roofing 0.50 mm thick and battens.
20 Metal sheet tiles or medium gauge steel sheet roofing, battens, 12 mm
softwood ceiling lining, sarking and lightweight insulation.
30+ Steel sheet roofing 0.75 mm thick, 13 mm plaster ceiling, roof and ceiling
battens, sarking and lightweight insulation.
40 Steel sheet roofing 0.75 mm thick, battens, graded purlins and high density
fibreboard ceiling lining.
60 Terra-cotta or concrete tiles and battens. ,f

75+ Terra-cotta or concrete tiles, roofing and ceiling battens, 10 mm

plasterboard, sarking and insulation.
90 Terra-cotta or concrete tiles, purlins, roofing and ceiling battens,
19 mm hardwood ceiling lining, sarking and insulation.
* The mass of the member being considered may be ignored as it has been included in the calculations for the member tables.
+ Interpolation of tables is required - see Clause 1.6.2 on page 9.
TABLE 1.4 GUIDE FOR DETERMINATION OF ROOF CONSTRUCTION MASS- EXAMPLES
Approximate
Material Examples Mass/Unit Area
(kg/m 2 )
ROOFING
Steel sheet -0.50 mm 5.0
-0.75 mm 10.0
Aluminium sheet -1.2 mm 5.0
Tiles - Terra-cotta 58.0
- Concrete 54.0
- Metal sheet 7.5
BATTENS/PURLINS
Unseasoned hardwood : 100 X 38 at 600 mm spacing 7.0
: 100 X 50 at 450 mm spacing 12.0
50 X 25 at 330 mm spacing 4.0
38 X 75,at 900 mm spacing 3.5
Seasoned hardwood 30 X 40 at 900 mm spacing 1.0
85 X 30 at 600 mm spacing 3.0
Seasoned softwood 35 X 35 at 330 mm spacing 2.0
90 X 35 at 900 mm spacing 2.0
Unseasoned softwood : 150 x 38 at 900 mm spacing 4.0
: 200 x 50 at 1000 mm spacing 6.5
CEILING LINING
T. & G. lining boards 12 mm softwood 6.5
19 mm softwood 10.5
12 mm hardwood 8.0
19 mm hardwood 12.0
Plywood 12 mm softwood 6.5
8 mm hardwood 5.0
Plasterboard 10 mm 7.5
13 mm 10.0
Hardboard 4.8 mm 5.0
5.5 mm 5.5
Fibreboard 50 mm low density 10.0
50 mm high density 20.0
Fibre cement sheet 4.7mm 7.5
6.3 mm 11 .0
INSULATION
Lightweight insulation plus sarking 1.0
NOTE: 1. The values in the table are provided for general guidance only.
2. Clause 1.4 - Alternative timber dimensions do not apply.

15
 SECTION 2 MEMBER DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
2.1 ROOF FRAMING
2.1.1 Roof framing sizes
Roof framing sizes shall be determined by reference to Figure 2.1 and the following tables in Section 6 of
this manual except as otherwise stated in Clauses 2.1.2 to 2.1 .8.
Table 1 Roofing·battens Table 5 Strutting beams
Table 2 Rafters or purlins Table 6 Hanging beams
Table 3 Roof beams Table 7 Ceiling joists
Table 4 Underpurlins Table 8 Ceiling battens
NOTE: Tables for alternative/additional roof framing members including loadbearing ridge beams, intermediate beams, counter beams,
combined strutting/hanging and strutting/counter beams are provided in the TFM - Supplementary Tables.
A roof mass value is used in Tables 2, 3 & 4 (see Clause 1.9). When using these tables for design gust wind
speed 41 m/s (see Clause 1.3.1 ), consider the roof mass to be the actual roof mass or 40 kg/m 2 , whichever is
the greater. Use actual roof mass for determining overhangs.

Ceiling Joist' - - - - ~
Rafter

{A) RAFTERS, CEILING

JOISTS AND HANGING
BEAMS.

Hanging Beam Spacing = 'fj_

2
• Rafter and ceiling joist span - refer Clause 1.7.

{B) UNDERPURLINS AND

STRUTTING BEAMS

Area supported by
strutting beam = AxB Underpurlin'
4
Underpurlin
spacing= 12
'Underpurlin Span - refer Clause 1.7.
2

FIGURE 2.1. ROOF FRAMING MEMBERS

17
 • For continuous roof beam spans -
refer to Clause 1. 7.

Roof Batten

\ _ Roof Beam

(C) ROOF BEAMS AND BATTENS

/ Roof Truss (top chord)

(D) ROOF TRUSSES WITH ROOF / '%

AND CEILING BATTENS &q..
:,0 o>
;;>(},· ;;>1:
't 0?

Ceiling Batten

Roof Truss
(bottom chord)

FIGURE 2.1 ROOF FRAMING MEMBERS

2.1.2 Roof types

Member sizes are suitable for coupled and non-coupled roof construction, as appropriate. In coupled roof
construction the roof pitch shall not be less than 10° and ceiling joists and collar ties shall be fixed to
opposing pairs of rafters in accordance with Clause 5.6.9.
For a coupled roof with no roof struts the maximum distance between external walls shall not exceed 6000
mm for sheet roofs and 4000 mm for tiled roofs.
The design of timber roof trusses shall be in accordance with the requirements of the building authority. The
design criteria should be consistent with that used in this manual - refer Clause 1.3.
Roof types are defined in Clause 1.8 and Figure 1.8 on page 12.

10
2.1.3 Ceiling battens
The ceiling batten sizes given in Table 8 (Section 6) are suitable for glued or screwed ceiling linings. Where
ceiling linings are nailed or nailed and glued the minimum batten size, in any stress grade, shall be as
shown in Table 2.1.

TABLE 2.1 CEILING BATTENS

Batten size (mm) Maximui:n span (mil!) ~.
'
38x38 600
50 X 50 900
50 X 75 1200

2.1.4 Roofing Battens

For the purposes of this manual, roofing battens with spans in excess of 1200mm are deemed to be purlins
and should be selected as such.

2.1.5 Cantilevered gable ends

The size of underpurlins, loadbearing ridge beams and intermediate beams (refer TFM - Supplementary
Tables), eaves beams and verandah plates (refer Clause 2.2.5) and the like, where cantilevered at gable
ends as shown in Figure 2.2, shall be determined from the appropriate table for a single span equal to twice
the cantilever distance. The back span of the cantilevered member shall be at least twice the cantilever
length.
Backspan Cantilever
Min. 2xC C I

To determine the size of a cantilevered member

use single span = 2 x C in the appropriate table.

FIGURE 2.2 CANTILEVERED GABLE ENDS

2.1.6 Non-birdsmouthed rafters

Where rafters are not birdsmouthed over top plates (refer Figure 5.19) the allowable overhang may be
increased to 45% of the single span value, for all roof masses.

2.1.7 Roof beams

The roof beam tables in Section 6 (Table 3) are intended for "large section rafters" which are not
birdsmouthed over wall plates, such as used in flat or skillion roof construction with low roof pitches.
Where higher roof pitches are employed (as in cathedral roof construction) birdsmouthing as shown in
Section 5 Figure 5.19 may be used provided the overhangs do not exceed the maximum values given in
Table 2.2.
Table 2.3 provides span and overhang reductions for dressed roof beams, as may be used in cathedral or
flat/skillion roofs where roof beams are exposed to view.

TABLE 2.2 OVERHANGS FOR BIRDSMOUTHED ROOF BEAMS

..
Roof Mass Maximum overhang as percentaij~
(kg/m 2) of allowable span
'
' .
10 15%
20 20%
40 25%
60 30%
90 35%

19
TABLE 2.3 REDUCED SPANS AND OVERHANGS FOR DRESSED ROOF BEAMS
Allowable span for dressed beams as percentage of
Roof Beam Depth allowable undressed beam span (mm)
(mm)
Seasoned Hardwood Unseasoned softwood
Under 200 85% 90%
200 to 300 90% 90%
Over 300 Not applicable 95% c

NOTE: 1. Unseasoned softwood dressed sizes shall not be more than 10 mm in depth or thickness under the nominal sizes stated in
the roof beam tables.
Seasoned hardwood dressed sizes shall not be more than10 mm in depth and 5 mm in thickness under the sizes stated in
the roof beam tables. Where the nominated sections suitable for nail lamination are used, each lamination shall not be more
than 1O mm in depth and 5 mm in thicknesses under tl1e sizes stated.
2. The allowable overhang shall not exceed 45% of the reduced span value for a dressed beam.
3. Wl1ere dressed roof beams are birdsmouthed over wall plates the allowable overhangs shall not exceed ll1e values given in
Table 2.2, based on the allowable span for dressed beams.

2.1.8 Other members/components

Table 2.4 gives details of requirements for miscellaneous roof framing members not catered for in the
Section 6 tables. Reference should also be made to Section 5: Building Practice/Assembly (Clause 5.6) for
further information.

TABLE 2.4 OTHER MEMBERS/COMPONENTS

Member Minimum Size (mm) Application
Ridge boards 50 greater in depth than Unstrutted ridge in coupled roof
rafters x 25 thickness
50 greater in depth than Strutted ridge in coupled roof
rafters x 38 thickness with strut spacing greater than 1800
50 greater in depth than Strutted ridge in coupled roof
rafters x 25 thickness with strut spacing not greater than 1800
Hip rafters * 50 greater in depth than rafters Stress grade F11 minimum and
and up to 13 less in thickness no less than rafter stress grade
50 greater in depth than rafters Stress grades less than F11
x min. thickness as for rafters
Valley rafters* 50 greater in depth than rafters Stress grade min. as for rafters
with thickness as for rafter (min. 38)
Valley boards 19 min. thickness x width to support
valley gutter
Roof struts 100 x 50 or 75 x 75 Struts to 1500 long in all stress grades
(sheet roof)
75 X 75 Struts 1500 to 2400 long in all stress
grades
Roof struts 100 x 50 or 75 x 75 Struts to 1500 long in F8 and higher
(tiled roof) stress grades
75 X 75 Struts 1500 to 2400 long in F8 and
higher stress grades
75 X 75 Struts to 1500 long in less than F8
stress grade
100 X 75 Struts 1500 to 2400 long in less than
F8 stress grade
Collar ties 75 X 38 Ties to 4200 long in F8 or higher
stress grade
75 x 50 or 100 x 38 Ties to 4200 long in less than F8
stress grade
100 X 38 Ties over 4200 long in F8 or higher
stress grade
100 x 50 or 125 x 38 Ties over 4200 long in less than
F8 stress grade
Soffit bearers 50 X 38 Max span 600
(boxed eaves) 75 X 38 Span 600-1500
Soffit bearer hangers 50 X 25 Where applicable
* Not supporting underpurlins - refer Clause 5.6.5, Clause 5.6.6 and Clause 2.1.9

2.1.9 Alternative support systems

Where approved by the building authority, scissor rafters (refer AS 1684), tie-bolt trusses or other alternative
support systems may be used in combination with underpurlins, hip or valley rafters or common or jack
rafters, as appropriate. (Also refer TFM-Supplementary Tables).
2.2 WALL FRAMING
2.2.1 Wall framing sizes
Wall framing sizes shall be determined by reference to Figure 2.3 and the following tables in Section 6 of
this manual, except as otherwise stated in Clauses 2.2.2 to 2.2.6.
Table 9 - Top wall plates (single or upper storey)
Table 10 - Top wall plates (lower storey).
Table 11 - Lintels (single or upper storey)
Table 12 - Lintels (lower storey)
Table 13 - Studs for single or upper storey loadbearing walls
Table 14 - Studs for lower storey loadbearing walls.
Table 15 - Studs supporting concentrations of loading
Table 16 - Studs at sides of openings (single or upper storey)
Table 17 - Studs at sides of openings (lower storey).
Table 18 - Bottom wall plates (single or upper storey)
Table 19 - Bottom wall plates (lower storey).
Table 20 - Verandah posts
NOTE: 1. Roof load widtl1 (RLW) is used in most of these tables - Refer Figure 1.8 and Clause 1.8 on page 12.
2. The maximum stud height provided for is 3000 mm.
For stud heights 3300 to 4200 mm refer TFM - Supplementary Tables.
3. For lower storey wall framing supporting upper storey floor loads only, apply Tables 10, 12, 14, 17 and 19 using the smallest
sheet roof input values.

2.2.2 Wall plates

Table 9, 10, 18 and 19 in Section 6 are appropriate for determining the sizes of wall plates supporting
nominated loads located at any position along the length of the plate.
Where top plate loads are located directly above studs or within 1.5 times the depth of the plate from the
stud, top plates may be the same size and grade as the common studs in the same wall. Similarly if wall
studs are positioned within 1.5 times the depth of bottom plates from supporting floor joists the bottom plates
may be the same size and grade as the common studs. If the wall studs are positioned directly above floor
joists or are supported by blocking or a concrete floor, bottom plates may be 38 mm minimum depth in any
stress grade.
Double or multiple top plates (ribbon plates) may be used provided the allowable Roof load width (RLW) is
determined as being the sum of the RLW values for the individual plates given in Tables 9 and 10, Section
6. In such cases it is permissible to determine the individual plate RLW values for timber two stress grades
higher than the actual stress grade of the timber being used (Refer Supplements to AS1684).
Major loads shall be directly supported by studs at sides of openings, studs supporting concentrations of
load, stiffening or blocking as described in Clause 5.5.4. Also refer Clause 2.2.4.

(i) Studs and Plates (ii) Lintels and Studs at sides of openings

(A) SINGLE OR UPPER STOREY LOADBEARING WALLS

FIGURE 2.3 WALL FRAMING MEMBERS

21
 Top Plate (lower storey) _ _-HI-'
Stud At Side Of Opening--t-tt-_.,,.,.11
(lower storey)

Stud
(lower storey)

(8) LOWER STOREY LOADBEARING WALLS

Strutting Beam or Similar (C) VERANDAH POSTS

,.-=-++-+---tt-1--- Stud Supporting

Concentrated Load

11..,,__ _ Stud (common)

Blocking Under Stud

(D) STUDS SUPPORTING CONCENTRATIONS OF LOAD

FIGURE 2.3 WALL FRAMING MEMBERS (cont.)

2.2.3 Studs
(a) Common studs
Tables 13 and 14 in Section 6 provide for "notched" and "un-notched" stud design. The type of wall bracing
used (refer Clauses 3.3 and 5.7.2) will determine which of these design alternatives is appropriate. Also see
Clause 5.5.1 - Notching of studs.
Studs at wall junctions and intersections shall be not less in size than the common studs in the same walls
(see Section 5).
(b) Studs at sides of openings
For doorway openings up to 900 mm, studs at sides of openings may be the same size as the common
studs provided jamb linings or other comparable stiffenings are used (see Section 5).
Tables 16 and 17 in Section 6 are not to be used where the associated lintels are supporting major loads
from a strutting beam, roof strut, girder truss, floor bearer or the like. (Refer Clause 2.2.4(b) and (c)). In such
cases the size of the studs at sides of openings shall be determined by increasing the size obtained from
Tables 16 or 17 in a similar manner to that given for stiffened top plates in Clause 5.5.4(a).

(c) Studs supporting concentrations of load

Table 15 in Section 6 is appropriate for determining the size of studs supporting concentrated loads such as
from strutting beams, roof struts, girder trusses or hanging beams 3000 mm or more in length.
The tables require an input in terms of roof area supported. Where studs support hanging beam loads, 'roof
area' is not relevant. In such cases an area equal to half the area of ceiling supported by the hanging beam
should be used in the tables in lieu of area of sheet roof supported.
For lower storey construction where concentrated roof and floor loads are to be carried, the size of studs
supporting concentrated loads shall be determined from Table 2.5.

TABLE 2.5 STUDS SUPPORTING CONCENTRATIONS OF LOAD- LOWER STOREY

Height of stud (mm)
Stud Size (mm) 2400 2700 3000
Maximum allowable area supported* (m 2)
F5 Seasoned timber
90 X 90 5 NS NS
120 X 90 10 5 5
120 X 120 15 10 10
F17 Seasoned timber
90 X 70 5 NS NS
90 X 90 10 10 5
120 X 90 15 10 10
120 X 120 25 25 25
F27 Seasoned timber
70 x70 5 5 NS
90x70 5 5 5
120 X 70 5 NS NS
90 X 105 15 15 10
F7 Unseasoned timber
100 X 100 5 5 5
125 X 100 10 5 5
125 X 125 20 15 15
F8 Unseasoned timber
100 X 75 5 NS NS
100 X 100 10 5 5
125 X 100 15 10 5
125 X 125 25 20 15
* Area supported is the sum of the floor and/or roof areas supported by the stud. (eg. roof area supported via an upper storey stud at
side of opening in addition to floor area supported via an upper storey floor bearer)
NS = Not suitable
NOTE: Clause 1.4 - Alternative timber dimensions does not apply.

(d) Gable or skillion end wall studs

Gable or skillion end wall stud sizes shall be determined from Table 2.6 using a stud height determined from
Figure 2.4.

23
TABLE 2.6 GABLE OR SKILLION END WALL STUDS
Timber/Stress Grade
Stud Height F5 Seasoned F17 Seasoned F27 Seasoned F7 Unseasoned F8 Unseasoned
(mm)
Minimum stud size; depth x breadth (mm)
2400 70 X 35 70 X 35 70 X 35 75 X 38 75 X 38
90 X 35 90 X 35 90 X 35 100 x 38 iO0 X 38
2600 70 X 45 70 X 35 70 X 35 75 X 50 75 X 38
90 X 35 90 X 35 90 X 35 iO0 X 38 100 x 38
2700 90 X 35 70 X 35 90 X 35 75 X 50 75 X 50
90 X 35 100 X 38 100 x 38
3000 90 X 45 90 X 35 90 X 35 75 X 75 iO0 X 38
iO0 X 38
3300 90 X 70 90 X 35 90 X 35 iO0 X 50 iO0 X 38
120 X 35
3600 90 X 90 90 X 45 90 X 70 100 x 75 iO0 X 50
120 X 35 120 X 35 125 X 38
3900 120 X 45 90 X 70 90 X 70 100 x 75 100 X 75
120 X 35 120 X 35 125 X 38 125 X 38
4200 120 X 70 90 X 90 90 X 70 iO0 x iO0 iO0 x iO0
120 X 45 120 X 35 125 X 50 125 X 50
NOTE: 1. Studs may be notched up to 20 mm for bracing.
2. Maximum stud spacing 450 mm. For 600 mm spacing determine stud size from Table 13, Section 6 (use sheet roof case,
RLW = 2100 mm) or refer TFM - Supplementary Tables.
3. Clause 1.4- Alternative timber dimensions does not apply.

Loadbearing Ridge Beam

Support - See Note 2

~H--Hf----- Ceiling if Applicable

- See Note.

h1 h2 h,

II II II II II II II t ~ ~II II 1111 ~ II J II II II

Stud height (for Table 2.6) = average height of 5 longest studs.

= h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5
5
FIGURE 2.4 GABLE OR SKILLION END WALL STUD HEIGHT
NOTE: 1. Where a horizontal ceiling is incorporated, the stud height (for Table 2.6) is measured as the greater of the ceiling height and
the height from ceiling to roof.
2. In Figure 2.4 the studs supporting the loadbearing ridge beam require separate consideration (eg. studs supporting
concentration of loading).

2.2.4 Lintels
(a) Gable end walls
The size of lintels in gable end walls not supporting roof loads shall be determined as for lintels supporting
sheet roofing with a Roof load width (RLW) of 2100 mm and a rafter or truss spacing of 1200 mm.
(b) Major point loads
Where practical, support of major point loads shall be avoided. If no alternative is available, the lintel size
may be increased to cater for the point loads as follows:
(i) Support of strutting beams or roof struts for sheet roofs, and hanging beams: add 25 mm to the depth of
the lintel otherwise required.
(ii) Support of strutting beams or roof struts for tiled roofs: add 50 mm to the depth of the lintel otherwise
required.
In such cases the area of roof or ceiling supported shall not exceed 10 m2 •
(c) Lower storey loadbearing walls
Lintel sizes obtained from Table 12, Section 6 are suitable where the upper floor joist span does not exceed
4800 mm for external walls, or the total of the two spans either side of an internal wall does not exceed 4800
mm. Refer to TFM - Supplementary Tables for larger joist spans.
2.2.5 Eaves beams and verandah plates
Eaves beams or verandah plates providing support and fixing for rafters, trusses etc. over openings or
recesses in walls, or over verandahs or porches covered by the main roof structure, shall be considered as
lintels, except that in no case shall they be less than 50 mm thick. Where the span exceeds 2100 rnm their
depth may not be greater than four times their thickness, unless their lower edge is provided with effective
restraint (eg rafters butted and fixed to the sides of a verandah beam acting as a structural fascia).
Alternatively, reference can be made to the verandah beam tables in TFM - Supplementary Tables_. These
tables are not subject to the above minimum thickness requirements. •
The ends of eaves beams or verandah plates which are supported on stud walls shall be carried by studs at
sides of openings, determined as for lintels. Cantilevered eaves beams (e.g. gable ends) shall be sized in
accordance with Clause 2.1.5 on page 19.

2.2.6 Non-loadbearing internal walls

(a) Studs, plates and noggings
For the purposes of this manual, a non-loadbearing internal wall is one that supports neither roof nor floor
loads but may support ceiling loads. In conventional construction such walls (with or without openings) may
be constructed as shown in Table 2.7 with any timber species stress graded F4 or higher.
r
TABLE 2.7 FRAMING SIZES FOR NON-LOADBEARING WALLS
Member Minimum Size (mm) Maximum spacing (mm)
Top and bottom plates* 75 X 38 N/A
Common studs* of
maximum height:
2700 mm 75 X 38 600
3300 mm 100 x 38 or 2/75 X 38 600
3600 mm 100 x 38 or 2/75 X 38 600
4200 mm 100 x 50 or 2/100 x 38 600
Studs supporting lintels As for common studs N/A
Noggings 50 X 25 1350
* Plates may be trenched or untrenched. Studs may be notched or un-notched.

(b) Lintels
The size of lintels in walls supporting ceiling joists only or supporting hanging beams shall be determined
from Table 2.8. Alternatively the hanging beam tables in this manual or the TFM - Supplementary Tables
and the counter beam (beams supporting hanging beams) tables in the TFM - Supplementary Tables may
be used for these two applications respectively.

TABLE 2.8 LINTELS* FOR INTERNAL WALLS- CEILING LOADS ONLY

Lintels Supporting Lintels Supporting
Lintel Size Ceiling Joists Only Hanging Beams+
Depth x Ceiling Joist Span (mm) Hanging Beam Span (mm)#
Breadth
1800 3000 4200 1800 3000 4200
(mm)
MAXIMUM SPAN OF LINTEL (mm)
F5 Seasoned timber
90 X 35 1500 1100 1000 NS NS NS
120 X 35 2300 1800 1600 1800 NS NS
140 X 35 2700 2300 2000 2500 1800 1100
190 X 35 3600 3100 2800 3400 2900 2500
240 X 35 4500 3500 3100 4200 3300 2800
F17 Seasoned timber
70 X 35 1600 1500 1400 1200 NS NS
90 X 35 2200 1900 1700 1700 1200 NS
120 X 35 2900 2500 2200 2700 1800 1400
140 X 35 3400 2900 2600 3100 2700 2200
190 X 35 4500 3800 3500 4200 3600 3200
F27 Seasoned timber
70 X 35 1800 1700 1600 1400 NS NS
90 X 35 2400 2100 1900 1900 1400 1000
120 X 35 2900 2700 2400 2900 2000 1600
140 X 35 3400 3100 2800 3300 2900 2400
190 X 35 4700 4000 3700 4400 3800 3400
Continued next page

25
TABLE 2.8 LINTELS* FOR INTERNAL WALLS - CEILING LOADS ONLY (cont.)
Lintels Supporting Lintels Supporting
Lintel Size Ceiling Joists Only Hanging Beams+
Depth x Ceiling Joist Span (mm) Hanging Beam Span (mm)#
Breadth
1800 3000 4200 1800 3000 4200
(mm)
MAXIMUM SPAN OF LINTEL (mm)
:.
F7 Unseasoned timber
i00 x 38 i700 i400 i300 i200 NS NS
i25 X 38 2i00 i800 i600 i700 i000 NS
i50 X 38 2500 2i00 i900 2300 i500 NS
200 X 38 3400 2900 2600 3i00 2700 2000
250 X 38 4200 3600 3200 3900 3300 3000
F8 Unseasoned timber
iO0 X 38 iS00 i500 i400 i300 NS NS
i25 X 38 2200 i900 i700 i900 i400 NS
i50 X 38 2600 2300 2000 2500 i800 ii 00
200 X 38 3500 3000 2700 3300 2800 2200
250 X 38 4300 3700 3400 4i00 3500 3200
NS = Not suitable
* Refer Section 5 for installation details.
+ The lintel is assumed to support hanging beams from both sides and the "Hanging Beam Span" shall be taken as tl1e average span
of the two hanging beams. Wl1ere tl1e lintel supports only one hanging beam the "Hanging Beam Span" shall be taken as half the
actual hanging beam span.
# Maximum allowable ceiling joist span - 2400 mm each side of l1anging beam.
NOTE: Clause 1.4 - Alternative timber dimensions does not apply.

(c) Concentrated loads

Where studs supporting concentrations of load (see Clauses 2.2.1 and 2.2.3) are incorporated in an internal
wall that is otherwise non-loadbearing, the remainder of the wall shall be deemed non-loadbearing.

2.3 FLOOR FRAMING AND FLOORING

2.3.1 Bearer and joist sizes
Bearer and joist sizes shall be determined by reference to Figure 2.5 and the following tables in Section 6 of
this manual, except as otherwise stated in Clauses 2.3.2 to 2.3.4.
Table 21 - Floor joists
Table 22 - Bearers supporting floor joists only
Table 23 - Bearers supporting single storey loadbearing walls
Table 24 - Bearers supporting two storey loadbearing walls
Table 25 - Bearers cantilevered to support balconies
NOTE: 1. Roof load width (RLW) is required as an input to Tables 23 and 24 - Refer Clause 1.8 on page 12.
2. The maximum bearer spacing provided for in Tables 23 and 24 is 1800 mm, with a maximum Roof load width (RLW) of
6600 mm. For bearer spacings to 6000 mm and Roof load width (RLW) to 8100 mm refer TFM - Supplementary Tables.
3. Floor vibration - where floor joists are at or are close to their maximum span (Table 21 ), the joist span exceeds 2400 mm
and tl1e floor plan is open (no walls), floor vibration may occur. To obtain a more rigid floor increase the joist size or
determine the size for a span 300 mm greater than the actual span.
4. For bearers under lower storey walls supporting upper storey floor loads only, apply Table 24 using the smallest sheet roof
input values.
'Also Refer to Clause 1.7.

'Also Refer to Clause 1.7.

(A) BEARERS AND JOISTS (8) BEARERS SUPPORTING LOADBEARING WALLS

(C) BEARERS CANTILEVERED FOR BALCONIES (D) LARGE SPAN FLOOR JOISTS AND BALCONY
CANTILEVERS

FIGURE 2.5 FLOOR FRAMING MEMBERS

2.3.2 Bearers and joists supporting parallel loadbearing walls

(a) Floor joists supporting parallel loadbearing walls
Where floor joists are required to support parallel loadbearing walls their number and location shall be as
shown in Figure 5.3 on page 48. The size of the floor joists shall correspond with the adjacent floor joists as
determined from Section 6 - TABLE 21. Also refer to Clause 2.3.2(b).
(b) Maximum loading conditions for joists and bearers supporting parallel loadbearing walls
Joist and bearer sizes determined in accordance with Clause 2.3.2 and Section 6, Tables 23 and 24 are
applicable to the support of uniform ceiling and roof loads, ceiling point loads and small roof point loads
within the limitations of Table 2.9.

?7
TABLE 2.9 JOISTS AND BEARERS SUPPORTING PARALLEL LOADBEARING WALLS
Uniform Load Point Load+
Roof
Member Maximum Roof load Maximum area of
Type
width RLW (mm) roof supported (m 2)
Bearer Sheet As per Section 6 5
Tiles As per Section 6 2.5
Joist Sheet 3600* 5
Tiles 2100* 2.5
* For greater RLW values the joist(s) may be considered as for bearers in accordance with tl1e bearer tables in Section 6 and an
equivalent joist size provided. (Also refer Clause 1.6.3 - Vertical nail lamination).
+ Load from a roof strut, strutting beam, girder truss, lintel etc. delivered through studs supporting concentrations of load, studs at
sides of openings, posts and the like.

(c) Gable end walls supporting nominal roof loads

Bearers supporting gable end walls shall be considered as for bearers supporting single storey loadbearing
walls with a sheet roof, a Roof load width (RLW) of 2100 mm and a rafter spacing of 1200 mm. (Refer
Clauses 2.3.1 and 2.2.4(a)).
The size of joists supporting gable end walls shall be determined in accordance with Clause 2.3.2(a). For the
purposes of Clause 2.3.2(b) the roof load width shall be taken as 2100 mm.

2.3.3 Joists supporting offset loadbearing walls at right angles

(i) The joist sizes determined in accordance with Section 6, Table 21 are applicable to the support of
attached floor and ceiling loads and non-loadbearing walls, as well as loadbearing walls provided they are
located within the allowable offsets given in Clause 5.4.4 and Figure 5.4.
Small point loads such as those arising from the support of roof struts, strutting beams, lintels and the like
(delivered through studs supporting concentrations of load and studs at sides of openings) are permissible
provided the area of roof supported does not exceed 2.5 m2 .
Alternatively it is permissible for the joist size or number of joists to be increased as described in Clause
2.3.3 (ii).
(ii) Table 2.10 provides a method of increasing joist depth or the number of joists where floor joists support
single or upper storey loadbearing walls which:
(a) are not within the allowable offsets given in Clause 5.4.4 or
(b) are within the allowable offsets given in Clause 5.4.4 but the roof load width exceeds 3600 mm.
In case (a) both adjacent bearers and in case (b) the close adjacent bearer, or other supports as appropriate,
shall be considered to be supporting the loadbearing walls (Refer Clause 5.4 - FLOOR FRAMING AND
FLOORING).

TABLE 2.10 FLOOR JOISTS SUPPORTING LOADBEARING WALLS AT RIGHT ANGLES

Wall locations Maximum Maximum Joist Span: Section 6 (mm)
Roofing within Roof load
allowable width RLW 2400 3900 4800
type
offsets (Table 5.1) (mm) Increase in joist depth or number of joists*
Sheet No 2400 Add 25 mm or Add 25 mm or Add 50 mm or
use 2 x joists use 2 x joists use 1.5 x joists
No 3600 Add 25 mm or Add 50 mm or Add 50 mm or
use 2.5 x joists use 2 x joists use 2 x joists
Yes 4800 Add 25 mm or Add 25 mm or Add 50 mm or
use 2 x joists use 2 x joists use 1.5 x joists
Tiles No 2400 Add 25 mm or Add 50 mm or Add 50 mm or
use 2.5 x joists use 2 x joists use 2 x joists
No 3600 Add 50 mm or Add 75 mm or Add 75 mm or
use 3 x joists use 2.5 x joists use 2 x joists
Yes 4800 Add 25 mm or Add 50 mm or Add 50 mm or
use 2.5 x joists use 2 x joists use 2 x joists
* "2 x joists": use twice the total number of joists that would otl1erwise be required to support the wall. (eg. use half the joist spacing or
use double joists)
NOTE: 1. Clause 1.4. - Alternative timber dimensions does not apply.
2. Point load - Maximum area of roof supported is 2.5 m2 for tiled roofs and 5.0 m' for sheet roofs.

2.3.4 Bearers and joists supporting roof point loads

Where bearers or joists support roof point loads but not uniform roof loads (eg. see Clause 5.4.5), the
allowable point loads in Clauses 2.3.2 and 2.3.3 may be increased by an area equivalent to 0.9 or 1.2 times
the maximum RLW (m) for tiled and sheet roofs respectively. The minimum spacing of such point loads shall
be 1500 mm.
2.3.5 Flooring systems and flooring
The following systems shall be acceptable for structural flooring :
(a) Platform flooring - Flooring fixed as a continuous platform before the erection of internal and external
walls or internal walls only.
(b) Fitted flooring - Flooring fitted to each room after the erection of walls.
Flooring materials shall be used in accordance with Table 2.11.

TABLE 2.11 STRUCTURAL FLOORING- MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPACING OF SUPPORTS

Flooring Australian Grade Thickness (mm) Spacing of Supports (mm)

Standard
Strip Flooring
South-Eastern 2796 Standard 19 mm T & G* 620
Australian 19 mm End Matched 470
hardwoods 30 mm T & G* 1110
30 mm End Matched 840
Select 19 mm T & G* 680
19 mm End Matched 520
30 mm T & G* 1220
30 mm End Matched 930
Radiata Pine 1492 Merchantable 19 mm T & G* 450
Standard 19 mm T & G* 510
19 mm End Matched 390
30 mm T & G* 920
30 mm End Matched 700
Sheet Flooring
Plywood 2269 F8 15 mm 480
17 mm 540
20mm 610
F11 13 mm 450
15 mm 520
17 mm 560
18 mm 590
19 mm 620
F14 13mm 480
15 mm 540
17 mm 600
Particleboard 1859 N/A 19mm 450
(See Note 4) 22 mm 600

* Includes finger jointed boards.

NOTE: 1. An allowance has been made for ligl1t sanding.
2. Regrading of strip flooring boards after elimination of defects by docking is permissible.
3. For the plywood flooring thicknesses detailed above, it has been assumed that in any thickness of plywood the veneers are
all of equal thickness. For a plywood of a given total thickness, the dimensions listed in the table will be slightly conservative
if the outer veneers are thicker than any or all of the inner veneers. Tl1e table sl1ould not be used for plywood in which the
outer veneers are thinner than any or all of the inner veneers. For plywood sheets supported over one span only, reduce the
tabulated spacings by 25%.
4. For full details on particleboard flooring refer AS 1860 - Installation of particleboard flooring.
5. Installation and fixing - see Clause 5.4.8.

2.4 SUBSTRUCTURE
This clause deals with the selection of stumps/posts and pad footings/soleplates required to transfer roof,
wall and floor loads to the soil foundation. For further information on the design of footings, including timber
pile systems and strip footings for brickwork or other masonry construction, reference should be made to
AS2870: Residential Slabs and Footings or the building authority.
It should be noted that the bracing requirements of Section 3 may necessitate the use of alternative footing
or post/stump details to those given in this Clause.

29
2.4.1 Footing classification
For the purposes of this Manual footings for stumps/posts are classified as Types A to E, as shown in Table
2.12. Footing Types A to D are for use in areas where the allowable foundation bearing pressure is at least
100 kPa. Type E footings are only suitable where the foundation bearing pressure is known to exceed 125
kPa.

TABLE 2.12 FOOTING CLASSIFICATION

Footing Type Minimum Bearing Minimum Size for Minimum Thickness
Area Unreinforced of Timber
(m2) Concrete Soleplates
Pad Footing (mm) (mm)
(See Note 1) (See Note 2)
A 0.045 230 x 230 x 100 deep
or 50
250 Dia x 100 deep
B 0.090 300 x 300 x 150 deep
or 75
350 Dia x 150 deep
C 0.120 350 x 350 x 200 deep
or 75
400 Dia x 200 deep
D 0.180 430 x 430 x 250 deep
or As approved
500 Dia x 200 deep
E 0.180 430 x 430 x 250 deep
or As approved
500 Dia x 200 deep
NOTE: 1. Footings should be proportioned to evenly distribute vertical and lateral loads from the building to the foundation material
such that significant settlement or other movement is prevented. Further information, including minimum depth
requirements, is given in AS2870.
2. Timber soleplates shall not project beyond any face of the stump or post they support by more than their own thickness,
taken across the grain, or three times their own thickness taken along the grain.

2.4.2 Stumps/posts
(a) Sizes
Stump/post sizes shall be appropriate to the footing type used, as shown in Table 2.13. The use of stumps
or posts in material other than timber shall be subject to the requirements of the building authority.

TABLE 2.13 STUMP/POST SIZES

Footing Type Stress Grade

(Refer Table F4 F5 F7 FB F11 F14
2.12)
Minimum timber stump/post size* (mm)
A 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100
or or or or or or
110 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia
B 125 X 125 125 X 125 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100
or or or or or or
125 Dia 120 Dia 115 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia
C 125 X 125 125 X 125 125 X 125 100 X 100 100 X 100 100 X 100
or or or or or or
135 Dia 130 Dia 120 Dia 115 Dia 110 Dia 110 Dia
D 150 X 150 125 X 125 125 X 125 125 X 125 125 X 125 100 X 100
or or or or or or
150 Dia 145 Dia 135 Dia 125 Dia 120 Dia 115 Dia
E As approved
* Stump/post size is also dependant upon height above ground - refer Clause 2.4.2(b).
Timber durability/preservative treatment shall be appropriate for the expected service conditions - refer AS1684.

(b) Height
The height above ground of any stump/post determined using Table 2.13 shall not exceed 15 times the
required minimum face width or diameter unless designed in accordance with recognised engineering
principles.
(c) Embedment
Stump/post embedment in the foundation material shall be at least 0.3 times the stump height above ground
level or 450mm, whichever is the greater. (Also refer Table 2.12 - Note 1 and Clause 5.3).
2.4.3 Maximum permissible bearer spans
Tables 2.14, 2.15 and 2.16 give maximum permissible bearer spans for each footing type, based on footing
capacity. Section 6: MEMBER SIZES gives maximum bearer spans based on the capacity of the relevant
timber cross-section. Both of these requirements shall be satisfied.

TABLE 2.14 MAXIMUM BEARER SPANS FOR FOOTINGS

BEARERS SUPPORTING FLOOR LOADS ONLY
'
Bearer Spacing (mm)

Footing 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 3000 3600

Type MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE BEARER SPAN* (mm)
A 2400 2100 1900 1700 1600 1300 1200
B 4900 4400 3900 3500 3260 2800 2400
C 6600 5900 5300 4800 4400 3700 3200
D N/A N/A N/A 7200 6600 5600 4900
E N/A N/A N/A NIA N/A 7100 6200
N/A: Not Applicable.
* Maximum permissible bearer span for each footing type. Bearer specification is determined from the relevant tables in Section 6.

TABLE 2.15 MAXIMUM BEARER SPANS FOR FOOTINGS

BEARERS SUPPORTING SINGLE STOREY LOADBEARING WALLS
Roof load width (RLW)+ (mm)
Footing Roofing 2100 3600 5100 • 6600
Type Type
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE BEARER SPAN* (mm)
Bearer Spacing 1800 mm max
A Sheet 1700 1400 1100 1000
B 3500 2800 2400 2000
C 4600 3800 3200 2700
D 7000 5700 4800 4100
E N/A 7200 6000 5200
A Tiles 1200 NS NS NS
B 2500 1800 1400 1100
C 3300 2400 1900 1500
D 5000 3600 2800 2300
E 6400 4000 3600 2900
Bearer Spacing 3600 mm max
A Sheet 1200 1000 NS NS
B 2500 2200 1900 1600
C 3400 2900 2500 2200
D 5200 4400 3800 3400
E 6400 5500 4800 4300
A Tiles NS NS NS NS
B 2000 1500 1200 1000
C 2600 2000 1600 1300
D 4000 3000 2500 2100
E 5000 3900 3100 2600
NS = Not suitable
+ Roof load width (RLW) as determined in accordance with the type of roof construction defined by Fig. 1.8 on page 12.
* Maximum permissible bearer span for each footing type. Bearer specification is determined from the relevant tables in Section 6.

31
TABLE 2.16 MAXIMUM BEARER SPANS FOR FOOTINGS
BEARERS SUPPORTING TWO STOREY LOADBEARING WALLS
Roof load width (RLW)+ (mm)
Footing Roofing
2100 3600 5100 6600
Type Type
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE BEARER SPAN* (mm)
Bearer Spacing 1800 mm max
,.
A Sheet NS NS NS NS
B 1400 1300 1200 1100
C 1900 1800 1600 1500
D 3000 2700 2500 2300
E 3700 3400 3100 2900
A Tiles NS NS NS NS
B 1200 1000 NS NS
C 1700 1400 1200 1000
D 2500 2100 1800 1600
E 3200 2700 2300 2000
Bearer Spacing 3600 mm max
A Sheet NS NS NS NS
B 1200 1100 1000 1000
C 1600 "1500 1400 "1300
D 2600 2400 2200 2000
E 3200 3000 2800 2600
A Tiles NS NS NS NS
B "1000 NS NS NS
C "1400 "1200 1100 NS
D 2200 "1900 "1600 "1400
E 2800 2400 2"100 "1800
NS = Not suitable
+ Roof load width (RLW) as determined in accordance with the type of roof construction defined by Fig. 1.8 on page 12.
* Maximum permissible bearer span for each footing type. Bearer specification is determined from the relevant tables in Section 6.
 SECTION 3 BRACING DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
3.1 GENERAL
Permanent bracing shall be provided to enable roof, wall and floor framework to resist horizontal wind forces
applied to the building. Appropriate connections shall also be provided to transfer these forces through the
framework and sub-floor structure to the building foundation. (Refer Section 4).
Requirements for permanent roof, wall and floor structure bracing are given in Clauses 3.2 to 3.4. (Also refer
Clause 5.7).

3.2 ROOF BRACING

3.2.1 Coupled and non-coupled roofs
Where ridges are not secured against longitudinal movement by means of hips, valleys or the like and the
roof pitch is greater than 10°, roof bracing shall be provided as shown in Table 3.1.

TABLE 3.1 GABLE ROOF BRACING ALTERNATIVES

Brace specification*
Brace location alternative
Length (mm) Minimum size (mm)
(a) Ridge to internal loadbearing Up to 2100 75 X 50
wall in opposing directions. Over 2100 to 4200 100 x 50 or 75 x 75
(b) Ridge to external wall plates As required 75 X 25
on both sides of ridge. timber or equivalent
metal system.
* Refer Clause 5.7.3 (a) and Figure 5.30 for details.

3.2.2 Truss roofs

Bracing requirements for truss roofs shall be in accordance with manufacturers' specifications.

3.3 WALL BRACING

3.3.1 Bracing unit types
Wall bracing units are designated TYPE A or TYPE Bas described in Table 3.2.
Walls shall be permanently braced using any of the described bracing units or a combination of bracing
units.
Where approved by the building authority, other types of bracing may be used provided the total design
strength of the bracing system is equivalent to that obtained in accordance with this manual. (Refer Clause
1.3 for designated strengths of Type A and Type B bracing units).

TABLE 3.2 TYPE A AND TYPE B WALL BRACING UNITS

Wall Bracing Description*
Unit Type
Type A Bracing Units
A1 Paired diagonal timber braces.
A2 Paired diagonal metal angle braces.
A3 Paired or double diagonal metal tension straps.
A4 Single diagonal timber brace.
A5 Single diagonal metal angle brace.
A6 Plywood sheet bracing.
A7 Hardboard sheet bracing.
AB Diagonal timber wall lining or cladding.
Type B Bracing Units
B1 Plywood sheet bracing.
B2 Double diagonal metal tension straps.
* Refer Clause 5.7.2 for details.

3.3.2 Minimum number of bracing units

Table 3.3 defines the minimum number of bracing units required to be located at right angles to the length
and width of a building. Clause 5.7.2 requires at least 4 bracing units at right angles to the length and width
of a building. Values less than 4 are provided in Table 3.3 to facilitate the addition of bracing unit
requirements for individual sections of an elevation - see Clause 3.3.3 (d) and Figure 3.2 (A): Wind
Direction 2. The Table 3.3 values are suitable for wall heights up to 2700 mm. For wall heights of 3000 mm
the number of bracing units determined from Table 3.3 shall be increased by 15%.

33
TABLE 3.3 WALL BRACING REQUIREMENTS
Number of Type A or Type 8 Bracing Units required at right angles to
the building length or width
Area Design Gust Wind Speed
of 28 m/s 33 m/s 41 m/s
Elevation
Flat walls, Roof slopes Flat walls, Rocif slopes Flat walls, Roof slopes
(m2)
gable and 6° to 35° gable and 6° to 35° gable and 6° to 35°'! <$

(See skillion ends skillion ends skillion ends

Clause 3.3.3) and roof and roof and roof
slopes to 5° slopes to 5° slopes to 5°
Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type
A 8 A 8 A 8 A 8 A 8 A 8
Single storey or upper storey of two storey construction
10 1* 1* 1* 1* 2* 1* 2* 1* 5 2* 3* 1*
20 3* 1* 2* 1* 5 2* 3* 2* 9 5 6 3*
30 4 2* 2* 1* 7 4 5 2* 14 7 9 4
40 5 3* 3* 2* 10 5 6 3* 18 9 11 6
50 7 3* 4 2* 12 6 8 4 23 11 14 7
60 8 4 5 2* 14 7 9 5 27 14 17 9
70 9 5 6 3* 17 8 11 5 32 16 20 10
80 10 5 6 3* 19 10 12 6 36 18 23 11
90 12 6 7 4 22 11 14 7 41 20 26 13
100 13 7 8 4 24 12 15 8 46 23 29 14
200 26 13 16 8 48 24 30 15 91 46 57 29
Lower storey of two storey construction
10 2* 1* 2* 1* 3* 2* 3* 1* 5 3* 4 2*
20 4 2* 3* 2* 6 3* 5 2* 11 5 8 4
30 6 3* 5 2* 10 5 7 4 16 8 12 6
40 8 4 6 3* 13 6 10 5 21 12 16 8
50 11 5 8 4 16 8 12 6 27 13 20 10
60 13 6 9 5 19 10 14 7 32 16 24 12
70 15 7 11 5 22 11 17 8 37 19 28 14
80 17 8 12 6 26 13 19 10 43 21 32 16
90 19 9 14 7 29 14 22 11 48 24 36 18
100 21 11 16 8 32 16 24 12 54 27 40 20
200 42 21 31 16 64 32 48 24 107 54 81 41
* Minimum number of bracing units - refer Clause 3.3.
NOTE: 1. Intermediate values may be interpolated.
2. A combination of bracing unit types is permissible.
3. Location and distribution of bracing units - refer Clause 5.7.2

3.3.3 Area of elevation

"Area of Elevation" is required as an input to Table 3.3 in order to determine the number of bracing units
required at right angles to the length and width of a building. Refer Figure 3.2 for examples.
(a) Wind direction
The wind directions used shall be those resulting in the greatest number of bracing units, for the length and
width of building respectively, as wind can blow from any direction. For example in the case of a single
storey house having a gable at one end and a 25° hip at the other, consideration of the gable end facing the
wind will result in a greater number of bracing units at right angles to the width of the house than with the hip
end facing the wind. (Refer Table 3.3 - "Flat walls, gable and skillion ends and roof slopes to 5°" versus
"Roof slopes 6° to 35°").

(b) Flat walls

Flat walls are vertical wall surfaces that do not have a roof projecting above them, as shown in Figure 3.1 for
the wind direction indicated.

H = Flat wall height

used to determine
area of elevation
T

FIGURE 3.1 Height of lower

AREA OF ELEVATION wall WIND
- FLAT WALLS (ceiling heigl1t)

J h = Half heigl1t
of lower wall
(c) Multi-level floors
Where there is more than one floor level in a building, each level shall be considered separately for the
purposes of calculating the minimum number of bracing units.
(d) Complex building shapes
For complex building shapes, a level of an elevation may be divided into smaller sections with each section
considered individually. The total number of bracing units required for that. level is the sum of the bracing
units required in each section.

WIND DIRECTION 1

'r---------------l<l-- Gable
End

Roof Slope 20°

~ WIND DIRECTION 2

_ Area of elevation for Table 3.3 (20°)

~4-l+H+IH-H-H++H-H-1-1-l-i++l+H-l-l+i'F-H+HH+H+H++!-HH~-1

h _..___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..,___ _ _ _ _....__ Floor Level

l WIND DIRECTION 1

_L
h _..,___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ - - - t - - - - ~ Floor Level

l WIND DIRECTION 2 Area of elevation for

Table 3.3 (gable ends)

FIGURE 3.2 (A) DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A SINGLE STOREY BUILDING
NOTE: 1. h = half the height of the wall (half of the ceiling height).
2. For wind direction 2 each area is considered separately for Table 3.3 and the total number of bracing units required is the
sum of the bracing units required for each area.
 Gable End WIND DIRECTION 1

~
Hip End
WIND DIRECTION 2

._,.7------~- Roof Slope 25°

Area of elevation for

table 3.3 (gable end)
Area of elevation for
table 3.3 (25°)

Floor Level h

h ' - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - , . . . __ Floor Level

(I) WIND DIRECTION 1 - SINGLE STOREY SECTION (II) WIND DIRECTION 1 - UPPER STOREY OF TWO STOREY SECTION

Area of elevation
Area of elevation for tor table 3.3 (25°)
table 3.3 (gable end)

_L
/ h _._ '--.,,.
/ ____

·~·-·-·-.-·-·-·-·
Floor Level

I j_t-,-,,._,,._,,._r,.. T I
I
I
i__ _ _ _ _ _
I
J

h
,.__ _ _ _ _ _ ____, Floor
T Level
(Ill) WIND DIRECTION 1 - LOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREY SECTION (IV) WIND DIRECTION 2 - UPPER STOREY OF TWO STOREY SECTION

141::11+1--- Area of elevation for

table 3.3 (25°)

L.ll'J.'l.!ULl,'l.!U

h
-------
, ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' Floor Level

(V) WIND DIRECTION 2 - LOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREY SECTION

FIGURE 3.2 (B) DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A SINGLE AND TWO STOREY SPLIT LEVEL BUILDING
NOTE: h = Half the height of the wall (half of the ceiling height)
3.4 SUB-FLOOR BRACING
Sub-floor bracing requirements shall comply with the relevant Clause given in Table 3.4.

TABLE 3.4 SUB-FLOOR BRACING REQUIREMENTS

Single or two Outer wall Perimeter Max. height Design Bracing
storey construction masonry of stumps gust requirements
building (Note 1) base above ground wind fa?
(Note 2) (mm) speed Method Clause
(Note 3) (m/s)
Single or B.V. or Yes 1200 Up to 1 3.4.1
two storey clad frame 41
Single or B.V. or Yes Over1200 Up to 3 3.4.3
two storey clad frame 41
Single storey Clad frame No 1800 Up to 2 3.4.2
33
Single storey Clad frame No 1800 41 3 3.4.3
Single storey Clad frame No Over1800 Up to 3 3.4.3
41
Two storey Clad frame No 3000 Up to 3 3.4.3
41
NOTE: 1. BV - Brick veneer on timber frame. Clad frame - Timber frame with attached timber or other cladding.
2. Minimum 110 mm unreinforced brickwork with engaged piers. Brickwork shall comply with the requirements of the building
authority.
3. Stump/post sizes, height and embedment - refer Clause 2.4.2.

3.4.1 Bracing Method 1 (Table 3.4)

Where there is a full perimeter masonry base the sub-floor structure shall be considered to be adequately
braced.

3.4.2 Bracing Method 2 (Table 3.4)

Diagonal bracing shall be provided to corner stumps/posts and the two adjacent stumps/posts in each case,
or an equivalent bracing system shall be provided. (Refer Clause 5.7.1 and Figure 5.26). Alternatively
Method 3 (Clause 3.4.3) may be employed using the appropriate design wind speed.

3.4.3 Bracing Method 3 (Table 3.4)

Table 3.5 gives sub-floor bracing unit alternatives based on equivalence to the wall bracing units defined in
Clause 3.3.
Bracing unit requirements for single storey or the lower storey of two storey construction, as appropriate,
shall be determined from Table 3.3.
In calculating the area of elevation (Clause 3.3.3 and Figure 3.2) the sub-floor height shall be taken into
account by using h=half of the height of the wall (ground to ceiling level or ground to upper floor level).
Bracing units shall be incorporated in the sub-floor structure at right angles to the length and width of the
building. A combination of bracing unit types may be used, including Types A and B wall bracing units if
appropriate to the sub-floor construction detail.

37
 TABLE 3.5 SUB-FLOOR BRACING UNITS
Sub~Floor Bracing Description* Equivalence to Type A or
Unit Type (SFB) B Wall Bracing Units
Timber stumps/posts embedded in concrete footings (see NOTE)
SFB 1 Maximum height 600 mm 1 Type B or 2 Type A
SFB 2 Height over 600 mm up to 900 mm 1.5 Type A
SFB3 Height over 900 mm up to 1800 mm 1 Type A
SFB4 Height over 1800 mm up to 2400 mm 1 Type A
SFB 5 Height over 2400 mm up to 3000 mm 0.5 Type A
Diagonal timber braces to timber stumps/posts
SFB 6 Bracing over 2 or 3 stumps/posts 5 Type A
of minimum size 100 x 100 or or
115 mm minimum diameter. 2.5 Type B
SFB 7 Bracing over 2 or 3 stumps/posts 8 Type A
of minimum size 125 x 125 or or
145 mm minimum diameter. 4 Type B
Unreinforced masonry
SFB 8 100 mm minimum thickness 1 Type A per
masonry with engaged piers metre run of
(or cavity masonry). wall

* Refer Clause 5.7.1 and Figure 5.27 for details.

NOTE: Timber stumps/posts embedded in concrete footings.
(i) Footing depth D = 900 mm (see Figure 5.27) or 600 mm when enclosed by a concrete slab on ground minimum 100 mm
thick x 6 m'.
(ii) Minimum stump/post size shall be:
SFB 1 125 mm diameter SFB 4 225 mm diameter
SFB 2 150 mm diameter SFB 5 225 mm diameter
SFB 3 200 mm diameter
(iii) Footing sizes and depths are appropriate for firm, low to medium plasticity clay soils .

.l I
 SECTION 4 CONNECTION DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
4.1 GENERAL
The fixing information in this Section is suitable for domestic and similar framed buildings designed and
constructed in accordance with this manual.
Alternative fasteners or connectors, or alternative fixing methods or systems may be used provided their
performance is at least equivalent to those specified.

4.2 FIXING REQUIREMENTS

Fixing requirements shall be determined using Tables 4.2 to 4.4 and 4.5 to 4.7 as indicated in Table 4.1.
Tables 4.2 to 4.4 provide direct fixing requirements for floor, wall and roof framing. Tables 4.5 to 4.7 are only
applicable for determining additional tie-down requirements (see Clause 4.2.1 ).

TABLE 4.1 DETERMINING FIXING REQUIREMENTS

Design Gust Wind Speed (m/s)
Type of Roofing
28 33 41
Tiles Tables 4.2 to 4.4 Tables 4.2 to 4.4 Tables 4.2 to 4.4
&
Tables 4.5 to 4.7
(see Notes)
Sheet Tables 4.2 to 4.4 Tables 4.2 to 4.4 Tables 4.2 to 4.4
& &
Tables 4.5 to 4.7 Tables 4.5 to 4.7
(see Notes) (see Notes)
NOTE: i. The requirements of Tables 4.6 and 4.7 are additional to those of Tables 4.2 to 4.4, as appropriate.
2. Table 4.5 is to be used in lieu of the batten/purlin fixing requirements in Table 4.2.

4.2.1 Tie-down
(i) Tables 4.5 to 4.7 indicate tie-down forces to be resisted. Fixing requirements are to be determined by
reference to Table 4.8 and Clause 5.8.2 in selecting an appropriate detail that has a tie-down strength not
less than the tie-down force to be resisted.
(ii) Intermediate connections are not required where tie-down is continued to a lower member in the frame.
eg. connection of a rafter directly to a stud eliminates the need for rafter to top plate and top plate to stud
connections.

TABLE 4.2 FIXING REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF FRAMING

(SHEET ROOF UP TO 28 M/S OR TILED ROOF UP TO 33 MIS)
Joint or Fixing Requirements
Member (see Note 2)
Roof battens Rafter, roof beam Batten spacing
to rafters, or truss spacing 330* 600 900 1200
roof beams
or trusses 600 1/nail, 25P 1/nail, 38P 1/G-nail, 50P 1/G-nail, 50P
900 1/nail, 38P 1/nail, 50P 1/G-nail, 50P 2/G-nails, 50P
1200 1/nail, 38P 1/G-nail, 50P 2/G-nails, 50P 2/G-nails, 50P
* Tiled roof only
G = Annular grooved nail
P = Nail penetration into final receiving member (minimum)
Roof purlins to Rafter, roof beam Batten spacing
rafters, roof or truss spacing 600 900 1200
beams or
trusses 600 2/75 mm nails 2/75 mm nails 2/75 mm nails
900 2/75 mm nails 2/75 mm nails 2/75 mm G-nails
1200 2/75 mm nails 2/75 mm G-nails 2/75 mm G-nails
G = Annular grooved nail
Continued next page

39
TABLE 4.2 FIXING REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF FRAMING (cont.)
(SHEET ROOF UP TO 28 M/S OR TILED ROOF UP TO 33 M/S)
Joint or Fixing Requirements
Member (see Note 2)
Ceiling
joists to 2/75 mm skew nails
top plates
"
Ratters to 1/75 mm through nail (initial member up to 38 mm thick)
ceiling OR
joists 1/90 mm through nail (initial member over 38 mm but not exceeding 50 mm thick)
(where
adjoining)
Collar Tie up to 4200 mm long - 2/75 mm nails.
ties Tie over 4200 mm long -1/M10 bolt.
Ratters or roof Tiled roof - 2/75 mm skew nails.
beams to top Sheet roof - 2/75 mm skew nails PLUS additional tie-down as described in Note 3
plates
Trusses to As per manufacturers' recommendations
top plates OR
(see 1/framing anchor with 3 nails to each leg
Note 5) OR
1/30 x 0.8 looped strap with 3/2.8 mm nails into plate at each end AND 2/75 mm skew nails
NOTE: 1. Where not stated dimensions are in mm.
2. Fixings are required at each joint (each member crossing) unless stated otherwise.
3. Metal straps or ancl1ors shall be used to tie rafters or roof beams to top wall plates and top wall plates to studs (or roof
members directly to studs) with a minimum of 3/25 mm x 2.5 mm diameter nails into the side grain of each member.
Maximum spacing of fasteners shall be 1800 mm or three stud spacings (the lesser) and where tl1e Roof load width (RLW)
exceeds 3600 mm, tl1e fastener spacing shall not exceed the member spacing.
4. See Clause 5.8.1 (a) for nail diameter and penetration requirements.
5. Internal walls: top plate connections shall be capable of transferring lateral loads to wall bracing units whilst allowing trusses
to settle under dead load in accordance with manufacturers' recommendations.

TABLE 4.3 FIXING REQUIREMENTS FOR WALL FRAMING

(SHEET ROOF UP TO 28 M/S OR TILED ROOF UP TO 33 M/S)
Joint or member Fixing requirements

Wall plates to studs Two 75 mm nails skewed through stud into plate OR
Two 75 mm nails through plate into end of stud for plates
up to 38 mm thick OR
Two 90 mm nails through plate into end of stud for plates
over 38 mm but not exceeding 50 mm thick
Noggings to studs Two 75 mm nails through or skew nailed
Bottom plates to joists for Two 75 mm nails at joist intersections or maximum 600 mm
load-bearing walls, including walls centres along joists for plates up to 38 mm thick OR
with Type A braces Two 90 mm nails at joist intersections or maximum 600 mm
centres along joists for plates over 38 mm thick but not
exceeding 50 mm thick
Bottom plates to joists for non One 75 mm nail at joint intersections or maximum 600 mm
load-bearing walls, including centres along joistsfor plates up to 38 mm thick OR
walls with Type A braces One 90 mm nail at joist intersections or maximum 600 mm
centres along joists for plates over 38 mm thick but not
exceeding 50 mm thick
Bottom plates to joists for load-bearing and One M10 bolt OR
non load-bearing walls with Type B braces 30 mm x 0.8 mm galvanized steel strap (see Clause 5.8.4) OR
Equivalent metal/timber fasteners
Bottom plates to concrete slabs, 75 mm masonry nail at maximum 1200 mm
including walls with Type A braces centres (see Note 2)
Bottom plates to concrete slabs M 10 bolts or framing anchors at each end of the sheathed
for walls with Type B braces section or maximum 1200 mm centres (see Note 2)
Secondary top plate (ribbon plate Two 75 mm nails at maximum 600 mm centres for plates
to top plate) up to 38 mm thick OR
Two 90 mm nails at maximum 600 mm centres for plates over
38 mm thick but not exceeding 50 mm thick
Multiple studs One 75 mm nail at maximum 600 mm
centres for studs up to 38 mm thick OR
One 90 mm nail at maximum 600 mm centres for studs over
38 mm thick but not exceeding 50 mm thick
NOTE: 1. See Clause 5.8.1 (a) for nail diameter and penetration requirements.
2. Fixings for bottom plates to concrete slabs should not be spaced further than 1200 mm apart, including any specific tie-down
requirements determined in accordance with Clause 4.2.1.
TABLE 4.4 FIXING REQUIREMENTS FOR FLOOR FRAMING
(SHEET ROOF UP TO 28 M/8 OR TILED ROOF UP TO 33 M/8)
Joint or member Fixing requirements
Bearer to timber stump/post Two 75 mm nails plus one 30 mm x 0.8 mm galvanised iron strap
or equivalent, over bearer and fixed both ends to stump, with four
2.8 mm diameter nails each end of strap OR
One M1 O bolt through bearer halved to stump OR
Two 75 mm nails plus one M12 cranked bolt through bearer and
stump
Bearer to concrete stump/post One 6 mm diameter rod cast into stump,
positioned vertically through bearer and bent over
Bearer to masonry column/wall/pier One MiO bolt
(excluding masonry veneer construction) OR
One 50 mm x 4 mm mild steel bar or equivalent, fixed to bearer
with one MiO bolt and cast into masonry (into footing)
Bearer to steel post One M1 O coach screw or bolt
Floor joist to bearer Two 75 mm nails
NOTE: See Clause 5.8.1 (a) for nail diameter and penetration requirements.

TABLE 4.5 TIE-DOWN FORCES- ROOF BATTENS OR PURLINS

Spacing of rafters, Batten or purlin spacing (mm)

roof beams or 330+ 370 600 900 1200
trusses (mm)
Tie-down force (kN)
Sheet roof 33 m/s
450 - 0.15 0.25 0.38 0.50
600 - 0.21 0.33 0.50 0.67
900 - 0.31 0.50 0.75 1.00
1200 - 0.41 0.67 1.00 1.34
Sheet roof 41 m/s or Tiled roof 41 m/s
450 0.i? 0.25 0.40 0.60 0.80
600 0.22 0.33 0.54 0.80 1.07
900 0.33 0.50 0.80 • 1.21 1 .61
1200 0.44 0.66 1.07 1.61 2.15
+ Tiled roof only
NOTE: The fixing requirements of Table 4.2 are not required in addition to the fixings determined as a result of using this Table.

TABLE 4.6 TIE-DOWN FORCES - MULTIPLE PARALLEL MEMBERS

• Rafters, roof beams and trusses to supporting beams/walls/floor
• Studs to top plates or bottom plates/floor

Distance between Roof load width RLW (mm) (see Clause 1.8 and Figure 1.8)
tie-down points 1800 2500 3600 5100 6600
(mm) (see NOTE)
Tie-down force (kN)
Sheet roof 33 m/s or Tiled roof 41 m/s
450 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1 .3
600 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 1 .8
900 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.1 2.7
1200 1.0 1.3 1.9 2.7 3.5
1350 u 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.0
moo 1.4 2.0 2.9 4. 1 5.3
3000 2.4 3.3 4.8 6.9 8.8
Sheet roof 41 m/s
450 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.4
600 0.9 1.2 1.7 2.5 3.3
900 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.8 4.9
1200 1.7 2.4 3.5 5.1 6.5
1350 2.0 2.7 4.0 5.7 7.3
1800 2.6 3.6 5.2 7.6 9.8
3000 4.4 6.1 8.7 13.0 16.0
NOTE: 1. Rafters, roof beams and trusses - distance between tie-down points is the rafter, roof beam or truss spacing (tie-down is
required for every member).
2. Studs to plates - distance between tie-down points is the tie-down spacing which may be provided at every stud (450, 600),
every second stud (900, 1200) or every third stud (1350, 1800).

41
TABLE 4.7 TIE-DOWN FORCES - SINGLE MEMBERS
• Lintels, ridges+, eaves beams, intermediate beams# etc. to wall/floor
• Posts and studs at sides of openings to bottom plates/floor
• Bottom plates to floor

Roof load width RLW (mm) (see Clause 1.8 and Figure 1.8)
Distance between
tie-down points 1800 2500 3600 5100 6600
(mm) (see Note 1) Tie-down force (kN) ~
Sheet roof 33 m/s or Tiled roof 41 m/s
i200 0.5 0.7 i.0 i .4 i .8
i800 0.8 i .0 i .4 2. i 2.7
2400 i .0 i .3 i.9 2.7 3.5
3600 i .4 2.0 2.8 4. i 5.3
6000 2.4 3.3 4.7 6.7 8.8
Sheet roof 41 m/s
450 0.4 0.5 0.7 i .0 i.2
600 0.5 0.6 0.9 i.3 i .6
900 0.7 0.9 i.3 i.9 2.5
i200 0.9 i.2 i.7 2.5 3.3
i800 i.3 i .8 2.6 3.8 4.9
2400 i .7 2.4 3.5 5. i 6.5
3600 2.6 3.6 5.2 7.6 9.8
6000 4.4 6.1 8.7 i2.6 i6.3
+ Applies to ridges used as tie-down points only. Refer Clause 5.8.3 for rafter to ridge connection requirements where ridges are not
used as tie-down points.
# Sizes for intermediate and loadbearing ridge beams are given in TFM - Supplementary Tables.
NOTE: 1. Lintels, ridges, eaves beams etc - distance between tie-down points is the member span.
Posts, studs at sides of openings - distance between tie-down points is the opening width.
Bottom plates to floor - distance between tie-down points is the tie-down spacing along the bottom plate. (Maximum 1200
mm).
2. Where single beam members (eg. lintels, intermediate beams) are continuous over an intermediate support the tie-down
force at that support shall be doubled.
TABLE 4.8 SUMMARY OF TIE-DOWN ALTERNATIVES
Tie-Down Type Tie-Down Strength* (kN)
Joint or member
(see Clause 5.8.2 for details) Hardwood Softwood
Rafters, TH 2.8 2.0
roof beams T1-2 3.6 2.6
or trusses T1-3 2.2 1.5
to T1-4 3.6 2.6 \iy

wall frame T1-5 6.7 3.6

or floor. T1-6 7.2 7.2
Masonry nails, anchors etc. Refer manufacturers.
to concrete slab.
Rafters, T2-1 3.6 2.6
roof beams T2-2 6.6 4.7
or trusses T2-3 7.2 7.2
to T2-4 3.6 2.6
lintels, T2-5 6.6 4.7
verandah plates, T2-6 13.0 7.2
verandah beams+, T2-7 6.0 3.8
eaves beams, T2-8 6.7 3.6
loadbearing T2-9 4.8 3.2
ridge beams+, T2-10 11.5 6.0
intermediate T2-11 17.0 10.0
beams+ and T2-12 7.2 4.6
internal walls T2-13 5.0 3.6
etc. T2-14 9.6 6.1
Ridge boards & "l I T3-1 7.2 7.2
hip rafters to T3-2 11.5 6.0
walls.
Lintels I T4-1 3.6 2.6
to T4-2 5.1 3.6
walls or T4-3 6.6 4.7
floor. T4-4 rn.o 7.2
T4-5 11.5 6.0
rn.o
/•

T4-6 17.0
Verandah plates, T5-1 4.0 3.0
eaves beams, T5-2 6.3 4.6
verandah beams+ T5-3 6.3 4.2
to T5-4 7.9 5.0
posts/floor/footing. T5-5 11.0 6.7
T5-6 5.9 3.8.
T5-7 7.1 4.5
T5-8 12.0 7.6
T5-9 14.0 9.0
T5-10 19.0 12.0
Roof battens or T6-1 0.34 0.30
purlins# T6-2 0.48 0.42
to T6-3 0.81 0.71
rafters, T6-4 0.60 0.50
roof beams T6-5 1.2 u
or T6-6 0.9 0.8
trusses. T6-7 1.9 1.6
T6-8 1.9 1.5
T6-9 2.5 2.0
T6-10 2.5 2.0
T6-11 1.6 1.3
T6-12 2.2 1.7
T6-13 2.2 1.7
T6-14A 2.2 1.8
T6-148 3.6 3.3
T6-15A 2.8 2.5
T6-158 3.6 3.3
T6-16 7.2 7.2
T6-17 5.0 3.6

* Use softwood tie-down strength where the detail comprises both softwood and hardwood members or the timber type is not known.
+ These members are provided for in TFM - Supplementary Tables.
# Also see tie-down type T2, as applicable.

43
 SECTIONS BUILDING PRACTICE/ASSEMBLY
5.1 GENERAL
In general, roof loads should be transferred through the timber framework to the footings by the most direct
route possible.
Framing members should be positioned so as to be plumb, level and square, as appropriate, with alJ mitres,
butts, laps and housings accurately cut to give full and even bearings to their respective framing members.
Supports shall be of sufficient size to provide adequate bearing and fixing for supported members.
In some circumstances it will be necessary to examine the practicability of using the minimum member sizes
given in Section 6 as factors other than structural capacity may be involved (eg. suitable allowance may be
necessary to provide for notching and drilling, attachment of linings and ensuring sufficient width and
thickness for bearing and for fixing).
Timber framing shall be kept at least 25 mm clear of any masonry chimney unless effectively insulated.
Materials used for sarking or insulation shall be installed in a manner that will not cause or contribute to the
collection of moisture within enclosed spaces.

5.2 MATERIALS
5.2.1 Stress grading
All timber shall be stress graded in accordance with the relevant Australian Standard and the stress grade
shall be identified in compliance with the requirements of the building authority. Timber which has been
longitudinally resawn after stress grading shall be regraded.

5.2.2 Seasoned timber

A piece of timber shall be regarded as being in the seasoned (or dry) condition when the maximum moisture
content anywhere within its cross-section does not exceed 15%.

5.2.3 Shrinkage of unseasoned timber

Unseasoned timber can be expected to shrink as its moisture content reduces. In some circumstances (eg.
where timbers of different shrinkage characteristics are used together or where unseasoned timber is used
in conjunction with seasoned timber, steel or masonry) allowance should be made for this shrinkage. As a
general guide, a shrinkage of 7-10% for hardwoods and 3-5% for softwoods can be expected. Where it is
not practical to allow for shrinkage, seasoned timber members should be used.

5.2.4 Durability/service life

Timbers used for frame construction shall be of appropriate durability for the expected service conditions.
Framing members that are not protected from weather exposure and associated moisture ingress shall be of
durability Class 2 or better, or they shall be preservative treated in accordance with AS1604, unless the
exposure is temporary.
All timbers, including untreated durability Class 4 timbers, are suitable for framing provided the timber will be
continuously dry (moisture content less than 20%).
Cladding, lining, windows, doors and the like shall be provided such that protection from exposure or
dampness is adequate for portions of the building structure that might otherwise be adversely affected.
The use of correct design detailing installation procedures, finishing and maintenance practices is essential
for all timbers used in weather exposed situations.
Timbers such as stumps, posts and sole plates that will be in direct contact with the ground or timbers that
will be subject to persistent dampness such that the timber moisture content may reach 20% or higher shall
have natural durability and/or preservative treatment in accordance with the requirements of AS1684. Where
preservative treated timbers are used as stumps or posts embedded in the ground, the embedded end shall
not be docked or trimmed after treatment. Damp coursing shall be provided where appropriate to prevent
ground moisture rising through the substructure.
Termite protection shall be provided in areas known to be subject to termite attack in accordance with the
requirements of the building authority.

5.2.5 Flooring
Flooring materials shall comply with relevant Australian Standards. The moisture content of tongue and
groove flooring should be appropriate to the expected service conditions. Optimum flooring moisture content
will vary depending on geographical region and the local environment, including sub-floor drainage and
ventilation, heating or airconditioning and other factors. Further advice should be sought where doubt exists
as to the suitability of flooring moisture content, particularly for critical applications such as a large feature
floor.

4'1
5.2.6 Bracing for sub-floors, walls and roofs
(i) Timber braces shall be free of end splits, knots exceeding one third of the cross-section, sloping grain
exceeding 1 in 12 and checks that may affect nailing. If necessary nail holes should be pre-drilled to prevent
timber splitting.
(ii) Metal bracing and associated straps and fasteners shall have suitable corrosion protection - see Clause
5.2.7.
(iii) Plywood bracing shall comply with AS2269.
(iv) Hardboard bracing shall comply with AS2458.

5.2.7 Corrosion protection

All metal used in structural timber joints and for bracing shall have appropriate corrosion protection.
Where corrosion protection is required it should be in accordance with AS1214 (threaded fasteners), AS1397
(anchors, brackets and straps etc - minimum protection grade Z275) and AS1650 (nails - minimum
coating Type A).
Advice should be sought from manufacturers of metal items to ensure that other types of corrosive
protection will be appropriate to the specific conditions of use.

5.2.8 Storage and handling of timber

When properly used, timber is one of the most robust, durable and easily handled of all building materials,
but like any other structural component, it can be seriously damaged by abuse, especially careless or
improper exposure to wetting or drying, or both.

(a) Unseasoned framing material

Rapid and uneven drying may produce distortion and cracking. A simple method of retarding drying is to
block stack the timber (avoiding projecting ends) and completely wrap impervious sheeting over the stack.
Unseasoned scantling may be stacked on the ground, provided the site is reasonably level so that distortion
of the timber does not occur. It is advisable to stack on impervious sheeting to protect the lower timbers from
dirt and stains.

(b) Seasoned framing material

This material should be protected from wetting on site. To achieve this, it should be block stacked and
covered as for unseasoned material. However, stacks should be placed at least 150 mm above ground level
on suitable bearers to prevent contact with ground water.

(c) Seasoned products - flooring etc.

Delivery of these items should be delayed until they can be "built-in", or at least until they can be stored
under cover of the enclosed building, in which case they should be block-stacked on a flat surface or on
closely spaced rails. Special consideration should be given to the likely effect of moisture on platform floor
construction.

5.3 SUBSTRUCTURE
5.3. t Sub-floor ventilation
Sub-floor spaces require adequate ground clearance and good ventilation to ensure an appropriate service
life.
Where the site is such that the earth beneath the floor may be damp for prolonged periods, the required
amount of ventilation and/or ground clearance may need to be increased or other special precautions may
be necessary. In such cases specialist advice should be sought.

Ventilation and ground clearance to

be in accordance with the
requirements of the building authority.

~---I::C>-Free Air Movement

• Avoid unventilated spaces

• Keep underiloor ground suriace free of debris

FIGURE 5.1 SITE PREPARATION AND SUB-FLOOR VENTILATION

5.3.2 Stump installation
Excavations for stumps shall be only of sufficient size to allow the placement of the sole plate or bearing
pad. Backfilling should be of firm non-plastic soil or a 1:6 cement-soil mixture, well rammed in layers of 75
mm maximum depth. (Refer Clause 2.4.2 for depth and height requirements).

5.4 FLOOR FRAMING AND FLOORING

5.4.1 Installation of bearers and joists
Bearers and joists having minor excesses in depth shall be levelled by checking over the supports. Packing
may be employed provided it is fixed and is a corrosion resistant and incompressible sheet material placed
over the full area of contact. Bearers and joists having permitted spring shall be so placed that they tend to
straighten under loading. Joints shall be made only at points of support on which adequate bearing for both
members can be provided.

5.4.2 Drilling and notching

Drilling and notching of bearers and joists shall be in accordance with the requirements specified in Figure
5.2.
x
"'
E
E
E

} Not to be less
than dia. of hole D

SMALL DIAMETER HOLES: LARGER DIAMETER HOLES:

Maximum 3 holes per 1800 mm of span (from either edge of member)
Maximum 1 hole per 1800 mm of span

(A) DRILLING

Applies to length of notch

and distance from support

Notch may
continue over
support

Applies to length of notch

and distance from support

(8) NOTCHING

Notch may continue

over support

FIGURE 5.2 DRILLING AND NOTCHING OF BEARERS OR JOISTS

NOTE: 1. Notches in both surfaces at the end of any member are not permitted.
2. Refer to Clause 5.4.1 for notching to cater for minor excesses in bearer or joist depth.
5.4.3 Support for loadbearing walls
Bearers and joists shall be located directly under all external and internal loadbearing walls as shown in
Figure 5.3, except as permitted by Clause 5.4.4 and subject to the loading limitations of Clauses 2.3.2, 2.3.3
and 2.3.4 as appropriate.

External Internal Internal

Loadbearing Wall Loadbearing Wall Loadbearing Wall

Joist Joist

Bearer No direct bearer support.

Refer to clauses 5.4.4
and 2.3.3.

Perimeter stump or Internal stump

base brickwork

(A) BEARERS SUPPORTING PARALLEL LOADBEARING WALLS

(Fitted or Platform Flooring)
NOTE: Fitted flooring shown

External Internal Internal External

Loadbearing Wall Loadbearing Wall Loadbearing Wall Loadbearing Wall

Single
Double Joist Double Joist Additional Joist Double Joist

Bearer Bearer Bearer Bearer

Perimeter stump or
base brickwork
Ll
Internal stump
u
Internal stump Perimeter stump or
base brickwork

FITTED FLOORING PLATFORM FLOORING

(B) FLOOR JOISTS SUPPORTING PARALLEL LOADBEARING WALLS

FIGURE 5.3 SUPPORT FOR LOADBEARING WALLS
NOTE: Gable end walls - refer to Clause 2.3.2(c)

5.4.4 Offsets and cantilevers (single or upper storey loadbearing walls)

Table 5.1 gives permissible offsets for internal loadbearing walls and permissible cantilevers for bearers and
joists supporting external loadbearing walls as shown in Figure 5.4. (Also refer to Clause 5.4.3)

TABLE 5.1 OFFSETS AND CANTILEVERS*

Sheet Roof Tiled Roof Sheet Roof Tiled Roof
Depth of Maximum permissible cantilever Maximum permissible offset
member (mm) (Proportion of actual joist or (Proportion of allowable
bearer backspan) joist or bearer span)
Up to 125 0.11 0.08 0.22 0.16
130 to 200 0.15 0.10 0.30 0.20
205 to 275 0.17 0.12 0.34 0.24
Over 280 0.19 0.14 0.38 0.28
* Offsets and cantilevers - maximum Roof load width (RLW) = 3600 mm or, in the case of cantilevered floor joists, 6600 mm provided
the cantilever does not exceed 50% of the table value.
 Internal Internal
Loadbearing Walls Loadbearing Walls

Offset Offset Offset Offset

External External
Loadbearing Walll Loadbearing Walll

Platform Fitted
floor floor Joist
Cantilever

Bearer Span (backspan) Joist Span (backspan)

(A) WALLS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO BEARERS (B) WALLS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO JOISTS

FIGURE 5.4 OFFSETS AND CANTILEVERS

NOTE: 1. Joists supporting internal loadbearing walls at right angles - refer to Clause 2.3.3 for loading limitations and the use of
larger joists or increased joist numbers for high load applications or applications outside the allowable offsets in Table 5.1
above.
2. The offsets in Table 5.1 may also be applied to the case of an upper storey external loadbearing wall offset inside the lower
storey external wall.

5.4.5 Support for non-loadbearing walls

The support requirements for non-loadbearing walls are given in Figure 5.5. Where non-loadbearing walls
contain studs supporting concentrations of load, as provided for in Clause 2.2.6 (c), supporting bearers and
joists shall comply with Clause 5.4.3.

Bearer

Double joists required to No location requirements No location requirements for bearers

support flooring for joists

FITTED FLOOR PLATFORM FLOOR FITTED OR PLATFORM FLOOR

(fitted shown)

(A) INTERNAL NON-LOADBEARING WALLS

NOTE: Bearers and joists are considered as supporting floor loads only.

Joist

Bearer Bearer

~~--Perim~fil~ump
or base brickwork

Bearer under wall Double joists required to Single joist under wall
support flooring
FITTED OR PLATFORM FLOOR FITTED FLOOR PLATFORM FLOOR
(fitted shown)

(B) EXTERNAL NON-LOADBEARING WALLS

NOTE: External non-loadbearing walls shall not support roof loads (eg gable end wall in truss roof construction). Ceiling loads may be
supported. Where nominal roof loads are to be supported refer Clause 2.3.2(c).
FIGURE 5.5 SUPPORT FOR NON-LOADBEARING WALLS

4!'.1
5.4.6 Deep joisted floors
For the purpose of this manual a deep joisted floor is one in which the required joist size has a depth equal
to or exceeding four times its breadth.
Deep joisted floors shall have herringbone strutting or solid blocking of at least 25 mm thickness provided as
shown in Figure 5.6.

Additional
locking*

* Additional blocking/strutting
Spans to 3.0 m
Outside joist - not required
pairs to be
blocked Spans over 3.0 m and up to 4.2 m
- one row required
Spans over 4.2 m and up to 6.0 m
- two rows required

Lower Storey Studs ~

Deep lloor joist - Depth equal to or - - - - - ~
greater than 4 x breadth B

FIGURE 5.6 BLOCKING OF DEEP JOISTED FLOORS

NOTE: Lower storey studs may be positioned without regard to the floor joists subject to the requirements of Clause 5.5.4

5.4.7 Openings in floors - normal floor loading only

Trimming joists and trimmers supporting curtailed joists shall be the same size as each other, and shall not
be less in size than the associated floor joists.
Where trimmers exceed 1000 mm in length, their breadth shall be increased by at least 20 per cent for each
additional 300 mm in length (or part thereof), to a maximum length of 3000 mm.
Joints that do not rely solely on the strength of nails into end grain (eg metal nail-plate connectors) shall be
provided for trimmers exceeding 1000 mm in length.

Joist Trimmer

pening

Trimming
Joist

FIGURE 5.7 TRIMMING OPENINGS

5.4.8 Flooring
(a) Structural strip flooring
Structural strip flooring boards shall be carefully laid in straight and parallel lines in accordance with the
following requirements and Figure 5.8 (Fitted flooring). Fixing shall comply with the requirements of AS1684.
(i) Boards shall be cramped together in groups not exceeding 900 mm total width, with pressure suited
to the moisture content of the flooring and seasonal conditions.
(ii) End to end joints shall be square and tightly butted and joints shall be made over a joist, ?except
where end-matched flooring is used. Joints in adjoining boards shall be staggered.
(iii) Fitted flooring shall be kept 10 mm clear of walls or wall plates which are parallel to the length of the
boards. The ends of boards shall not bear against bottom plates.
(iv) End-matched flooring may be laid without locating end joints over joists provided that end joints are
well distributed and end joints in adjoining boards do not fall within the same joist spacing. All boards
shall be greater in length than the joist spacing.
(v) Finger-jointed flooring, when laid and fixed as specified in this section, shall be deemed equivalent in
performance to conventional strip flooring of tongue and groove boards. The length of pieces of
flooring finger jointed together is not limited but the boards shall comply with the requirements for
finger jointed flooring given in the appropriate Australian Standard.

External Internal Internal

Stud Wall Stud Wall Stud Wall

12 mm min.

Joist
Bottom Plate

Bearer Bearer

Stump or other support

(A) WALLS PARALLEL TO JOISTS (B) WALLS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO JOISTS

FIGURE 5.8 FITTED STRUCTURAL STRIP FLOORING

(b) Structural sheet flooring

Plywood flooring shall be laid in accordance with the following requirements. Fixing shall comply with the
requirements of AS1684.
(i) Sheets shall be laid with the grain of their face plies at right angles to the line of supporting joists and
shall be continuous over at least two spans. Joints parallel to joists shall be staggered.
(ii) Ends of sheets shall be butted centrally over joists, and edges of sheets, unless tongued and
grooved, shall be joined centrally over noggings between joists, such noggings being of timber not
less than 75 x 38 mm section and set flush with the top of the joists.
Particleboard flooring shall comply with the requirements for the appropriate flooring grade specified in
AS1859 and shall be selected and installed in accordance with AS1860.
5.5 WALL FRAMING
5.5.1 Housing, notching, drilling, cutting and trenching
Housing, notching, drilling, cutting and trenching to wall studs and plates shall comply with Figure 5.9.

Notch and hole limitations:

Notching (N) Distance between holes/notches (A)
Single or upper storey construction: N = 20 mm max. Hardwood 3 x D min.
Lower storey: N = 30 mm max. Seasoned softwood 2 x D min.

Hole diameter (8)

Unseasoned hardwood D/3 max.
Seasoned hardwood 0/4 max.
Seasoned softwood 0/3 max.

Stud

Stud
Depth

10 mm max.

Bottom Plate _ __

FIGURE 5.9 HOUSING, NOTCHING, DRILLING, CUTTING AND TRENCHING

NOTE: 1. Where holes are smaller than the maximum permitted size, they may be located at closer spacings than those given
provided their combined size is less than the maximum permitted size for a single hole.
2. Stud notching for bracing is not permissible where studs are designed as un-notched.
3. Refer Figure 5.14 for housing or notching associated with lintels.
4. Plate trenching is not permissible where plates are designed as un-trenched.

5.5.2 Joining wall plates

Top plate joints shall ensure effective continuity and performance in providing vertical and lateral stiffness
(eg. metal nail-plate).
Qimnlp h11tt ioints are permitted for bottom plates provided both ends are fully supported.
5.5.3 Straightening of studs
Sawcuts are permitted in common studs for the purpose of correcting spring, as shown in Figure 5. i 0. Studs
to sides of openings and studs supporting concentrated loads shall not be cut or notched except as
permitted by Clause 5.5.i.
Planing to straighten any oversize stud is permitted provided the stud is not reduced below the allowable
minimum design size.
LTopPlate

D Stud
D
+
D/2 max.
c
E +
E I-J<CJ-_Wedged
E Sawcut
0 +
0
co

0 01
\__ Bottom Plate

50 x 25 x 600 mm min. length cleats fixed

with four 50 mm nails as shown.

FIGURE 5.10 STRAIGHTENING OF COMMON STUDS

5.5.4 Support of major loads

(a) Major loads applied to top plates
Major loads such as roof struts, strutting beams, hanging beams 3000 mm or more in length, girder trusses,
floor bearers and the like shall be directly supported by studs supporting concentrations of load of size
determined in accordance with Clauses 2.2. i and 2.2.3(c) except:
(i) Where top plates are adequately stiffened in a similar manner to that shown in Figure 5. ii the width
of the adjacent studs shall be increased by one quarter of the width of the stud which would
otherwise be required directly beneath the load under Clause 2.2.3(c).

MAJOR LOAD

Top Plate NOTE: The use of metal nail plate connectors

is recommended for the blocking to stud
joint where the roof area supported
exceeds 10 m2 (max 15 m2).
Alternatively provide double blocking
with 3 nails at each end joint (total of 6
nails at each stud).

' - Two nails at

each joint

Adjacent Stud - Intermediate vertical blocking.

See example
Min. size as for common studs.
calculation

FIGURE 5.11 STIFFENING OF TOP PLATES

Example calculation of adjacent stud size

Major load: tiled roof 1o m2 area. For direct support a 90 x 90 mm F5 Radiata pine stud is required under the load (Section 6, Table 15).
Common stud is 90 x 45 mm F5 Radiata pine.
Increase in thickness required for adjacent stud= 90/4 = 22.5 mm. Required adjacent stud thickness= 45 + 22.5 = 67.5 mm.
Therefore, use say 2/90 x 35 mm studs each side in lieu of the 90 x 45 mm common studs. (Alternatively nail-laminate an additional 90
x 35 mm stud to 'le 90 x 45 mm common stud each side of the opening.)

53
 (ii) Where the span of upper floor joists exceeds 4800 mm, the joists shall bear on and be spiked to top
wall plates of loadbearing lower storey walls at points immediately above the studs. Alternatively, the
top plate may be stiffened in a similar manner to that shown in (i). In such cases the adjacent stud is
not required to be increased in size.

(b) Major loads applied to bottom plates

Where bottom plates are required to carry a stud to the side of an opening exceeding i 200 mm or a stµd
bearing a major load as mentioned in Clause 5.5.4(a), the plates shall be supported by a joist, blocking as
shown in Figure 5. i 2 or similar support directly beneath that stud.

MAJOR LOAD

_ Stud(s)
Bottom Plate

Solid Blocking/Bridging

FIGURE 5.12 STIFFENING OF BOTTOM PLATES

5.5.5 Studs at wall junctions

The arrangement of studs at wall junctions and intersections shall be in accordance with one of the methods
in Figure 5.i3 using studs not less in size than the common studs in the same walls. Internal and external
walls shall be fixed together at intersections with a minimum of 2/75 mm nails at 800 mm centres.
Alternative equivalent junction methods may be used where approved by the building authority.

3 noggings Studs to be securely Provide 3/200 mm

spaced equally fixed with blocking long stud size blocks
and nails. spaced equally

Studs to be securely
fixed with blocking
and nails.

Special fixing may

be required for
internal linings Suitable for external
brick veneer walls.

(A) INTERSECTIONS (8) CORNERS

FIGURE 5.13 EXAMPLES- STUDS AT WALL JUNCTIONS

5.5.6 Openings in walls
(a) Lintel installation
(i) Typical installation details for lintels are shown in Figure 5.14
(ii) The sizes specified in the lintel tables are for lintels acting in conjunction with the appropriate top wall
plates. The top plate over such lintels shall be unjointed in its length unless special consideration is
given to the size of the lintel. (Where lintels are 200 mm or more in depth the contribution from the
top plate is negligible and in such cases it is permissible to join or eliminate the top plate).

Common Stud

Jack Stu
Jamb Stud (stud a
side of opening)

-<1::1--Common
Stud

Lintel housing for jack stud

not permitted

N = W/4 or 10 mm (the lesser)

l min

7s~~: a~t~1~e of opening)

Ledger (not required where lintel Is

125 mm or less in depth)

METHOD A METHOD B
(Spans not exceeding 1200 mm) (Lintel breadth less than or equal to half stud depth)

Common Stud

Jamb Stud (min. size as

for common stud)

Jack Stud

Secondary
Jamb Stud

METHOD C
(Lintels having breadth greater
Lintel housing for jack stud than half stud depth)
not permitted
X = combined width of jamb studs to
become stud at side of opening.
Refer Clauses 1.6.4 and 5.5.6(b).

FIGURE 5.14 TYPICAL LINTEL INSTALLATION DETAILS

NOTE: 1. The use of unseasoned timber for lintels is not recommended where the lintel depth exceeds 175 mm (hardwood) or 300
mm (softwood) unless provision is made to minimize the effect of shrinkage. (eg. use of a ledger as per Method B)
2. With Methods B and C it is permissible to locate the lintel immediately beneath the top plate with the top plate fixed to the
lintel.
3. With Method B it is permissible to locate the first common stud immediately adjacent to the stud at side of opening with the
combined width determined as for Method C.

55
5.5.7 Multiple studs for studs at sides of openings
Multiple studs fixed together in accordance with Clause 1.6.4 are suitable tor use in lieu of solid section
studs at sides of openings, as shown in Figure 5.15.

Blocking required for sheet roofs

Top Plate
Top Plate

Lintel

Lintel Header
Jamb Stud
- ~ - Secondary Jamb Stud
-<P-i-+-+-- Additional stud if required by
1 Tables 16 or 17 in Section 6 Lintel may be built
I up using vertical nail
I lamination. Refer

~
Clause 1.6.3.
Additional secondary jamb stud
for bearing If required by
Tables 11 or 12 in Section 6.
L Combined width of studs to
become stud at side of opening as
given in Section 6, Table 16 or 17,
as in (a)
X = Combined width of jamb studs to
become stud at side of opening as
given in Section 6, Tables 16 or 17

(A) LINTEL IN COMBINATION WITH TOP PLATE (8) LINTEL NOT IN COMBINATION WITH TOP PLATE

FIGURE 5.15 MULTIPLE STUDS FOR STUDS AT SIDES OF OPENINGS

5.5.8 Noggings
(i) Studs in each panel of walling shall be stiffened by means of closely titted solid timber noggings at a
vertical spacing of not more than 1350 mm centres. Closer spacings shall be employed where necessary tor
the support or fixing of cladding or lining.
(ii) Noggings shall be not less than 25 mm thick, or 38mm thick where nail- fixed sheet material is to be butt-
jointed thereon, and shall not be offset by more than their own thickness from the straight line.
(iii) Nagging depth shall not be less than the depth of the stud minus 25 mm.

Stud Top Plate

Nagging

Bottom Plate

FIGURE 5.16 NOGGINGS

(iv) Noggings in non-loadbearing internal walls shall have a minimum size 50 x 25 mm. It is recommended
that two rows of noggings be provided between jamb studs and the next adjacent studs in such walls.
(v) Noggings are not required where structural sheathing is provided (eg. panel bracing materials) unless
necessary tor the support of horizontal butt joints in the sheathing or tor fixing non-structural linings.
5.5.9 Lateral support for external walls
External walls which support or are at right angles to the direction of ceiling joists, roof trusses etc. normally
have adequate lateral support against wind forces.
Other external walls (eg. walls which run parallel to the line of ceiling joists) shall be laterally supported at
not more than 2400 mm centres in their length by means of cross walls, ends of hanging or strutting beams,
tie members or by other similar means.
Tie members shall be of minimum size 75 x 38 mm, located on the flat over the top of each ceiling Joist to
form a continuous tie between external walls at both ends of the building or between an external wall and an
internal wall located at right angles. Where tie members are used as binders to straighten ceiling joists, a
100 x 50 mm minimum size shall be used on edge.
Figure 5.17 gives end fixing examples for tie members.

Ceiling Joist 30 x 0.8 G.I. Strap with 4/2.8 mm

nails each end

Tie 75 x 38 mm

Ceiling Joist

Blocking - Size as
for ceiling joist

~ - - - Provide M10 bolt min. 80 mm from end ~ - - - Nail block to top plate
of binder or two framing anchors (no with 4/75 mm nails
min. end distance)

(A) BOLT OR FRAMING ANCHORS (8) METAL STRAP

FIGURE 5.17 EXTERNAL WALL TIES - END FIXING

5.6 ROOF FRAMING

Coupled and non-coupled roofs as shown in Figure 1.8 shall be constructed in accordance with the following
requirements, as appropriate.
Fabrication and installation of truss roofs shall be in accordance with the designer's/manufacturer's
specifications.

5.6.1 Ceiling joists

(i) Joists shall be in single lengths where possible and, in the case of coupled roofs, shall be at the same
spacing and direction as the main rafters so that they may be fixed to and act as ties between the feet of
pairs of opposing rafters.
(ii) In cases where splices in joists are necessary they shall be made only at points of support and shall be
butt joined with 25 mm thick fish plates both sides or lapped for a distance equivalent to at least three times
their depth. Overlaps shall be secured with at least six 3.75 mm diameter clenched through nails, equivalent
normal nailing from both sides, or with a 12 mm diameter bolt.
(iii) End bearings of joists shall be the full width of any plate on which they are supported. At points of
intermediate support from above (i.e. hanging beams) each joist shall be secured against vertical deflection
using 38 x 38 mm timber cleats, 25 x 1.6 mm galvanised steel strapping, steel ceiling joist hangers or
equivalent approved fasteners.
(iv) Any opening in a joisted ceiling shall be trimmed to provide full support for ceiling linings. Where no
loads other than normal ceiling loads are to be carried, equivalent provisions to those of Clause 5.4.7 on
page 50 may be applied, except that an increase in trimmer breadth is not required unless the length
exceeds 1200 mm.

r:::7
5.6.2 Hanging beams
(i) End bearings of hanging beams shall be the full width of any plate on which they are supported.
(ii) Where the slope of rafters is such that the depth of a hanging beam must be reduced by more than two-
thirds in order to avoid interference with roof cladding, special provision shall be made for additional support.
A suitable means incorporating a jack joist and cleat or strap is shown in Figure 5.18.
Rafter

Ceiling Joist

- = ~ - ~ , - " ' ~ - - - - Fix ceiling joists with timber or metal hangers

on alternating sides of the hanging beam at
each joist crossing.

Fix hanging beam to rafter (preferably

Jack Joist with bolts) and secure to jack joist with
timber cleat or metal strap.

' - - - - - - End of hanging beam flush

with outer edge of plate

FIGURE 5.18 HANGING BEAM- END SUPPORT AND CEILING JOIST CONNECTION

5.6.3 Common rafters

(i) Figure 5.19 defines rafter overhang and the maximum permissible depth of notch for birdsmouthing at
wall plates.
(ii) In hip roof construction using underpurlins the single span creeper rafters may be of the same size as the
adjacent continuous span common rafters.

D
Ridge Board

Birdsrnouth
I notch not
--1 greater than
I 11
I 11 D/3
I 11
I 11
Eaves width 11
11
(brick veneer) 11 Full depth or close to
11 Locate ridge butt
11 fu II depth fishplates
11 joint mid-way 25 mm thick, fitted
Eaves width :
11 between rafters between rafters on
both sides of the
(board or sheet I ridge and fixed with
cladding)
1 6/65 mm nails on
each side of the join.

FIGURE 5.19 RAFTER OVERHANG AND BIRDSMOUTHING FIGURE 5.20 RIDGEBOARD SPLICING

5.6.4 Ridge boards - coupled roofs

(i) Opposing pairs of rafters should not be separated by more than their own thickness at either side of their
ridge junction.
(ii) Where a ridge board is strutted at any point, additional struts shall be provided at evenly spaced intervals
not exceeding 2300 mm.
(iii) Ridge boards may be joined using a scarf joint at the abutment of a rafter pair, or preferably a well nailed
splice using full depth fishplates both sides of the ridge board as shown in Figure 5.20. Full length ridge
• •- -'-- .. ,~ h~ """'rl whArever possible.
5.6.5 Hip and valley rafters
(i) Where hip or valley rafters are supported by underpurlins or struts, they shall have the same number of
evenly spaced intermediate supports as the common rafters. A supporting underpurlin may be cantilevered
in accordance with Clause 5.6.6(iii). Valley rafters require such underpurlin support from two directions.
Support for hip rafters may be from one direction only.
(ii) Where hip, valley or jack rafters are required to act as supports for underpurlins, a tie-bolt truss or
equivalent support system shall be provided (Refer Clause 2.1.9). Tie-bolt trusses shall be instEl.lled in
accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. A strut shall be provided at the junction of the hip or
valley rafter and the ridge board in cases where the span of such rafter exceeds 5000 mm. Where possible
this junction should be strutted for all hip or valley rafter spans. Also refer Clause 5.6.4(ii).
(iii) In hipped roofs where common rafters are projected to form overhangs equal to or exceeding 600 mm,
the breadth of hip rafters shall be increased to at least the breadth of the common rafters unless suitable
reinforcing (such as approved fishplates extending 450 mm on either side of the birdsmouthing) is provided.
(iv) Where scotch valley construction is used (refer Figure 1.4 on page 8), the raking plate at the junction of
the two roof surfaces shall be securely fixed at each common rafter crossing and shall be 38 mm in depth,
with breadth sufficient to provide adequate bearing and fixing for the creeper rafters of the secondary roof.
Alternatively the valley rafter can be supported by a combined strutting/hanging beam allowing the
underpurlins to be suitably attached and considered as supported as described in (ii).

Provide underpurlin support (roof strut)

at the first common rafter when a tie-bolt Strut at junction of
truss system is used on the l1ip. hip and ridge

l
--==i-- Min. underpurlin
backspan is
3 x underpurlin
cantilever
HipRaHo,

Tie-Bolt Truss
System

Pr,ovide a tie-bolt truss support to - - ~

the hip end underpurlin or a roof
strut where appropriate. Single or fan strut
(see Clause 5.6.8. - Strutting support to underpurlin
beams combined
hanging/strutting beams) -=::i---- Hip Rafter

FIGURE 5.21 HIP END CONSTRUCTION

5.6.6 Underpurlins
Underpurlins used to provide intermediate support to rafters (as shown in Figure 5.21) shall meet the
following requirements:
(i) Underpurlins shall be single length where possible and shall be in straight runs at right angles to the
direction of rafters. Where two or more rows of underpurlins are required they shall be spaced as evenly as
possible between ridge and eaves.
(ii) Where underpurlins must be joined in their length, the joint shall be made over a point of support using
halving, lapping and nailing or an equivalent strength alternative jointing method.
(iii) The ends of an underpurlin may project (cantilever) beyond a support by up to 25% of the maximum
allowable span provided the actual backspan is at least three times the cantilever length.
(iv) Where underpurlins are not strutted at junctions with hip or valley rafters and the allowable underpurlin
cantilever is exceeded, the underpurlins shall be considered to be supported by the hip or valley rafter. In
such cases the requirements of Clause 5.6.S(ii) shall be complied with.
(v) Underpurlins shall be securely fastened to hip or valley rafters as shown in Figure 5.22 or using a similar
equivalent method. In the case of underpurlins supporting a hip or valley rafter it is recommended that an
additional metal angle nail plate or similar bracket be installed to connect the side of the underpurlin to the
hip or valley rafter.

Hip Rafter

FIGURE 5.22 TYPICAL UNDERPURLIN TO HIP OR VALLEY RAFTER CONNECTION

NOTE: Also refer to Clause 5.6.5 and Figure 5.21.

5.6.7 Roof struts

(i) Single struts shall be at an angle not exceeding 30 degrees to the vertical, in any direction, except as
provided for in Figure 5.23(A) and (B) or where other special provision is made for restraint to ensure
satisfactory performance.
(ii) Struts shall be birdsmouthed or halved to underpurlins as shown in Figure 5.24 and shall be adequately
supported. Refer Clauses 5.5.4(a), 5.6.8 and 2.2.3(c).
4/75 x 3.75 mm nails
E

Detail A
A: 50 mm min.

fA
B: D/2 min.
C: 30 mm

Detail B
E: 20 mm min.
F: 75mm min.
DETAIL A DETAIL 8

Underpurlin Span

Underpurlin

NOTES: 1. Maximum RLW = 3000 mm.

Maximum strut spacing = 3000 mm
2. Fix cleats with M12 through bolt
Trimmer Joist
3. Strut angles to be equal

FIGURE 5.23 (A) FAN STRUTS

 1 Framing anchor
to each side
1/M16 Bolt central

1 Framing anchor

one ceiling joist

1/M16 Bolt through
rafter and two
ceiling joists

DETAIL A DETAIL B DETAIL C

Underpurlin (cont).
100 x 75 F8 Uns. l1wd.

Rafter 125 x 38 F8 Uns.

hwd @ max 600 cts Next underpurlin or
propped ridge

100 x 75 hwd. strut

Hanging
Beam

ouble Ceiling Joist

/100 x 38 F8 uns. hardwood)

See Detail A See detail C

4600 max.

*The length of L 1 shall be between length L2 and 1.25 times length L2.
FIGURE 5.23 (B) BRACED STRUT SYSTEM
(Tiled roof and plasterboard ceiling)

Rafter

Min. 3/75 mm
nails through
60° min.
chock
100 Strut

I II I
Top of strut to reach at least top edge of
C \ U U I D underpurlin. Dimensions may not be
\__ 2/75 mm nails appropriate for large underpurlins.

(A) PERPENDICULAR STRUT (8) VERTICAL STRUT

FIGURE 5.24 STRUT FIXING

NOTES: Dimensions - mm
A: 25 min, 38 max measured at bottom of underpurlin
B: 45 min.
C: 50 max.
D: 38 min.

61
5.6.8 Strutting beams
(i) Strutting beams may extend in any direction in the roof space providing their ends are adequately
supported. Refer Clauses 5.5.4(a) and 2.2.3(c).
(ii) Blocking between strutting beams and wall plates shall provide for an initial clearance of 25 mm at mid-
span between the underside of the beams and the tops of ceiling joists, ceiling lining or ceiling battens as
appropriate. Refer Figure 5.25.
(iii) The ends of strutting beams may be chamfered to avoid interference with the roof claddings as shown:in
Figure 5.25. Where the end dimension is less than that allowed in Figure 5.25 an approved alternative
support method shall be provided. (eg. similar to that shown for hanging beams in Figure 5.18)

Rafter

Where a hanging beam intersects Underpurlin

and is supported by a strutting
beam, increase the strutting beam
depth otherwise required to the
next larger depth. Alternatively refer
Minimum end dimension
TFM - Supplementary Tables for
100 mm or D/3 whichever
Combined Strutting/Hanging
is the greater
beams.

Strutting beam
of depth D

Blocking to provide
strutting beam tilt
L 25 mm clearance at mid-
span of strutting beam

Ceiling Joist

FIGURE 5.25 STRUTTING BEAMS

5.6.9 Collar ties

In coupled roof construction where the rafter span is such as to require support from underpurlins, collar ties
shall be fitted to each alternate pair of rafters at a point immediately above the underpurlins. Where
underpurlins are not required, the collar ties shall be fitted to each alternate pair of rafters at a point npt
greater in height above top plate level than two-thirds of the rise of the roof.

5.6.10 Eaves construction

Rafters or roof beams may be projected to form eaves as shown in Figure 5.19, provided the overhang does
not exceed the allowable value for that rafter or roof beam. Also refer Clause 2.1.7.
Eaves may be open (lined or unlined rafters) or boxed. Open eaves with rafters either unlined or lined on the
top shall be provided with noggings or cleats between the rafters. Boxed eaves shall be provided with soffit
bearers - refer Clause 2.1.8 Table 2.4.

5.6.11 Lateral restraint

In most cases careful attention to fixing (e.g. rafters to supports and battens to rafters) is adequate to
prevent lateral tilting or twisting however, where narrow sections are used over long spans additional
restraint is recommended.

(a) Multiple parallel members - rafters, roof beams etc.

Where the member depth to breadth ratio is 5:1 or greater and ceiling linings or battens are not attached to
the underside of the member, provide solid blocking or herringbone strutting at equally spaced intervals not
exceeding 1800 mm, or an equivalent restraint method such as timber decking or plywood sheathing fixed in
a manner similar to that for flooring materials on floor joists. Alternatively, use members one size larger in
either dimension than would otherwise be required as a minimum size.
(b) Single members - strutting beams etc.
Where unbalanced loads may be applied at angles other than vertical or where member depth to breadth
ratio equals or exceeds 4:1, blocking or strapping shall be provided that will restrain the member against
lateral movement.
5.7 BRACING
Temporary bracing shall be provided during the erection of timber framework to resist horizontal wind
racking forces and other forces resulting from construction loadings.
Particular care should be taken to provide adequate temporary bracing for the lower storey of two storey
construction where significantly higher racking loadings than those occurring in single storey buildings must
be resisted. Temporary bracing shall remain in place until the building is capable of resisting such loads.
Permanent sub-floor, wall and roof bracing shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 5.7.1 to 5.7.~.

5.7.1 Sub-floor bracing

The sub-floor bracing details given in Figures 5.26 and 5.27 are to be used in conjunction with the design
and specification requirements of Clauses 3.4.2 and 3.4.3 for Bracing Methods 2 and 3 respectively. There
are no specific bracing details for Bracing Method 1 (Clause 3.4.1 ).

~
~ II
II
.9
0

~
Li!
x .c
.c
'6 "'
E
'6
'=ii
·;:; a _g
a
.8 ~ E
E Ol
Ol 'ijj
'ijj .c
.c
x
x "'
30-60° 2"' 2

(A) MINIMUM STUMP EMBEDMENT 600 MM (B) MINIMUM STUMP EMBEDMENT 450 MM OR
0.3 X HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND (THE GREATER)

Where possible, bracing should be fixed across a minimum of three stumps. A 12 mm diameter galvanised through-bolt,
nut and washer shall be used to fix the bracing at each point of contact and round stumps shall be checked out 12 mm
in depth to accept the bracing.
Brace sizes:
Up to 2100 mm long - 75 x 38 mm
2100 mm to 3000 mm long - 75 x 50 mm
3000 mm to 4800 mm long -100 x 50 mm

FIGURE 5.26 STUMP BRACING FOR SINGLE-STOREY CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT A MASONRY BASE
(Bracing Method 2 - Table 3.4)
NOTE: Where the height of the floor prevents the use of diagonal bracing, concrete backfill shall be provided to the corner stump and
the two adjacent stumps.

63
 1/M12 or 2/M10 bolts

Masonry
I ~ V eneer
I I

§
;:=:
E=
FL

--=::J-t---- Timber Post

GL
---900 min+ ~/
- --
Bracing unit to have
masonry veneer above.
D

Bracing unit to be part of full length masonry base walling.

0 0
LO LO

~ - - - - 1 2 0 Bolt or rod _ _ _ _~
Bearer over post Bearer housed into post

(A) BRACING UNIT TYPE SFB 1 TO SFB 5 (C) BRACING UNIT TYPE SFB 8
(Timber stumps embedded in concrete) (Unreinforced masonry walls for single or
two-storey sub-floors)

f=.- 160 min (M20 bolt)

I 130 min (M16 bolt)
See Detail

J1~~in
-)~~&-~~-K-~~-,,~...-d-~~~
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I
~
'f-J_____ c~_~_J_ _ _ _ _
3600 max (2 post system)
'jJ DETAIL

(B) BRACING UNIT TYPE SFB 6 AND SFB 7

(Diagonal timber braces to posts)

Bolts
Post Size Timber Brace
Brace Bearer
100 X 100 100 x 50 F11 or better over 3 posts 1/M16 1/M12or2/M10
150 x 50 F11 or better over 2 posts 1/M16 1/M12or2/M10
125 X 125 175 x 50 or 125 x 75 F11 or better 1/M20 1/M16or2/M12
(2 or 3 posts)

FIGURE 5.27 SUB-FLOOR BRACING UNIT DETAILS

(Bracing Method 3 - Table 3.4 and 3.5)
NOTE: Bracing units shall be evenly distributed, with the spacing between parallel bracing units or sets not to exceed 2.3 times the
overall width of the floor or 14000 mm maximum for platform floor construction, and 1.5 times the overall width of the floor or
9000 mm maximum for fitted floor construction. Footing details for bracing unit types SFB 6 to SFB 8 are not provided.
5.7.2 Wall bracing
The wall bracing details given in this Clause are to be used in conjunction with the design and specification
requirements of Clause 3.3.

(a) Minimum number and distribution of wall bracing units

Figure 5.28 illustrates requirements for the minimum number of bracing units and their distribution through-
out the building framework.

-="'"-<---- Typical Window

Location

~ ~,o~'!.-
Typical Window :8-~G
Location
~,,-_,Q Q

■ Locate a minimum of two bracing units as closely as possible to the corners in each overall length of external wall, as shown.

~ Distribute remaining bracing units evenly for both wind directions at 9000 rnm maximum spacing, as shown.

FIGURE 5.28 MINIMUM NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF BRACING UNITS

(b) Type A and B bracing unit details

Table 5.2 and Figure 5.29 give details for Type A and B bracing units as defined in Clause 3.3 (Table 3.3).

(c) Alternative bracing unit lengths

Plywood bracing units 600mm long complying in all other respects with the requirements of a Type A6
bracing unit may be used on the basis they are equivalent to one-third of a Type A bracing unit. Where
additional M10 coachscrews are fitted to each corner through the plywood into the wall plates they may be
considered equivalent to two-thirds of a Type A bracing unit.
Bracing units of length longer than those specified for bracing unit Types A6, A7, AS and B1, which
otherwise comply with the requirements for those bracing units, may be considered to have a performance
directly proportional to their length. eg. a 1200 mm panel of plywood otherwise complying with bracing unit
Type A6 (900 mm length) can be considered equal to 1200/900 = 1.33 Type A bracing units.
TABLE 5.2 TYPE A AND B BRACING UNIT DETAILS

Brace Material Nailing Requirements

Bracing Bracing
Unit Size/ Size/ Spacing/ Other
Unit Grade/
Length Application Type Location Requirements
Type* (mm) Type (mm)

A1 1800 50x19mm Maximum stud 50 X 2.8 One nail Maximum stud

Paired minimum to height galvanised to each depth 100 mm
diagonal 2700 75 x 19 mm 2700 mm flathead stud and for 15 mm thick
timber maximum Maximum stud plate edge brace
braces height
3000 mm
(Brace thickness may
be reduced to 15 mm
for single storey only)
A2 1800 Nominal All studs 30 X 2.8 One nail to each Alternative
Paired minimum to 18 X 16 X 1.2 galvanised stud edge and 2 braces - see
diagonal 2700 minimum flathead nails to each Fig. 5.29 (a)
metal maximum net section plate edge
angle 34mm'
braces
A3 1800 0.8mm All studs 30 X 2.8 One nail to each Straps must be
Paired minimum to minimum galvanised stud and properly
or double 2700 thickness flathead plate edge tensioned
diagonal maximum & minimum
metal net section
tension 15.2 mm'
straps
A4 1800 75 x 19 mm All studs 50 X 2.8 Two nails to each Additional stud
Single minimum to galvanised stud and to plate
diagonal 2700 75 x 15 mm Single storey flathead plate edge straps - see
timber maximum only- Fig. 5.29(c)
brace maximum stud
depth 100 mm
AS 1800 As recommended by As recommended by Additional stud
Single minimum to manufacturer manufacturer to plate
diagonal 2700 (minimum as for timber straps - see
metal maximum bracing unit Type A4) Fig. 5.29(c)
angle
brace
A6 900 F8 Thickness/ 30 X 2.8 Nails at 150 mm No Nagging
Plywood (other F11 stud spacing galvanised centres along all required
sheet lengths- F14 (mm) flathead edges and 300 mm except
bracing see Note) F27 7/450 9/600 or clout centres along for horizontal
4.5/450 7/600 intermediate studs butt joints
4/450 6/600 (minimum edge
3/450 4.5/600 distance 7 mm)
A7 1200 Standard RD All studs 25 X 2.8 Nails at 100 mm Nailing-
Hardboard (other (5.5mm) galvanised centres along all minimum edge
sheet lengths - flathead edges and 300 mm distance is
bracing see Note) centres along 1O mm (sides)
900 Standard GP All studs intermediate & 20 mm (top
(6.4 mm) studs and bottom)
Continued next page
TABLE 5.2 TYPE A AND B BRACING UNIT DETAILS (cont.)

Brace Material Nailing Requirements

Bracing Bracing
Unit Size/ Size/ Spacing/ Other
Unit
Length Grade/ Application Type Location Requirements
Type* (mm) Type (mm)

A8 1500 12 mm Maximum stud 50 X 2.2 Nails at 60 mm Additional st1Jd to

Diagonal (other minimum height 'T'-head centres to plate strap~ -
timber lengths- thickness 2700 mm perimeter of bracing see Fig. 5.29(e)
wall see Note) unit and one nail per
lining board at each stud
or crossing
cladding 1000 12 mm Maximum stud 50 X 2.2 Nails at 40 mm Minimum
(other minimum height 'T'-head centres to length of lined
lengths - thickness 2700 mm perimeter of bracing or clad wall
see Note) unit and one nail per 1200 mm
board at each stud
crossing
B1 900 F8 Thickness/ 30 X 2.8 Nails at 50 mm No Nagging
Plywood (other F11 stud spacing galvanised centres along required
bracing lengths - F14 (mm) flathead or top and bottom except for
(see see F27 clout plates, 150 mm horizontal
Note) Note) 7/450 9/600 centres along butt joints
6/450 7/600 vertical edges and
4/450 6/600 300 mm centres
4/450 4.5/600 along intermediate
studs (minimum
edge distance 7 mm)
B2 1800 Nominal All studs 30x3.15 2 nails to each stud Straps must be
Double minimum to 30 x 0.8 mm galvanised and plate edge and properly
diagonal 2700 Minimum net flathead 4 nails to the strap tensioned.
metal maximum section return over the top Additional
tension 24 mm 2 plate and under the stud to plate
straps bottom plate - see straps-see
Fig. 5.29(g) Fig. 5.29(g)
*Also refer Figure 5.29.
NOTE: Alternative bracing unit lengths - see Clause 5.7.2 (c)
 1800 to 2700 1800 to 2700

(A) BRACING UNIT TYPES A1 AND A2 (B) BRACING UNIT TYPE A3

(Paired diagonal timber/metal braces) (Double diag. metal tension straps)

30 x 0.8 mm metal strap looped over plate and

fixed to stud with 3/30 x 2.8 mm flathead nails
each end. Alternatively provide single straps to
both sides with 3 nails per strap end, or
equivalent anchors or other fasteners.

Strap detail
(3 required)
1800 to 2700

(C) BRACING UNIT TYPES A4 AND A5

(Single diagonal timber/metal braces)

~--:·:7·:-:rr.:-:7-:-: 1
}:-:-:-:-:-:-11:-:-:-:-:-:-1
.............
i-:::: :.u-::::: -1
' ........... .

{-:-:-:-:-:-:11-:-:-:-:-:-]
' ........... .
.............--1
{-" .•.•. ·: :11 .•. •. •.• .-

r:-:-:-:-:-11:-:-:-:-:-:-1
............. NOTE: TYPE A6 (plywood) Bracing units - power driven
r·:.·::.1r:::.·.·.1
'........... . galvanized nails or coated staples having at least
r-:-:-:-:-:11-:-:-:-:-:-:1 equivalent strength to the hand driven nails
' ........... . specified in Table 5.2 are a suitable alternative
{-:-:-:-:-:-:11-:-:-:-:-:-:i with a staple spacing of 100 mm centres along all
edges and 200 mm centres along intermediate
f-:-:-:-:-11:-:-:-:-:-:-1
.. . . . .. . . .. . . studs .

L J
900 min. - Plywood or type GP hardboard
1200 min - Type RD hardboard
Also see Clause 5.7.2(c)

(D) BRACING UNIT TYPES A6 AND A7

(Plywood and hardboard sheet bracing)

FIGURE 5.29 TYPE A AND B BRACING UNIT DETAILS

NOTE: Noggings have been omitted for clarity
 30 x 0.8 mm metal strap to each corner
of bracing unit tying studs to plates both
sides with 4/2.8 mm nails to each strap
end. Alternatively provide fastening as
per straps in Bracing unit type B2.

Bracing Unit Length

(Min. 1200)

(E) BRACING UNIT TYPE AB

(Diagonal timber wall lining or cladding)

I~.·.·.·.·.·. ·.11·.·.·:.·.·.
L·:·:·:·:·
............. C·:·:·:·:·:·
r:.-.-.-.-.
. ... . . . r:::::
. ... . ..
r-:·:·:·:·: 1·:·:·:·:·:·:
f.·:·:·:·:·:·: 1·:·:·:·:·:·: NOTE: Power nails or staples - Power driven galvanized nails
r:·:·:·:·:·i:-:·:·:·:·:·
, ........... .
or coated staples having at least equivalent strength to
the hand driven nails specified in Table 5.2 are a
F·:·:·:·:· I:·:·:·:·:·:· suitable alternative with a staple spacing of 40 mm
f·:·:·:·:·:1·:·:·:·:·:·:
....... , ..... .
centres along top and bottom plates, 100 mm centres
along vertical edges and 200 mm centres along
r-:•:•:•:•: I•:-:•:•:•:•: intermediate studs.
r-::::: 1::::::
.............
l'L·.·.·.·.·.·Jr".·.·;.·.·.

L 900 min.
J
(F) BRACING UNIT TYPE 81
(Plywood sheet bracing)

30 x 0.8 mm metal strap looped

over plate and fixed to stud with
4/30 x 2.8 mm flathead nails
each end.
Alternatively provide single
straps to both sides, with 4 nails
per strap end, or equivalent
anchors or other fasteners.

Strap Detail
(4 required)
1800 to 2700

(G) BRACING UNIT TYPE 82

(Double diag. metal tension straps)

FIGURE 5.29 TYPE A AND 8 BRACING UNIT DETAILS (cont.)

NOTE: Noggings have been omitted for clarity

FiQ
5.7.3 Roof bracing
The roof bracing details given in this Clause are to be used in conjunction with the design and specification
requirements of Clause 3.2.
(a) Coupled and non-coupled gable roofs.
Gable roofs shall be braced using one of the following alternatives (see Figure 5.30):
(i) Ridge to internal loadbearing wall - minimum of two timber braces in opposing directions at
approximately 45°.
(ii) Ridge to external wall plates - single diagonal timber brace on both sides of the ridge running at
approximately 45° from ridge to wall plate.
(iii) Diagonal metal bracing - single or double diagonal bracing in accordance with manufacturers'
specifications (not shown).
Where timber braces intersect they shall be spliced in accordance with Figure 5.31.
(b) Truss roofs
Truss roofs shall be braced in accordance with manufacturers' specifications.

--=_.,..,,,__ _ Alternative bracing* - opposing

braces from ridge board to internal
walls at approx. 45°

Ridge Board

Min. 75 x 25 mm brace at approx. 45° to

rafters on both sides of ridge. Nail brace
to underside of rafter at each crossing.
For 41 mis fix the outer ends of the brace
* Shoulder braces to ridge board and fix to wall with 1/M12 bolt to a 100 x 38 mm strut
plate as for roof struts (see clause 5.6.7). fitted between the rafters or provide a
Minimum brace size 75 x 50 for length up to similar equivalent fixing.
2100 mm and 100 x 50 for lengths over 2100
but not exceeding 4200 mm.

FIGURE 5.30 GABLE ROOF BRACING

5/3.75 mm nails
each side of joint

700 mm long timber splice

plate or equivalent nail plates

FIGURE 5.31 TIMBER BRACING SPLICE

5.8 CONNECTIONS
5.8.1 Fasteners
(a) Nails
(i) At least two nails shall be provided at each timber to timber joint, unless otherwise stated (see
Section 4). The nail diameter used shall be the largest that can be effectively driven without
significant splitting of the timber except that at highly stressed joints the minimum diameter shall be
3.75 mm for lower density timber (eg. radiata pine, oregon) and 3.15 mm for higher density:i'.timber
(eg. hardwood). (see (iii)).
(ii) The direction of driving nails used to secure joints shall, wherever possible, be such that the nail
loads are carried laterally (in shear) and do not tend to cause nail withdrawal. Nails shall be fully
driven, and bent-over nails or nails which cause significant splitting of timbers shall not be assumed
to contribute to the nail requirement of a joint.
Where skew nailing is required the nail shall be driven into one member not closer than 25 mm to or
more than 38 mm from the surface of contact with the other member to which it is joined. The angle
of driving shall not be less than 30 degrees nor more than 45 degrees to the face into which the nail
is driven.
(iii) Where the required nail size or number of nails results in splitting of timbers, the nail holes shall be
pre-drilled to 0.8 times the diameter of the nail.
Where difficulty is encountered in entering a sufficient number of nails in highly stressed joints (such
as at the joint between ceiling joists, rafters and wall plates in coupled roof construction), the use of
bolts or approved framing anchors or the like may be required.
(iv) The minimum depth of penetration of nails into the final receiving member shall be 10 times the nail
diameter where they are driven into side grain and 15 times the nail diameter where they are driven
into end grain, unless otherwise specified. The driving of nails into end grain should be avoided
wherever possible.
(b) Bolts, washers and coach screws
(i) Bolt holes in unseasoned timber shall be 15% greater in diameter than the bolt diameter and in
seasoned timber 10% greater in diameter. Bolt holes in steel shall provide a snug fit, preferably not
greater than 0.5mm larger than the bolt diameter.
(ii) Steel washers shall be as shown in Table 5.3 except that the use of washers with smaller nett
bearing areas is permissible in cases where the bolt is acting primarily in shear and only nominal
clamping tension is applied to maintain member position or member contact.

TABLE 5.3 STEEL WASHERS

Bolt diameter (mm) Washer size* (mm)
M10 cuphead Standard
M10 bolt 38 X 38 X 2.0
M12 bolt 50 X 50 X 3.0
M16 bolt 65 X 65 X 5.0
* Circular washers of equivalent net bearing area and thickness may be substituted.

(iii) For coach screws, pre-drilled holes of diameter equivalent to the root diameter for the thread, and
equivalent to the shank diameter plus 1mm for the shank, should be provided.
(c) Metal connectors
(i) Where sizes and fixing requirements for metal framing anchors, brackets, straps and the like are not
specified they shall be used in accordance with manufacturers' recommendations.
(ii) Nails used in conjunction with metal connectors and straps shall be flat head connector nails of
minimum size 30 x 2.8mm diameter, unless stated otherwise or otherwise recommended by the
manufacturer.

71
5.8.2 Tie-down details
Figure 5.32 gives details for tie-down as specified in Clause 4.2.

T1-6 T1-3 orT1-4 T1-5 T1-1 orT1-2

100ma~

T1-1 o r _ /
T1-2
T1-1 or
T1-2

T1-1 or
T1-2

T1-6
T1-5

T1-1or /T1-1or
T1-2 / T1-2

/
Lintel

• 9 • . , •.-·
T1-5
.. lT1-1
T1-2
T1-6

Stud to bottom plate or bearer Lintel to wall frame detail - see Fig. 5.32. (c)

(A) RAFTERS, ROOF BEAMS OR TRUSSES TO WALL FRAME OR FLOOR AND

WALL PLATES TO LINTELS. (TIE-DOWN TYPES T1-1 TO T1-6)

Tie-down type Tie-down description

T1-1 30 x 0.8 mm GI Strap with 3/2.8 mm nails at each end.
T1-2 30 x 0.8 mm GI Strap with 4/2.8 mm nails at each end.
T1-3 One framing anchor with 4/2.8 mm nails at each end.
T1-4 Two framing anchors with 4/2.8 mm nails at each end.
T1-5 M10 cuphead bolt.
T1-6 30 x 0.8 mm GI looped strap with 4/2.8 mm nails (hardwood)
or 5/2.8 mm nails (softwood) at each end.

FIGURE 5.32 TIE-DOWN DETAILS

7?
 450
30 x 0.8 mm tie-strap with
4/2.8 mm nails each end
I
..,,..,__ _ _ __.,=-11

I I
30 x 0.8 mm strap with 412.8mm M10 Cuphead Bolt
nails at each end
TYPE T2-1 T2-2 TYPE T2-8
(one strap) (two straps)

200 x 38 x 6 mm low carbon steel

30 x 0.8 mm tie-strap with plate bent to shape with 2/10 x 50
450
4/2.8 mm nails each end mm long coach screws

I I
M10 or M12 bolt or 12 mm dia. coach screw
30 x 0.8 mm looped strap with 4/2.8 mm with min. 75 mm penetration into roof beam.
nails each end
TYPE T2-3 TYPE T2-9 T2-10 T2-11
(c/screw) (M10 bolt) (M12 bolt)

2/M12 bolts with 125 x 75 x 6 mm

For T2-4 place anchors on
angle bracket one side of rafter
alternate sides of rafter

I I
Framing anchors with 4 nails
each end M10 Bolt

TYPE T2-4 T2-5 TYPE T2-12

(2 anchors) (4 anchors)

50 x 1.8 mm strap 30 x 0.8 mm tie-strap with

30 x 0.8 mm tie-strap with over roof beam 4/2.8 mm nails each end
4/2.8 mm nails each en

I I
1/ No. 14 Type 17
I I screw x 75 mm long I I
M10 Cuphead bolts on I I each side of rafter
both sides of rafter
TYPE T2-6 TYPE T2-13

2/M10 bolts with 127 x 76 mm

2/M16 bolts with 150 x 90 x 8 mm
angle bracket one side of rafter

M12 Bolt
M10 bolt or 12 x 100 mm long
coach screw
TYPE T2-7 TYPE T2-14

(8) RAFTERS, ROOF BEAMS OR TRUSSES TO LINTELS, VERANDAH PLATES

AND BEAMS, EAVES BEAMS, LOADBEARING RIDGE BEAMS, INTERMEDIATE
BEAMS AND INTERNAL WALLS ETC. (TIE-DOWN TYPES T2-1 TO T2-14)

FIGURE 5.32 TIE-DOWN DETAILS

 Solid Nagging
L.----r-,---,l.--~---,

250

TYPE T3-1
(4/2.8 mm nails each side of strap)
Strap or Bolt -
30 x 0.8 mm strap See Fig. 5.32(a) TYPE T3-2
(6/2.8 mm nails each end of strap)

' - StraporBolt- TYPE T3-3

See Fig. 5.32(a) (4/2.8 mm nails each end of strap
with M 10 bolt to floor)

TYPE T3-4
2/30 x 0.8 mm straps (6/2.8 mm nails each end of strap
with M12 bolt to floor)

M10 / M12 bolt to floor

frame or slab
100 max.

-4r

TYPE T3-5
(1/M10 bolt)
Solid Blocking \_
Strap or Bolt - TYPET3-6
See Fig. 5.32(a) (1/M12 bolt)
Lintel separate from plate

Lintel
r Strap or Bolt-
See Fig. 5.32(a)

TYPE T3-5
(1/M10bolt)

TYPE T3-6
(1/M12 bolt)

Lintel underneath plate

(C} LINTELS TO WALLS OR FLOOR. (TIE-DOWN TYPES T3-1 TO T3-6)

FIGURE 5.32 TIE-DOWN DETAILS

 TYPE T5-1
1or2Bolts-<::: (1/M12 bolt)

TYPE T5-2
(1/M16 bolt)
Plate _ _ ___,,

75 x 38 mm tie with 3/75 mm TYPE T5-3

nails each end (2/M10 bolts)
Column - - - - - ~ ~

TYPE T5-4
(2/M12 bolts)
1 or 2 Bolls
TYPE T5-5
(2/M16 bolts)

/ ' . o , . m 30, 08 mm looped

strap lied down to internal walls or
external walls at gable ends

30 x 0.8 x 400 mm long strap with

4/2.8 mm nails each end

r
Bearer

::

/
I I
I I
I I
I I 50 x 6 mm low
I I
carbon steel plate

0 bolt or 30 x 0.8 mm looped

strap tied down to internal walls
or external walls at gable ends

Bearer_ _-1;:,,,..i

30 x 0.8 mm strap with 4/2.8 mm

nails each end. (To be used with 1 or2 1 or 2
tie-down only)
~ lfl1::==i:ilP
Bolts
Bolts

I I
ll

I
I I

]:
I I
I I
I I
I I

O bolt or 30 x 0.8 mm looped strap

tied down to internal walls or external
walls at gable ends ll-=:J--l- S 12 Rod
/J

~ - - - 50 x 8 mm low carbon
steel stirrup

TYPE T5-6 (1/M10 bolt) TYPE T-9 (2/M12 bolts)

TYPE T4-1 (looped strap) TYPE T5-7 (1/M12 bolt) TYPE T5-10 (2/M16 bolts)
TYPE T4-2 (M10 bolt) TYPE T5-8 (2/M10 bolts)

(D) RIDGE BOARDS AND HIP RAFTERS TO WALLS. (E) VERANDAH PLATES, EAVESNERANDAH BEAMS TO
(TIE-DOWN TYPES T4-1 AND T4-2) POSTS/ FLOOR/ FOOTING.
(TIE-DOWN TYPES T5-1 TO T5-10)

FIGURE 5.32 TIE-DOWN DETAILS

 r ~:'~;, mm j_
f , t i-P(Mio pecc<m<ioa)

TYPE T6-14 (One anchor placed on alternating sides

of batten at each rafter)
TYPE T6-1 (1/2.8 x 65 mm nail; P = 40)
TYPE T6-15 (Two anchors at each rafter)
TYPE T6-2 (1/3.15 x 75 mm nail; P = 50)
TYPE T6-3 (1/3.15 x 75 mm grooved nail; P = 50)

Batten
38 x 75 or 38 x 50 mm

j_ 30 x 0.8 mm strap

Min. penetration 38 mm

TYPE T6-4 (1/3.15 x 75 mm grooved nail)

TYPE T6-5 (2/3.15 x 75 mm grooved nails)
TYPE T6-6 (1/3.75 x 75 mm grooved nail)
TYPE T6-7 (2/3.75 x 75 mm grooved nails)
NOTE: Two nails only suitable for 75 wide batten TYPE T6-16 (3/2.8 mm nails each end of strap)
TYPE T6-17 (4/2.8 mm nails each end of strap)

38 x 75 or 38 x 50 mm (T6-8)
25 x 50 mm (T6-9)
38 x 75 mm (T6-10)

j_
P (Min. penetration)

30 x 0.8 mm looped strap

No. 14, Type 17 screw

TYPE T6-8 (1/75 mm screw; P = 38)

TYPE T6-9 (1/75 mm screw; P = 50)
TYPE T6-10 (1/90 mm screw; P = 50)

Batten 38 x 75 mm
TYPE T6-18 (4/2.8 mm nails each
No. 14, Type 17 screw end of strap - hardwood only)
TYPE T6-19 (5/2.8 mm nails each
end of strap - softwood or hardwood)

P (Min. penetration) Batten 38 x 75 mm

30 x 1.8 mm strap over batten

TYPE T6-11 (1 /90 mm screw; P = 33)

TYPE T6-12 (1/100 mm screw; P = 43)

Batten 25 x 50 mm
14, Type 17 screw

Counter batten 25 x 50 mm

1/No. 14, Type 17 screw at each end of strap

TYPE T6-20 (75 mm long screw)

Min. penetration 43 mm

(F) ROOF BATTENS OR PURLINS TO RAFTERS, ROOF BEAMS

OR TRUSSES.
TYPE T 6-13 (1/100 mm screw) (TIE-DOWN TYPES T6-1 TO T6-20)

FIGURE 5.32 TIE-DOWN DETAILS

5.8.3 Rafter to ridge connection
In coupled roof construction where the ridge is not to be used as a tie- down point (see Figure 1.8) and the
design wind speed is greater than 28 m/s for sheet roofs or 33 m/s for tiled roofs, the rafters shall be tied
together at the ridge as shown in Figure 5.33.

I Ridge Board

V r Renee

Tie 75 x 38 mm with 3/75 mm

long nails each end

FIGURE 5.33 RAFTER TO RIDGE CONNECTION

5.8.4 Tie-down for Type B bracing units

The bottom plates of walls containing Type B bracing units shall be tied to supporting floor joists as shown in
Figure 5.34.

I Bonom Pla<e

=-Floor
Joist

-=--~"sc----7"'------ 30 x 0.8 mm min.

metal strap looped
under floor joist and
fixed to bottom plate
with 3 nails (2 to face
and 1 to top of plate)

NOTE: Fixings should be to alternate joists only or at a maximum of 1200 mm for bottom plates running parallel to floor joists. The
fixings should commence as close as possible to the ends of each bracing section.

FIGURE 5.34 TYPICAL TIE-DOWN FOR TYPE B BRACING UNITS

77
 SECTION6 MEMBER SIZES
6.1 TIMBER DIMENSIONS
6.1.1 Minimum size
The member sizes given in this Section are the minimum sizes allowable for structural adequacy. Larger
sizes are permissible and may be necessary in some circumstances - refer Clause 5. i.

6.1.2 Size tolerance

The following tolerances on timber sizes are permitted:
F7 Unseasoned timber - not more than 4 mm under the nominated size.
FB Unseasoned timber - not more than 3 mm under the nominated size.
F5, Fi 7, F27 Seasoned timber - not less than the nominated size.

6.2 MEMBER TABLES

6.2.1 Member table sections
The member tables are colour coded in accordance with the stress grade colours prescribed in AS i 6i 3.
Tables 6.2 and 6.3 give details of the member table sections and a listing of the individual member tables
contained in each section.

6.2.2 Use of tables

Allowable member sizes, spans etc. are determined from the respective member tables using inputs
including spacing, Roof load width (RLW) and roof mass. These are defined in Clauses i .7. to i .9.

6.2.3 Application of tables

The member tables apply to uses defined in Section 2, as described in Table 6. i.

TABLE 6.1 APPLICATION OF TABLES

Section 2 Reference
Tables Member type
Clause Figure
i to 8 Roof and ceiling framing 2.i 2.i(a) to (d)
9 to 20 Wall framing 2.2 2.3(a) to (d)
21 to 25 Floor framing 2.3 2.5(a) to (d)

6.3 ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS

Engineered timber products such as glued-laminated timber, nailplate joined timber, laminated veneer
lumber and fabricated beams (eg. plywood box or I-beams) may be used in lieu of solid timber sections in
accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. The member tables in this Section shall not be used for
these products unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer (see Clause i .6.5).

TABLE 6.2 MEMBER TABLE SECTIONS

Section Typical Application Section Colour Code
F5 Seasoned timber Radiata pine Black (on white)
F17 Seasoned timber Victorian ash Yellow
F27 Seasoned timber Messmate Turquoise
F7 Unseasoned timber Douglas Fir (Oregon) Blue
F8 Unseasoned timber Victorian hardwoods Green

6.4 TIMBER AVAILABILITY AND SIZES

The timber sizes in the tables provide for the majority of timber framing requirements however availability
may vary from time to time and by region. Where doubt exists the size range and availability should be
determined prior to specifying timber members.
TABLE 6.3 INDIVIDUAL MEMBER TABLES
Table Member
Roof and Ceiling Framing Members
i Roofing battens
2 Rafters or roofing purlins
3 Roof beams
4 Underpurlins
5 Roof strutting beams
6 Hanging beams
7 Ceiling joists
8 Ceiling battens
Wall Framing Members
9 Top wall plates - single or upper storey loadbearing walls
rn Top wall plates - lower storey loadbearing walls
ii Lintels - single or upper storey loadbearing walls
i2 Lintels - lower storey loadbearing walls
i3 Studs - single or upper storey loadbearing walls
i4 Studs - lower storey loadbearing walls
i5 Studs supporting concentrations of loading
i6 Studs at sides of openings (single or upper storey loadbearing walls)
i7 Studs at sides of openings (lower storey loadbearing walls}
i8 Bottom wall plates - single or upper storey loadbearing walls
i9 Bottom wall plates - lower storey loadbearing walls
20 Verandah posts
Floor Framing Members
2i Floor joists
22 Bearers supporting floor joists only
23 Bearers supporting single storey loadbearing walls
24 Bearers supporting two storey loadbearing walls
25 Bearers cantilevered to support balconies
 •
I
•
I

C TENTS
Page
IGENERAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION 3
APPLICATION 3
DESIGN CRITERIA 3
SHRINKAGE IN UNSEASONED MEMBERS 3
TERMINOLOGY 4
DETERMINING ROOF MASS 6
SPACING AND SPANS 8
FLW's 8
CLW's 9
RLW's 10
INTERPOLATION 12
VERTICAL NAIL LAMINATION 12

IMISCELLANEOUS DESIGN TABLES

INTERNAL TIMBER STAIR TREADS AND STRINGERS 13
TIMBER HANDRAILS FOR STAIRS AND BALCONIES 14
LINING BOARDS FOR CEILINGS 15
TIMBER DECKS 15

IMEMBER SIZES
TIMBER DIMENSIONS 16
MEMBER TABLES 16
TIMBER AVAILABILITY AND SIZES 16
 IGENERAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
This supplement provides rules and span tables for the selection of structural hardwood timber members used
in specific applications in the construction of domestic and similar framed buildings, Class i and Class i O as
defined in the Building Code of Australia (BCA).
The span tables provided here were generated utilising the structural design software 'Timber Solutions" and
the design criteria of AS 1684. 1 - 1999 Residential Timber Framed Construction, Part 1: Design criteria.
For alternative stress grades or additional span tables not found in this supplement, refer to AS1684.2 - 1999
Residential Timber Framed Construction, Part 2: Non-cyclonic areas.

APPLICATION
The information in this supplement is provided specifically for conventional timber framed buildings and is
applicable to single and two storey construction with a maximum roof pitch of 35° (70:iOO), and building shapes
that are essentially rectangular or a combination of essentially rectangular elements.

DESIGN CRITERIA
The basis of the design used in preparation of this supplement is AS1684.1 Residential Timber Framed

•
Construction, Part 1: Design criteria and AS 1720. 1 Timber Structures Part 1: Design methods.
The design loadings recommended in AS 1170 Loading Code Part 1: Dead and Live Loads, AS 1170 Loading
Code Part 2: Wind Loads and AS4055 Wind Loads on Housing were taken into account in the member
computations, with appropriate allowances for the distribution of concentrated or localised loads over a number
of members where relevant.
The supplement caters for non-cyclonic design gust wind speeds Ni & N2 as defined by AS4055 Wind Loads
on Housing with a maximum building height limitation of 8.5 m and a maximum width limitation of i 6 m,
excluding eaves.

SHRINKAGE IN UNSEASONED MEMBERS

Unseasoned timber can be expected to shrink as its moisture content reduces. For Victorian hardwoods an
average shrinkage rate of at least i 0% should be assumed (note: that some hardwood species can shrink in
excess of i3%). Allowances should be made for shrinkage particularly where
► timbers of different shrinkage characteristics are used together, or
► where unseasoned timber is used in conjunction with seasoned timber, steel or masonry.
In these instances, well accepted standard building practices for unseasoned timber should be adhered to,
particularly the allowance of suitable clearances between brick sills and windows, design of eaves linings,
design of split levels and detailing around doors.
Where it is not practical to allow for shrinkage, seasoned hardwood timbers should be used.
INTERPOLATION
Direct linear interpolation may be applied to obtain table values for spacings, spans, stud heights, roof load a
widths and roof masses intermediate to those listed. For example, interpolation may be used to obtain the •
permissible span and overhang for a rafter at spacings between those listed in the rafter table for FS
unseasoned hardwood, as shown below.

Example - RAFTER (Interpolation applied to spacings)

Rafter or Purlin Spacing (mm)
Beam Size Mass
of 450 600 900 1200
Roof MAXIMUM BEAM SPAN AND OVERHANG (mm)
(mm) (kg/m 2 ) Span O'hang Span O'hang Span O'hang Span O'hang
175 X 38 10 4800 1450 4600 1350 4300 1100 4000 950
20 4300 1450 4000 1350 3600 1100 t!D 3400 950
40 3600 1450 3400 1350 3000 1150 2800 1000
60 3300 1450 I~ 3000 1350 2700 1200 2500 1050
90 2900 1450 2700 1350 2400 1150 2200 1000
' '
FOR 525 SPACING FOR 1050 SPACING
(60 kg/m 2) (20 kg/m 2)
Span O'hang Span O'hang
3150 1400 3500 1025

VERTICAL NAIL LAMINATION

The required breadth for larger section sizes given in the span tables may be obtained by vertically nail
laminating thinner and more readily obtainable sections. This is only permissible using seasoned timber
laminations of the same timber type and stress grade. The diagram shows a typical application with nailing
details.

Direction of Load

Each lamination shall be

unjointed in its length
and securely fixed to its
adjoining lamination by
nails of not less than
2.8 mm diameter.

Locate additional nail(s)

at point of loading to
prevent spreading of
laminations.

Nails shall be spaced no

further than a distance
equivalent to twice the
depth of the member and
they shall be staggered
vertically as shown.
Members shall be through
nailed and clinched or
nailed from both sides.

FIGURE 1.9 VERTICAL NAIL LAMINATION - STRUTTING BEAM EXAMPLE

 IMISCELLANEOUS DESIGN TABLES
INTERNAL TIMBER STAIR TREADS & STRINGERS
Under the building regulations, stairways for domestic use must be constructed in accordance with specified
dimensions. The following diagram illustrates the major requirements.

TREAD GOING (G) Min. 240 mm Max. 355 mm. Maximum (2R+G) = 700
RISER HEIGHT (R) Max. 190 mm Min. 115 mm. Minimum (2R+G) = 550

Note: In open stairs, the

maximum vertical gap between
treads= 125 mm. For larger
riser heights a tread nosing may
FIGURE 1.10 be useful to reduce the gap to
125 mm.

Table C provides minimum tread thicknesses and Table D the minimum stringer sizes for a range of stairway
widths in commonly available timbers. For information on external stairs, refer to the TPC publication 'Timber
Decks".

TABLE C - INTERNAL TIMBER STAIR TREADS

Stair Width (mm)
Timber Type 750 I 1000 I 1200 I 1500 I 1800
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF TREAD (mm)*
Victorian Ash 27 I 34 I 40 I 51 I 61
Messmate 26 I 32 I 39 I 48 I 58

I *See Note 1.
NOTE: 1. The thicknesses in the table are minimum design thicknesses and may not be representative of available thicknesses.
2. Timber grading should be in accordance with the appropriate Australian Standard for milled products (i.e. AS 2796).

TABLE D - INTERNAL TIMBER STAIR STRINGERS

Section* Stair Width (mm)

Timber Sizes 750 1000 1200 1500 1800
Type (mm) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TREADS
200 X 38 12 11 11 10 10
200 X 50 13 12 12 11 11
Victorian 250 X 38 15 14 13 12 12
Hardwoods
250 X 50 16 15 14 13 13
300 X 38 17 16 15 15 14
300 X 50 18 17 17 16 15
*See Note 1.
NOTE: 1. The sizes shown are nominal - design allowances have been made for dressing. Provision has also been made for
trenching (nominal 10 mm) to accommodate treads.
2. Timber grading should be in accordance with the appropriate Australian Standard for milled products (i.e. AS 2796).
3. The building regulations limit the number of risers in a single flight to a maximum of 18.