CH1: The French Revolution

In 1789, in the wake of early morning, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. Rumours spread that the
King would open fire upon the citizens. People started gathering and they started breaking a number of
government buildings in search of arms. The commander of the Bastille was killed in the armed fight and
the prisoners were released. People hated the Bastille as it stood for the despotic power of the king.
People protested against the high price of bread. A new chain of events began which led to the execution
of the King in France.

French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century

• Louis XVI, in 1774, ascended the throne of France. Financial France was drained because of the war.
• France, Under Louis XVI, helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from
Britain.
• Taxes were increased to meet regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court,
running government offices or universities.
• The country of France was divided into three estates in the eighteenth century.
• 90 percent of the population was dominated by peasants but only a small number of them owned
the land they cultivated.
• 60 percent was owned by nobles, the Church and other richer members of the third estate.
• The clergy and the nobility, members of the first two estates enjoyed certain privileges by birth.
• All members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the state which included a direct tax, called
taille, and a number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like
salt or tobacco.
The Struggle to Survive
• Increase in population led to a rapid increase for food grains.
• Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand due to which the price of bread rose
rapidly.
• Due to low wages paid to the labourers the gap between the poor and the rich widened.
• Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges
• Group of the third estate had become prosperous and had access to education and new ideas.
• In the eighteenth century, new social groups emerged, termed the middle class, who earned their
wealth through expanding overseas trade and by manufacturing woollen and silk textiles that were
either exported or bought by the richer members of society.
• The third estate included professions such as lawyers or administrative officials. A person’s social
position was dependent on their merit.
• All these groups were educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.
• A new form of government was proposed by Rousseau based on a social contract between people
and their representatives.
• Similarly, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the
legislative, the executive and the judiciary.

The Outbreak of the Revolution

• In France, the monarch didn’t have the power to impose taxes. They had to call a meeting of the
Estates-General, a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives, to pass
proposals for new taxes.
 • Louis XVI, on 5 May 1789, called an assembly to pass proposals for new taxes. Representatives
from the first and second estates were present and the third estate was represented by its
prosperous and educated members.
• According to the principle each estate had one vote. But, representatives from the third estate
demanded each member would have one vote.
• The demand was rejected so members of the third estate walked out to protest. They swore not to
disperse till a constitution drafted for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
• Due to the severe winter, bread price rose and people had to spend hours in long queues.
• Rumours spread that the lords of the manor hired bands of brigands to destroy the ripe crops.
• In fear, peasants started looting hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of
manorial dues.
• Louis XVI accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers
would from now on be checked by a constitution.
• The Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes on 4 August
1789.
• Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
• In 1791, The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution and its main object was to
limit the powers of the monarch.
• These powers were now separated and assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive
and judiciary. France became a constitutional monarchy.
• Citizens voted for a group of electors, who in turn chose the Assembly, but unfortunately, not every
citizen had the right to vote.
• Men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were
entitled to vote. The Constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
• Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law, were
established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights, that is, they belonged to each human being by birth
and could not be taken away.

France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic

• In April 1792, the National Assembly voted for a war against Prussia and Austria.
• Marseillaise became the national anthem of France.
• While men were away fighting at the war, women took care of their families.
• Large sections of the population demanded that the revolution had to be carried further, as the
Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
• Political clubs were formed and among them, Jacobins became the most successful club.
• Members of the Jacobin club included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry
cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers.
• Jacobin members started wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dockworkers.
These Jacobins were called the sans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those without knee breeches’.
• On August 10 1792, Jacobins stormed the Palace of the Tuileries and held the king hostage for
several hours.
• Elections were held and all men of 21 years and above got the right to vote.
• Monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792 and France was declared a republic.
• Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason.
The Reign of Terror
• The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror.
 • People whom Robespierre saw enemies of the republic were arrested, imprisoned and then tried
by a revolutionary tribunal. If they were declared guilty by the court then they were guillotined.
• The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded,
named after Dr Guillotin.
• Laws were issued to place a maximum ceiling on wages and prices.
• Meat and bread were rationed. Expensive white flour was forbidden to use.
• Equality was practised through forms of speech and address. All French men and women were
addressed as Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).
• In July 1794, he was convicted by a court arrested and the next day sent to the guillotine.
A Directory Rules France
Fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle classes to seize power. According to the
new constitution, non-propertied sections of society denied voting. It provided for two elected
legislative councils. The government appointed a Directory, consisting of executives made up of five
members. Political instability paved the way for a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Did Women have a Revolution?

• Women were active participants from the beginning which brought important changes in the
country France.
• Women from the third estate had to work for a living and they didn’t have access to education or
job training. Daughters of nobles of the third estate were allowed to study at a convent.
• Compared to men, their wages were lower.
• Women also started their political clubs and newspapers. The Society of Revolutionary and
Republican Women was one of the most famous women’s clubs.
• The revolutionary government introduced laws to improve the lives of women.
• Schooling became compulsory, divorce made legal and they could run small businesses.
• During the Reign of Terror, the government closed women’s clubs banning their political activities.
After much struggle, women in France in 1946 won the right to vote.

The Abolition of Slavery

• In the seventeenth century, slavery trade began.
• Slaves were brought from local chieftains, branded and shackled and were packed tightly into ships
for the three-month-long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.
• Slave labour met the growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee, and indigo.
Throughout the eighteenth century, there was little criticism of slavery in France.
• In 1794, the Convention legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions.
• Napoleon introduced slavery after ten years. In 1848, slavery was abolished in French colonies.

The Revolution and Everyday Life

• France during 1789 saw changes in the lives of men, women and children.
• Abolition of censorship happened in the summer of 1789.
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a
natural right.
• Freedom of press meant opposing views of events could be expressed. Plays, songs and festive
processions attracted large numbers of people.
Conclusion
• Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France, in 1804 and introduced many laws such
as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by
the decimal system.
• Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the
most important legacy of the French Revolution.
• Colonised peoples reworked on the idea of freedom to create a sovereign nation-state.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TIMELINE