Monthly Current Affairs

January 2025
India, Pakistan
• India and Pakistan exchanged the list of nuclear installations and
facilities covered under the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack
against Nuclear Installations and Facilities between both countries.
• The list was exchanged through diplomatic channels simultaneously in New
Delhi and Islamabad. The Agreement was signed on 31st December 1988
and entered into force on 27th January 1991.

• It provides that India and Pakistan inform each other of the nuclear
installations and facilities to be covered under the Agreement on the first of
January of every year.
• India and Pakistan exchanged the lists of civilian prisoners and fishermen in
each other’s custody through diplomatic channels. Under the provisions of
the bilateral Agreement on Consular Access 2008, such lists are exchanged
every year on 1st January and on 1st July.
 • External Affairs Ministry said in a statement that India has shared names of 381
civilian prisoners and 81 fishermen in its custody, who are Pakistani or are
believed-to-be-Pakistani. Pakistan has shared names of 49 civilian prisoners
and 217 fishermen in its custody, who are Indian or are believed-to-be-Indian.
India has called for early release and repatriation of civilian prisoners,
fishermen along with their boats, and missing Indian defence personnel from
Pakistan’s custody.
• Pakistan has been asked to expedite the release and repatriation of 183
Indian fishermen and civilian prisoners, who have completed their sentence.
• Pakistan has been asked to provide immediate consular access to the 18
civilian prisoners and fishermen in its custody, who are believed-to-be-Indian
and have not been provided consular access so far. Pakistan has been
requested to ensure the safety, security and welfare of all Indian and
believed-to-be-Indian civilian prisoners and fishermen, pending their release
and repatriation to India.

World’s Fastest High-Speed Train Prototype

• China has introduced the CR450, the world’s fastest high-speed train prototype,
with test speeds reaching 450 km/h. Surpassing the current CR400 Fuxing trains
(350 km/h), the CR450 marks a breakthrough in rail technology, combining speed
with advancements in energy efficiency, safety, and passenger comfort.
• This innovation aligns with China’s ambitious plans to expand its high-speed rail
network to 70,000 km by 2035, cementing its leadership in global rail systems.
• CR450 surpasses its predecessors with a maximum commercial operating
speed of 400 km/h and test speeds of 450 km/h, achieved after rigorous
testing spanning 200,000 km, 3,000 simulations, and 2,000 platform tests.
• Equipped with water-cooled permanent magnet traction systems and high-
stability bogie systems, the CR450 reduces energy consumption by over
20% and ensures operational stability at unprecedented speeds.
• Featuring noise reduction technologies, expanded cabin spaces, and storage for
items like bicycles and wheelchairs, the CR450 prioritizes passenger comfort
and accessibility.

• China’s high-speed rail journey, which began in the early 2000s, has
transitioned from following global trends to setting them. The CR450 follows
iconic projects like the Shanghai Maglev (430 km/h) and international
initiatives like the Laos-China Railway, which links Kunming to Vientiane.
• Future plans include extending high-speed networks through Southeast Asia,
connecting Kunming to Singapore via Laos, Thailand, and Malaysia. With over
47,000 km of high-speed rail already operational, the CR450 prototype
reinforces China’s ambition to redefine rail travel by cutting major travel
times—such as reducing the Beijing-Shanghai route from 4.5 hours to just over
3 hours.
• Expected to debut commercially as early as 2025, this project showcases
China’s pursuit of sustainable, efficient, and technologically advanced
rail systems.
India Completes Over 9 Km Fencing Along Myanmar
• India has completed the fencing of over nine kilometres of its border with
Myanmar and work on the road along the fence is in progress. The fencing
has been done at Moreh in Manipur.
• The Union Home Ministry stated this in a report published recently. The
construction of around 21 km of fence and road was awarded to Border
Road Organisation in February last year for which the work is in progress.

• The country shares a 1,643 km long border with Myanmar which

passes through Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
• The ministry added that out of the 1,643 km border, the demarcation of the
1,472 kilometres border has been completed. Construction work on two pilot
projects of a Hybrid surveillance system in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur
is in progress.

ISRO To Launch US Communications Satellite Bluebird

• ISRO is set to make history by launching an American communications
satellite. This is the first time an American company is using an Indian rocket
for such a large and advanced satellite.
• The mission is expected to occur in February or March 2025. AST SpaceMobile,
a Texas-based company, is expected to be the manufacturer of the satellite.
The company has developed technology that allows users to make voice calls
using standard smartphones.
• Unlike other satellite communication providers, AST SpaceMobile does
not require users to purchase special handsets or terminals, making it
more accessible to the general public.
• The satellite in question is the Bluebird satellite, which will be launched into
low Earth orbit using ISRO’s Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
It will feature a large 64 square-meter antenna, approximately half the size of
a football field.

• The satellite is projected to weigh around 6,000 kg, showcasing its capability to
handle substantial data transmission. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
is designed to place communication satellites into Geostationary Transfer Orbit
(GTO) using a cryogenic third stage for higher thrust.
‘Pujari Granthi Samman’ Scheme
• Delhi Government has initiated the ‘Pujari Granthi Samman’ scheme. This
programme aims to provide financial assistance to Gurudwara priests in
the region.
• The announcement was made by former Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on
December 30, with the registration process commencing on December 31. The
‘Pujari Granthi Samman’ scheme offers a monthly grant of Rs 18,000.

• This financial support is designated for every temple and Gurudwara priest in
Delhi. The initiative seeks to ensure economic stability for religious leaders
who serve their communities.
• The initiative aims to provide recognition and financial security to religious
figures. It reflects a growing awareness of the needs of temple and
Gurudwara priests. The scheme may also influence voter sentiments in the
approaching elections.

India’s First Glass Sea Bridge

• Tamil Nadu inaugurated a groundbreaking glass bridge over the sea, enhancing
connectivity between two landmarks. This development coincides with the
silver jubilee celebrations of the Tiruvalluvar Statue, which has become a
symbol of cultural pride.
• Chief Minister M.K. Stalin officially opened the bridge, linking the
Tiruvalluvar Statue and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial in Kanyakumari.
• The event celebrated the statue’s 25th anniversary, marking its significance in
Tamil culture.
• The glass bridge spans 77 metres and is 10 metres wide, constructed at a
cost of ₹37 crore.

• Tiruvalluvar Statue : Unveiled on January 1, 2000, the statue stands at a

height of 133 feet, representing the 133 chapters of the Tirukkural. The statue,
installed on a rock in the sea, is an important identity for Tamil people and
embodies the philosophy of social justice expressed in the Thirukural:
“Pirapokkum ella uyirkkum” (Everyone is equal at birth).
• Designed by renowned sculptor V. Ganapathi Sthapathi, it weighs
approximately 7,000 tonnes and has withstood natural disasters, including the
2004 tsunami. Recently, it was officially renamed as the Statue of Wisdom.
• Vivekananda Rock Memorial : The Vivekananda Rock Memorial is located
on one of the two rocks, about 500 meters off the mainland of Vavathurai, at
the southernmost tip of India in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. The rocks are
surrounded by the Laccadive Sea, where the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and
Arabian Sea meet. The memorial was constructed in 1970 to honor Swami
Vivekananda, who is believed to have attained enlightenment on the rock.
• Its main structures are Vivekananda Mandapam (A hall dedicated to Swami
Vivekananda) and Shripada Mandapam (built to enshrine the footprint of
Devi Kanyakumari) and Dhyana Mandapam (Meditation Hall).
Sevdalinka: Added To UNESCO Cultural Heritage List
• Sevdalinka is a traditional Bosnian love song that has recently gained
recognition, and added to UNESCO’s National Inventory of Intangible Cultural
Heritage.
• The song, often referred to as the Balkan Blues, reflects a rich cultural history
and emotional depth. Sevdalinka dates back to the 16th century. It originated
in the South Slavic regions and combines elements of South Slavic poetry
with music influenced by the Ottoman Empire.

• The genre has evolved over centuries, retaining its melancholic essence.
Sevdalinka is typically performed as a cappella or accompanied by
traditional instruments, such as the lute and the saz.
• The songs are characterized by their emotional lyrics and intricate melodies,
often conveying themes of love and longing. The performance of Sevdalinka
is cultural practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is commonly sung at family
gatherings and community events, allowing for the transmission of cultural
values and stories across generations.

Grameen Bharat Mahotsav 2025

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate Grameen Bharat Mahotsav 2025 in
New Delhi tomorrow. The Mahotsav aims to enhance rural infrastructure, create
self-reliant economies, and foster innovation within rural communities.
• The theme of the six-day Mahotsav is Building a Resilient Rural India for a Viksit
Bharat 2047 .
 • The objective of this event includes promoting economic stability and
financial security among rural populations, with a special focus on North-East
India. A significant focus of the Mahotsav will be to empower rural women
through entrepreneurship.
• This will bring together government officials, rural entrepreneurs, artisans,
and stakeholders from diverse sectors to build a roadmap for collaborative and
collective rural transformation. The Mahotsav will showcase India’s rich
cultural heritage through vibrant performances and exhibitions.

‘BAANKNET’ For e-auction Of Properties

• Government launched the revamped portal ‘BAANKNET’ for the e-auction of
properties. The platform consolidates information on e-auction properties
from all public sector banks and offers a one-stop destination for buyers and
investors to discover a wide range of assets.
 • Launching the portal, the secretary of the Department of Financial Services, M.
Nagaraju, emphasised that the introduction of the platform will aid the
recovery process of PSBs, improve the balance sheets of banks, and enhance
credit availability to businesses and individuals.
• The listings in the portal include residential properties such as flats,
independent houses, and open plots, as well as commercial
properties, industrial land and buildings, shops, vehicles, plant and
machinery, and agricultural and non-agricultural land.

India’s 1st ‘Coastline-Waders Bird Census’

• Country’s first-ever ‘Coastline-Waders Bird Census’ will begin at
Marine National Park and Sanctuary in Jamnagar.
• The three-day census which has been jointly organized by the Department
of Forest and the Bird Conservation Society will also host significant events
focusing on counting wader and coastal bird species.

• A wading bird is a long-legged bird, such as a crane, heron, or stork,that

frequents shallow water, especially in search of food. Also called wader.

Project VISTAAR
• Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) has partnered with
the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare to launch Project
VISTAAR (Virtually Integrated System to Access Agricultural Resources).
• This initiative aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of India’s
agricultural extension system through digitalization, providing farmers with
improved access to innovative technologies and advisory services. Project
VISTAAR seeks to empower farmers by integrating innovative technologies
and solutions into the agricultural sector. By digitalizing the extension system,
the project aims to provide high-quality advisory services on crop production,
marketing, value addition, and supply chain management.

• Additionally, it will offer comprehensive information about government

schemes related to agriculture, rural development, and allied sectors,
ensuring farmers can fully benefit from these initiatives.
• Start-ups play a critical role in addressing challenges in agriculture by
providing solutions that improve productivity, supply chain management, and
market access.
• The Centre for Research on Start-ups and Risk Financing at IIT Madras, along
with its incubated start-up YNOS Venture Engine, has developed an
extensive database of over 12,000 agriculture-focused start-ups.
• This database will be integrated into the VISTAAR platform, enabling
farmers and other stakeholders to explore innovative solutions, adopt new
technologies, and improve agricultural practices.
• Through this collaboration, farmers will gain access to high-quality advisory
services, including insights on crop production, supply chain management,
and market intelligence.
• The digitalization of the existing agricultural extension system will significantly
expand its reach, allowing every farmer—regardless of their location—to
access timely, contextual, and accurate information. This includes updates on
best farming practices, weather forecasts, pest control methods, and
sustainable agriculture techniques.

• The partnership between IIT Madras and the Ministry of Agriculture marks a
significant milestone in India’s journey towards a resilient, digitally
empowered, and sustainable agricultural sector.
• By creating a seamless connection between start-ups and farmers, Project
VISTAAR aims to reduce information gaps, improve decision-making,
and enhance overall productivity.
• Additionally, the project will focus on training and capacity-building
initiatives to equip farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills to adopt
these innovative solutions effectively, ensuring the long-term sustainability
and scalability of digital agricultural extension services.
Ramesh Chand Committee
• Government of India has established a committee to update the base year
for the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), aiming to enhance the accuracy of
factory-gate inflation measures.
• This initiative reflects structural changes in the economy since the last update
in 2011-12. The 18-member panel, led by Ramesh Chand of NITI Aayog, is
tasked with advising on transitioning the base year to 2022-23. This move is
expected to improve the estimation of economic output adjusted for inflation.

• The primary goal of updating the WPI is to provide a more precise measure
of inflation at the producer level. The current WPI only accounts for goods,
neglecting the service sector, which constitutes over half of India’s economic
output. By shifting to a more comprehensive Producer Price Index (PPI), the
government aims to capture a broader spectrum of economic activity.
• The committee comprises 18 experts from various sectors, including
economics and finance. Notable members include Soumya Kanti Ghosh,
Dharmakirti Joshi, and Indranil Sengupta. The diverse expertise within the panel
is expected to facilitate a thorough review of the existing price collection
system and propose necessary improvements.
• The WPI has undergone revisions in the past, with the last update occurring
in 2015 when the base year was changed from 2004-05 to 2011-12. This new
update aims to reflect the current economic landscape and improve the
accuracy of national income calculations. The previous base year has become
outdated, necessitating this review.
Indigenous Technology To Produce Paracetamol
• Science and Technology Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh announced that Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research-CSIR has developed an indigenous technology to
produce Paracetamol, a widely used pain reliever and fever reducer drug.
• Addressing the Foundation Day of the Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research in New Delhi, he said that this innovation aims to make India self-
reliant in paracetamol manufacturing and reducing dependence on
imported ingredients to make this drug.

• Dr Singh also highlighted that there has been a series of indigenous

developments like India’s 1st Indigenously developed Antibiotic-
Nafithromycin to treat both atypical and typical drug-resistant bacteria.

Jammu Is To Be The 69th Railway Division

• Railway Ministry will set up a new division with headquarters at Jammu
under the Northern Railway Zone by reorganising the Firozpur division.
• The proposed Jammu division will include five sections: Pathankot-Jammu-
Udhampur (now martyr Captain Tushar Mahajan), Srinagar-Baramulla, Bhogpur
Sirwal-Pathankot, Batala (excluding)-Pathankot, and Pathankot-Joginder Nagar.
• Currently, the Indian Railways has 68 divisions and when the notification is
issued by the Indian Railways, Jammu will be the 69th division of the
Indian Railways.
 • India has the fourth largest rail network in the world after the United States of
America, China, and Russia. However, the Indian railways is the world’s largest
railway system under single management and the largest employer with
around 1.25 million employees.
• To manage the vast network the Indian Railway has divided its operation
into 17 Zones and within the Zones the network is divided into divisions.
• Northern Zone is the largest zone of the Indian railways. The Jammu Division
will be under the Northern Railway Zone. It will be formed by reorganising the
existing Firzorpur division and it will manage the 742.1 km network.

38th National Games Torch ‘Tejaswini’

• 38th National Games will be hosted by Uttarakhand for the first time,
marking a significant event in the state’s sports history. The torch, named
‘Tejaswini,’ has begun its journey across the state, spreading excitement and
awareness about the games.
• Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami flagged off the torch rally from Haldwani,
and it is expected to cover 3,823 km, visiting 99 locations in 13 districts
before reaching the capital, Dehradun.
• The National Games will take place from January 28 to February 14, 2025, at the
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium in Dehradun. The torch rally was officially
inaugurated by Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami on December
26, 2024, in Haldwani, which marked the beginning of the journey.
• The torch, named Tejaswini, travels across 13 districts of Uttarakhand,
visiting 99 locations in total.

• The journey covers an extensive distance of 3,823 kilometers and is set

to culminate in Dehradun on January 25, 2025.
• Mascot “Mauli” : Inspired by the Monal, the state bird of Uttarakhand.
Symbolizes the region’s uniqueness and encourages young athletes to aim high.
• Logo : Reflects the beauty and biodiversity of Uttarakhand, incorporating the
Monal’s vibrant imagery.
 • Tagline : “Sankalp Se Shikhar Tak” (From Resolve to Zenith), representing
determination and ambition.

Hanoi Declared World’s Most Polluted City

• Hanoi, Vietnam’s capital, has recently been identified as the world’s most
polluted city, with PM2.5 levels reaching 266 micrograms per cubic meter.
This alarming air quality has raised significant health concerns among residents
and prompted government action.
• AirVisual reported that Hanoi’s PM2.5 levels were the highest
globally, indicating severe air pollution.
 • Sources of Pollution Heavy Traffic: The city’s dense traffic
contributes significantly to air pollution.
• Trash Burning: Open burning of waste releases harmful pollutants into the air.
• Industrial Activities: Emissions from factories and industrial sites add to
the deteriorating air quality.

• Health Impacts on Residents : Respiratory Issues: Elderly residents

report increased breathing difficulties due to poor air quality.
• Reduced Visibility: Young people have noted decreased visibility and
discomfort while breathing.
• Government Initiatives : Promotion of Electric Vehicles (EVs): Deputy Prime
Minister Tran Hong Ha has called for an accelerated transition to EVs to
reduce pollution. EV Adoption Targets: Hanoi aims for at least 50% of buses
and 100% of taxis to be electric by 2030.

BHARATPOL Portal
• Home Minister Amit Shah will launch BHARATPOL portal developed by
Central Bureau of Investigation in New Delhi. The BHARATPOL portal will
streamline the processing of all requests for international assistance through
INTERPOL, including the issuance of Red Notices and other colour-coded
INTERPOL notices.
• Home Ministry said in a statement that under the leadership of Prime
Minister Narendra Modi, the central government has taken several important
initiatives to strengthen the country’s law enforcement agencies.

• BHARATPOL portal will significantly facilitate Indian law enforcement

agencies enabling real-time information sharing for faster access to
international police assistance.

• The growing footprint of transnational crimes including cyber-crime,

financial crimes, online radicalization, organized crimes, drug trafficking, and
human trafficking, necessitates rapid and real-time international assistance in
criminal investigations.
• To address this challenge, CBI has developed BHARATPOL Portal, which will
bring all the stakeholders on a common platform. By facilitating easier and
 faster access to international assistance, it will strengthen India’s efforts
in combating transnational crimes.

V Narayanan Appointed As New ISRO Chief

• Centre has appointed V Narayanan as the new Chairman of the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of
Space. Mr Narayanan will assume office on January 14.

• He will succeed the current ISRO chairman, S Somanath. Mr Narayanan

currently serves as the Director of the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
(LPSC) of the ISRO in Valiamala, Kerala.
• He is a distinguished scientist with nearly four decades of experience in
rocket and spacecraft propulsion. He is a rocket and spacecraft propulsion
expert, joined ISRO in 1984, and functioned in various capacities before
becoming director of LPSC.

India’s First Organic Fisheries Cluster In Sikkim

• Union Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh launched
the country’s first-ever organic fisheries cluster in Soreng District, Sikkim. This
initiative aims to revolutionize the aquaculture industry by promoting
ecologically sustainable and chemical-free fish farming practices.
• The cluster will focus on providing organic, antibiotic-free, and pesticide-free
fish, catering to eco-conscious markets globally. This development aligns with
 Sikkim’s reputation for sustainable agricultural practices, as the state
has already embraced organic farming.

• The initiative is part of the government’s broader effort to boost

farmers’ incomes and promote sustainability in aquaculture.
• Sikkim, known for its commitment to organic farming, is aligning its vision to
include organic fisheries as a key sector. The organic fisheries cluster
emphasizes ecologically healthy practices by avoiding the use of chemicals,
antibiotics, and pesticides in fish farming. This focus on sustainability will
ensure minimal environmental pollution and protect aquatic ecosystems.
• Minister Singh inaugurated 50 projects under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya
Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), which is set to enhance aquaculture across
northeastern states (except Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram). These
projects have a combined value of ₹50 crore and aim to promote sustainable
fish production practices in the region.

India Ranked Second For Cyberattacks

• In 2024, India became the second most targeted nation globally for
cyberattacks, with 95 entities falling victim to data theft, according to
CloudSEK’s ThreatLandscape Report 2024.
• The United States topped the list with 140 attacks, while Israel ranked
third with 57 attacks.
 • Finance and banking sectors were the most affected, with 20 victims. Other
impacted sectors included government (13 victims), telecommunications
(12), healthcare and pharma (10), and education (9).
• Significant breaches included the leak of 850 million records of Indian citizen
data from Hi-Tek Group, customer data from Star Health and Allied
Insurance, and 2TB of data from Telecommunications Consultants India.
• Ransomware Incidents: The report identified 108 ransomware incidents in
India, with Lockbit being the most active group, responsible for over 20
incidents. Other notable groups included Killsec and Ransomhub.
• India has faced significant cyber threats in the past. In 2018, it ranked second
globally for data breaches, with over 690 million internet subscribers and a
growing number of breaches in both private and public sectors.

Genome India Project

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi has highlighted that the world is looking towards
India today for solutions to various global problems. In a video message at the
Genomics Data Conclave in Delhi, Mr. Modi said the Genome India Project marks
a defining moment in the country’s biotechnology landscape.
• The Prime Minister noted that the combination of biotechnology and
biomass in the 21st century forms a crucial foundation for a developed India
as a Bio Economy.
• He highlighted that in the past 10 years, the bio-economy has jumped from 10
billion dollars to 150 billion dollars today. The Prime Minister also lauded the
release of the Genome India Data, hailing it as a historical step for research
and healthcare in the nation.
• Mr. Modi mentioned that genome sequences of 10 thousand Indians from
various groups have been analysed, and its data is now available at the
Indian Biological Data Center.
• This data can be used by researchers, scientists, and scholars across India. Mr.
Modi highlighted that there is a significant diversity in the genetic makeup of
Indians; thus, understanding the genetic identity of the population is
essential to determine effective treatments for particular groups.
• He emphasized that this information will greatly assist in policy-making and
planning for the country. Mr. Modi highlighted that in the past ten years,
special attention has been given to research and innovation in the country. He
added that India has created a special identity as a pharma hub in the world.
• Science and Technology Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh released the Framework for
Exchange of Data Protocols and launched the IBDC Data Access Portal. Dr. Singh
said that the last decade has been a game-changer for biotechnology in India.
• He noted that the country is aiming for a one-million genome
program, including specific disease cohorts.
• Genome: The genome represents the entirety of an organism's hereditary
information, serving as a biological instruction manual inherited from parents.
• Composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and
thymine (T), the genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs in humans.
Republic Day Guests
• Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto has formally accepted New Delhi’s
invitation to be the chief guest for the 2025 Republic Day parade. The choice
of Subianto as the first guest of third term of Prime Minister Modi signals the
importance India attaches to the bilateral relationship with Indonesia and its
Act East policy.

• The visit is expected to see both sides stepping up their strategic cooperation
and defence ties. India’s first Republic Day guest was from Indonesia,
President Sukarno, a key ally of country’s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
during the golden years of the non-aligned movement.
 • Around ten thousand Special Guests have been invited to witness the
Republic Day Parade this year. These special guests include Sarpanches,
Disaster Relief Workers, Best Performing Water Warriors, Handloom and
Handicraft Artisans, Mann Ki Baat Participants, My Bharat Volunteers, Guests
from North Eastern States, and Best Start-Ups.
• The Defence Ministry said some of the invited guests are carrying out
exemplary work to ensure income and employment generation through Self-
Help Groups. Members of the Para-Olympic contingent, Chess Olympiad
medalists, Bridge World Games Silver medalists, and Snooker World
Championship Gold medalists have also been invited as special guests. The
Ministry said these guests will visit the National War Memorial, PM
Sangrahalay, and other prominent places in Delhi.

US: Fire Spreading Hollywood Hills

• Out-of-control wildfires are ripping across parts of Los Angeles, leading to
at least five deaths, burning down hundreds of buildings, and prompting
evacuation orders for nearly 180,000 residents across the county.
• Despite the efforts of firefighters, the biggest blazes remain totally
uncontained - with weather conditions and the underlying impact of climate
change expected to continue fanning the flames for days to come.

• In Los Angeles County, some 179,000 residents are under evacuation orders -
many of them leaving their homes simply carrying whatever belongings they
 can. Another 200,000 residents are under evacuation warning, meaning
they could be required to leave their homes soon.
• Hurricane-force Winds Sent The Fires, Which Started Earlier This Week On The
Outer Fringes Of Los Angeles, Leaping Across Suburbs And Neighbourhoods,
Finally Reaching The Hollywood Hills By The Time The Winds Slowed.

IREDA Achieves ‘Excellent’ Rating

• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) has achieved
‘Excellent’ rating for the performance MoU signed with the Ministry of New &
Renewable Energy (MNRE) for the financial year 2023-24, with a score of 98.24.

• This marks the fourth consecutive year that IREDA has received ‘Excellent’
rating, showcasing its unwavering commitment to operational excellence
and highest standards of corporate governance.
• In the previous three years, IREDA consistently delivered exceptional
results, achieving an ‘Excellent’ rating with scores of 93.50 in FY 2022-23,
96.54 in FY 2021-22 and 96.93 in FY 2020-21.

Startup India Initiative

• The government’s flagship initiative Startup India has completed nine years 16
January . The scheme is intended to catalyse startup culture and build a strong
and inclusive ecosystem for innovation and entrepreneurship in the country.
• India has bloomed into the world’s third-largest startup ecosystem, which
raised more than $158 Bn+ funding between 2014 and 2024. As per
government estimates, India is home to more than 1.59 Lakh Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)-recognised startups that
have created 17 Lakh+ jobs in the country.
• These startups encompass more than 56 sectors, including IT services,
healthcare and life sciences, education, agriculture, construction, among
others. However, what is fascinating is that the startup fever has not remained
within the walls of India’s biggest cities but has percolated to smaller towns as
well.
• As per DPIIT data, more than half (51%) of the DPIIT-registered startups in
India are from non-metro cities . “More and more startups coming from non-
metro cities is a promising sign of India’s entrepreneurial potential. Cities like
Jaipur, Indore, Coimbatore, Vadodara, and Surat offer cost-effective talent
and opportunities for startups to grow.
• Meanwhile, government-led incubator programs like T-Hub in Telangana
provide significant support to startups, unlocking trillions of dollars in value and
reshaping India’s entrepreneurial landscape,” said Murali Bukkapatnam, chair
of non-profit TiE’s global 2025 board of trustees. India is also third in the world
in terms of the number of unicorns.
• As per the DPIIT, the number of billion-dollar valuation companies in India
have soared 13X in the past decade to 118 in 2024 from a mere eight in 2015.
These unicorns are cumulatively valued north of $354 Bn, showing the might of
the new-age tech ventures that have emerged from India in the past decade.
National Turmeric Board
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded the establishment of the
National Turmeric Board. In a social media post, the Prime Minister
called the establishment of the board a matter of immense joy,
particularly for the country’s hard-working turmeric farmers.

• Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, inaugurated the
National Turmeric Board in New Delhi, appointing Shri Palle Ganga Reddy as
its first Chairperson. The Board’s headquarters is established in Nizamabad,
Telangana, a prominent turmeric-producing region.He underscored that this
board will ensure better opportunities for innovation, global promotion, and
value addition in turmeric production.
• The Prime Minister added that it will strengthen the supply chains,
benefiting both farmers and consumers alike.
• India stands as the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric,
accounting for over 70% of global production. In the 2023-24 period, the
country cultivated turmeric over 3.05 lakh hectares, yielding 10.74 lakh
tonnes. With more than 30 varieties grown, India’s share in world turmeric
trade exceeds 62%, exporting 1.62 lakh tonnes valued at $226.5 million during
2023-24.
IMD’s 150th Foundation Day
• On January 14, 2025, during the 150th Foundation Day celebrations of
the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Prime Minister Narendra
Modi unveiled the ‘IMD Vision-2047’ document.
• This strategic roadmap outlines ambitious goals to enhance India’s
meteorological capabilities by 2047, coinciding with the nation’s centenary
of independence.

• Zero Disaster Deaths: The vision document sets a target of eliminating

fatalities due to severe weather events by 2047. This objective emphasizes the
importance of accurate and timely weather forecasts to enable effective
disaster management and early public warnings.
• Enhanced Forecast Accuracy: IMD aims to achieve zero-error weather
forecasting for up to three days and 90% accuracy for five-day forecasts by
2047. For severe weather predictions extending up to seven days, the target
is 80% accuracy, and 70% accuracy for forecasts up to ten days.
• Comprehensive Weather Detection: The department plans to attain 100%
detection of all types of severe weather events down to the village and
household levels. This will involve augmenting meteorological
observational systems nationwide, supported by advanced remote-sensing
technologies, including improved radars and satellites.
• Launch of ‘Mission Mausam’ In conjunction with the Vision-2047 document,
Prime Minister Modi introduced ‘Mission Mausam,’ an initiative aimed at
transforming India into a ‘Weather-ready and Climate-smart‘ nation. The
mission focuses on developing cutting-edge weather surveillance
technologies, implementing high-resolution atmospheric observations,
deploying next-generation radars and satellites, and enhancing high-
performance computing systems.
 • Established in 1875, IMD has played a pivotal role in advancing meteorological
science in India. Over the years, the department has significantly improved its
forecasting capabilities, contributing to a substantial reduction in casualties from
natural disasters. For instance, accurate cyclone warnings have led to a decrease
in deaths from approximately 10,000 in 1999 to zero in recent years.
• The department has also expanded its technological infrastructure, increasing
the number of Doppler Weather Radars from 15 in 2014 to 39 in 2023,
thereby enhancing land area coverage by about 35%. Additionally, the overall
forecast accuracy has improved by 40% between 2014 and 2023.

Blue Flag Certification

• Kerala’s renowned Kappad beach in Kozhikode and Chal beach in Kannur
have been awarded the prestigious Blue Flag certification by the Denmark-
based Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE).
• This certification recognizes beaches that meet high standards in
environmental protection, safety, and sustainability. The Blue Flag status
enhances Kerala’s appeal as a sustainable tourism destination and serves as a
global benchmark for eco-friendly tourism practices.

• Both beaches have implemented eco-friendly initiatives and maintain hygienic,

safe environments for tourists, setting a model for responsible tourism (RT).
• Blue Flag is an international eco-label awarded to beaches, marinas, and
sustainable boating operators as a mark of their environmental excellence.
 Awarded by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), based
in Denmark.
• Established in 1985 to promote sustainable coastal development globally. 33
stringent criteria are evaluated, grouped into four categories, Environmental
Education and Information, Bathing Water Quality, Environmental
Management, Conservation and Safety Services.

• Decision to grant Blue Flag status is made by an international jury that

includes representatives from, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). India has 13 Blue Flag beaches, including
Kappad and Chal, demonstrating its commitment to sustainable tourism.
India Joins UN’s Big Data For Official Statistics
• India has joined the United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and
Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), marking a significant step in the
country’s growing influence in global statistical frameworks.
• This membership demonstrates India’s commitment to leveraging Big Data
and technology for evidence-based policymaking. The committee focuses on
exploring how Big Data and data science can be utilized to improve official
statistics and track sustainable development goals (SDGs).
• This development aligns with India’s efforts to modernize its statistical
processes by integrating non-traditional data sources like satellite imagery,
IoT (Internet of Things), and machine learning for accurate and real-time
insights to support governance. India will help shape global standards and best
practices in using Big Data for official statistics.
• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) will play a key
role in representing India’s initiatives. The Data Innovation Lab and alternate data
sources like satellite imagery and machine learning will be showcased as
India’s contributions.
• India’s Innovations in Big Data for Statistics
Data Innovation Lab: A government initiative to explore new data
collection techniques.
Satellite Imagery & IoT: Being used to modernize statistical processes
and enhance the accuracy of estimates.
Machine Learning & AI: Helping to reduce time lags in data collection
and provide real-time insights.

• Big Data is characterized by,

High Volume: Large amounts of data generated every second.
High Velocity: Data is produced at an unprecedented speed.
Wide Variety: Data comes from various sources in different formats.
• UN-CEBD Formation
Established by the UN Statistical Commission in its 45th session. Created to
investigate the benefits and challenges of Big Data for official statistics.
Focuses on monitoring and reporting sustainable development goals (SDGs)
using Big Data.
INROAD Project
• INROAD (Indian Natural Rubber Operations for Assisted Development)
project, launched with a financial backing of ₹100 crore, aims to enhance the
quality of natural rubber produced in India’s North-East.
• This initiative focuses on skill development for rubber growers and the
establishment of model infrastructure, with support from key players in the
tyre industry, demonstrating a unique collaboration between agriculture and
manufacturing.

• INROAD is a pioneering initiative in the global tyre industry, focusing on

improving the quality of natural rubber through direct involvement from
tyre manufacturers.
• The project is financially supported by four major companies – Apollo, Ceat, JK,
and MRF. The Rubber Board of India oversees its implementation. In its first
four years, the project has successfully established 1,25,272 hectares of new
natural rubber plantations.
• These plantations span across 94 districts in the North East and parts of West
Bengal, marking a significant step towards enhancing local rubber production.
• A core component of the INROAD project is skill development. The initiative
provides training to rubber growers through digital platforms, aiming to
equip farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills for effective rubber
tapping and processing.
• The focus is on areas critical for improving the quality of rubber. Infrastructure
development is equally important in the INROAD project. Model Smoke
Houses and Processing and Grading Centres are being established to support
rubber growers. These facilities are designed specifically for the region’s needs,
with smokehouses playing a crucial role in producing high-quality rubber
sheets by drying and curing latex.

• The project also emphasizes the economic empowerment of women in

rubber cultivation. A model smokehouse has been inaugurated for the
Bhaishkhuli Pragatishil Mohila Samittee, a cooperative of 65 female rubber
growers in Goalpara, Assam.
• This facility will not only enhance the quality of rubber produced but also serve as
a training and demonstration centre. The INROAD project aims to continue its
efforts in capacity building and infrastructure development, focusing on
 enhancing the quality of natural rubber and empowering local farmers. By
encouraging collaboration between the tyre industry and rubber growers, the
project seeks to create a sustainable model for rubber cultivation in India.

8th Pay Commission

• Government announced the setting up of the 8th Pay Commission for the Central
government employees and pensioners. An announcement in this regard was
made by Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw in New
Delhi. He was briefing the media about the Cabinet’s decision.
The Minister said that the term of the 7th Pay Commission is going to end in
2026 and the setting up of the 8th Pay Commission now will give enough
time to receive recommendations of the Pay Panel.

• He said the appointment of the Chairman and two members of the

Commission will be made soon. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said that the
decision on the 8th Pay Commission will improve quality of life and give a boost
to consumption. In a social media post, Mr Modi lauded the efforts of all
Government employees, who work to build a Viksit Bharat.
• The leaders of Railway Unions have thanked the Central government for
the announcement of the constitution of the 8th Central Pay Commission.
The decision will benefit more than 45 lakh central government employees
and more than 68 lakh pensioners.
• In another decision, the Cabinet also approved the establishment of the
Third Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre of ISRO at Sriharikota,
Andhra Pradesh at a cost of 3985 Crore rupees.
 • The TLP project envisages the establishment of the launch infrastructure at
Sriharikota for the Next Generation Launch Vehicles of ISRO and also to support as
standby launch pad for the Second Launch Pad there. It will also enhance the
launch capacity for future Indian human spaceflight missions. It will boost the
Indian Space ecosystem by enabling higher launch frequencies and the national
capacity to undertake human spaceflight and space exploration missions.

Successful Space Docking Of 2 Satellites

• Indian Space Research Organisation has achieved a historic milestone today
after the successful space docking of its two satellites named Chaser and
Target under the SpaDex mission.
• After the stupendous success of the indigenously developed Bharatiya
Docking System by ISRO, India has become the fourth country to use this
technology after the USA, Russia and China.
• Docking technology is critical in assembling the space station and in crewed
missions. It provides crucial facilities including in-orbit refueling and
assembling heavy infrastructure in microgravity.
US Removes 3 Indian Nuclear Entities
• US has lifted sanctions on three Indian entities including Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre (BARC). The other two companies are Indian Rare Earths and
Indira Gandhi Atomic Research Center.

• US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) said that the sanctions, which were
imposed during the Cold War era, have been removed to enhance US’s foreign
 policy goals. It is that this decision will support shared energy security needs
and joint efforts in science and technology between India and US.

• BIS said, that in recent years, India and US have strengthened their
collaboration in peaceful nuclear cooperation and related research activities,
benefiting numerous partner countries globally.
• Simultaneously, the US has added 11 Chinese companies to the Entity List
due to activities deemed contrary to US national security and foreign policy
interests. The Entity List is a US government compilation of foreign individuals,
companies, and organizations deemed a national security concern.

Pixxel And Digantara

• India’s private space sector, two Indian start-ups, Pixxel and Digantara,
launched their satellites aboard a SpaceX rocket. These pioneering missions are
aimed at addressing pressing global challenges such as agriculture, defence,
and space sustainability.
• Pixxel’s launch introduces a constellation of satellites for advanced Earth
observation, while Digantara’s SCOT satellite focuses on real-time tracking
of space objects.
• Pixxel became the first Indian private company to deploy a constellation of
hyperspectral imaging satellites. The “Firefly” satellites provide high-
resolution imagery in over 150 spectral bands, offering six times the resolution
of standard systems.
• These satellites monitor vegetation health, water quality, atmospheric conditions,
and chemical compositions with a 5-meter hyperspectral capability.
• Pixxel plans to expand its constellation with three additional satellites,
followed by 18 more. Pixxel’s hyperspectral imaging has transformative
potential for agriculture, defence, and climate action.

• Digantara launched SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking), the world’s first
commercial satellite for tracking space objects as small as 5 cm in Low Earth
Orbit (LEO).
 • SCOT’s persistent monitoring capabilities address space congestion and
satellite debris, which traditional sensors often struggle with due to weather
and geography limitations.

• SCOT is key for safer, more sustainable space operations and is part of
Digantara’s vision for a hybrid surveillance network.
• These launches showcase India’s growing space capabilities and enhance
the country’s role in the global space ecosystem.
• The advancements have wide-ranging applications in climate
action, agriculture, defence, and space sustainability.
• Both companies are setting the stage for innovative solutions to Earth and
space monitoring challenges.

World’s First Mahamrityunjaya Yantra

• World’s first Mahamrityunjaya Yantra, measuring 52 feet in length, width,
and height, has been installed at Tapovan Ashram in Jhunsi Havelis,
Prayagraj— known as the sacred land of Maha Kumbh.
• This monumental Yantra is a spiritual marvel, believed to connect devotees
to the higher consciousness of Lord Shiva. The Mahamrityunjaya Yantra,
often referred to as the “Victory over Death” Yantra, is a spiritual tool that:
Helps individuals overcome the fear of death, disease, and danger.
• Enhances courage and positivity in devotees. Acts as a divine connector to Lord
Shiva’s higher energy. Swami Sahajanand Maharaj, the visionary behind this
initiative, emphasized its scientific design and its potential to transform lives
by alleviating pollution, stress, and depression.

• Creation and Cost: Built over 52 days at a cost of ₹4 crore. Represents a

perfect square design, with dimensions of 52x52x52 feet. A total of 151
Acharyas have been chanting the Mahamrityunjaya Mantra since Makar
Sankranti (January 14, 2025).
• The chanting aims to consecrate 11,11,111 Panchmukhi Rudrakshas, which
will be distributed free of cost to devotees attending the Maha Kumbh.
• Devotees must register their names and addresses at the ashram to receive a
consecrated Rudraksha. Swami Sahajanand announced plans to replicate this
 Yantra across 12 Jyotirlingas, starting with: Somnath- Gujarat, Kedarnath –
Uttarakhand, Bhimashankar- Maharashtra, Trayambakeshwar- Maharashtra.

‘One Plate, One Bag’ Campaign Launched

• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has launched the “One Plate, One Bag”
campaign at the Maha Kumbh 2025. This initiative aims to make the world’s
largest religious congregation plastic-free by encouraging the use of cloth
bags and steel plates and glasses instead of plastic alternatives.

• As part of the initiative, cloth bags and steel utensils are being distributed
to pilgrims, replacing disposable and plastic items.
• Emphasized the importance of collective responsibility in combating the
plastic menace and urged people to adopt eco-friendly alternatives in their
daily lives. “Creating a plastic-free society is a collective effort.
• By making small changes such as switching to cloth bags and reusable
utensils, we can significantly contribute to the environment,”.

Kokborok Language Protests

• Twipra Student Federation (TSF) protested in Agartala, Tripura, demanding the
adoption of the Roman script for the Kokborok language. This movement
marks the ongoing struggle for linguistic recognition and cultural justice among
the Borok people.
 • Kokborok is a Sino-Tibetan language. It is spoken by the Borok people of
Tripura. Officially recognised in 1979, it has historical roots dating back to
the 1st century AD.
• The name Kokborok combines “Kok” (verbal) and “Borok” (people). According
to the 2011 Census, approximately 880,537 people speak Kokborok,
accounting for nearly 24% of Tripura’s population.
• Kokborok belongs to the Bodo–Garo branch of the Sino-Tibetan language
family. It is related to Bodo and Dimasa languages and has various dialects,
with the Agartala dialect being the official form.

Kampala Declaration On Agriculture

• Extraordinary African Union Summit on the Comprehensive Africa
Agriculture Development Program ( CAADP) concluded in Kampala, Uganda.
The summit adopted the Kampala Declaration, which sets a transformative
agenda for Africa’s agri-food systems from 2026 to 2035.
• This declaration succeeds the Malabo Declaration, marking shift towards
a comprehensive agri-food systems approach to tackle food security and
agricultural productivity challenges across the continent.
• The CAADP was launched in July 2003 in Maputo, Mozambique. It aimed to
address low agricultural productivity and food insecurity in Africa. The
Maputo Declaration urged Member States to allocate at least 10% of their
national budgets to agriculture.

• In 2014, the Malabo Declaration expanded CAADP’s framework. It

introduced targets such as eradicating hunger, tripling intra-African trade, and
enhancing resilience. However, progress has been slow, with no Member
State meeting the goal of ending hunger by 2025.
 • As of 2024, 20.4% of Africa’s population experiences hunger. The continent
faces food security issues, with 58% of people grappling with food insecurity.
Malnutrition and rising obesity rates further complicate the situation.
• Kampala Declaration signifies a commitment to modernising Africa’s agricultural
sectors. It advocates for climate-smart innovations and technologies to ensure
food security for a projected population of 2.5 billion by 2050.

World Economic Forum 2025 In Davos

• 55th World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting will begin at Davos in
Switzerland. During the five-day event, India’s model of inclusive growth
and digital revolution will be highlighted.
• The Indian delegation will be spearheaded by Information and Broadcasting
Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw along with Jal Shakti Minister C R Patil, Civil Aviation
Minister K. Rammohan Naidu, Food Processing Industries Minister Chirag
Paswan and Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
Jayant Chaudhary.
• Minister emphasized the global interest in India’s transformative digital
journey under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Digital India programme.
He said, the world is keen to understand India’s economic policies, digital
transformation and the way technology has been democratized to empower
citizens across all strata of society.

• WEF is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. The

Forum engages the foremost political, business, cultural and other leaders
of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Foundation: Klaus Schwab, a German professor with a background in
mechanical engineering and a Master of Public Administration from Harvard,
founded WEF in 1971, originally known as the European Management Forum.
Donald Trump To Take Oath As 47th President Of US
• Donald Trump will take oath as the 47th President of the United States. The
presidential oath will be held in the presence of United States Chief Justice
John Roberts in Washington DC.
• JD Vance will be sworn in as US Vice President. Several foreign leaders are
expected to attend the swearing-in ceremony. They include Argentina’s President
Javier Milei, Italy’s Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, Ecuador’s President Daniel
Noboa, El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele, former Brazilian President Jair
Bolsonaro, and Former Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawieck.
 • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will represent India at the ceremony.
The guests will also include Elon Musk of Tesla, Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Mark
Zuckerberg of Meta, Tim Cook of Apple and Sam Altman of OpenAI.
• Ahead of his oath, 78-year-old Trump addressed supporters at a victory rally
in Washington DC last night. He told a packed arena that he plans to sign a host
of executive orders on the first day of his presidency

“Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan”

• In a significant initiative to connect civilians with the valorous history of
India’s armed forces, the government has launched the “Bharat Ranbhoomi
Darshan” app, coinciding with Army Day celebrations in Pune, Maharashtra.

• Developed jointly by the Ministries of Defence, Tourism, and the Indian Army,
the app allows civilians to visit key battlefield locations, including those of the
1962, 1971, and 1999 wars, and significant conflict zones like Siachen base
camp and Galwan valley. This effort aims to transform border regions into
tourist hubs, offering citizens a closer connection to India’s military history and
its soldiers’ sacrifices.
 • Tourist Locations
• 1962 War Sites: Rezang-La (Ladakh) and Kibithoo and Bum-La
(Arunachal Pradesh).
• 1971 War Zones: Select locations yet to be detailed.
• 1999 Kargil War: Key areas in Kargil, Batalik, and Drass to be accessible
for trekkers.
• Siachen Base Camp: The world’s highest battlefield.
• Galwan Valley: Site of the 2020 clash.
• Doklam: Scene of the 73-day standoff between India and China in 2017.

Musi River Heritage Sites

• World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced the inclusion of the Musi River
Historic Buildings in Hyderabad on its World Monuments Watch list. This
recognition marks the urgent need for preservation efforts amid
environmental challenges and urban development.
• The initiative coincides with local government plans to rejuvenate the river and
its heritage structures, aiming to enhance tourism and community
engagement. The WMF’s biennial programme identifies sites worldwide at risk
from climate change, conflict, and neglect.
 • Recently, the Musi River Historic Buildings were spotlighted alongside 24 other
sites globally. This initiative aims to advocate for heritage preservation. Key
structures along the Musi River include Telangana High Court, State Central
Library, Osmania General Hospital, and British Residency (now Koti Women’s
College).
• These landmarks showcase the city’s civic legacy and architectural history.
Hyderabad faces pollution and ecological degradation of the Musi River.
The WMF emphasises that restoring these historic sites can contribute to
environmental conservation and community resilience.
• The Musi River is a key tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau
and flows through Telangana, India. river was historically called Muchukunda.
Hyderabad is situated on the banks of the Musi River. The river separates the
Old City from the newer parts of Hyderabad.

1st Astronomical Observatory Of Eastern India

• The first astronomical observatory of Eastern India and the sixth in the country
under the Department of Science and Technology, Union Ministry of Science
 and Technology has been inaugurated atop the Panchet Hill in the
Garpanchkot area of Purulia district in West Bengal.
• It is the sixth such observatory in India after Ladakh, Nainital (Uttarakhand),
Mount Abu (Rajasthan), Girbani Hills in Pune, and Kavalur in Tamil Nadu.
• The observatory set up in Garpanchkot Hills has been named after famous
scientist Satyendra Nath Bose. The observatory has been established by the
Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences.

• The Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences has signed
a memorandum of understanding (MoU)with the Sidhu Kanu Birsa
University,Purulia for running the observatory and sharing resources.
• The Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences was set up by
the Department of Science and Technology,Government of India in 1986 at
Kolkata,West Bengal.
GI Tag For Virgin Coconut Oil Of Andaman
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in his 118th episode of “Mann Ki Baat” on
January 19, 2025, highlighted the empowerment of women involved in the
production of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• This initiative aims to economically empower tribal communities through self-help

groups (SHGs) and specialized training in marketing and branding. The recent
Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Virgin Coconut Oil from Nicobar district is a
significant milestone in promoting local products on the global stage.
• The Prime Minister expressed his belief that this move would help position
Andaman and Nicobar as a leading contributor in the global market

10th Anniversary Of ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ Scheme

• Government is celebrating the 10th anniversary of Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao scheme, marking a decade of relentless efforts to protect, educate,
and empower the girl child.
 • Women and Child Development Ministry said the event in New Delhi will
witness the participation of women officers from the armed forces,
paramilitary forces, Delhi police, girl students and Anganwadi workers. The
Ministry said the 10th-anniversary celebrations will span from today till 8th
March, culminating on International Women’s Day.
• Similar events will be organized at state and district levels. Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao was launched by the Prime Minister on 22 January 2015 in
Panipat, Haryana.
• The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme aims to help in addressing the issue of the
decline in the child sex ratio throughout the country and to encourage related
to the empowerment of women.

Trump Ends Automatic Citizenship

• President Donald Trump Has Signed A Series Of Executive Actions, Revoking
78 Of Joe Biden’s Policies, Hours After Returning To The White House. Trump
Signed An Order Seeking To End Automatic Birthright Citizenship For Children
Of People Not In The Country Legally, As Well As Those In The Country Legally
But Only Temporarily, Such As Tourists, Students, And Those On Work Visas.
Agencies Have Been Given 30 Days To Implement The Order.

• In One Of The Major Orders, President Trump Directed The Withdrawal From
The World Health Organisation (WHO). In His Order, Trump Cited A String Of
Reasons For The Withdrawal, Including The Global Health Agency’s Mishandling
Of The COVID-19 Pandemic And The Failure To Adopt Urgently Needed
 Reforms. Trump Accused The WHO Of Being Biased Towards China In How
It Issued Guidance During The Outbreak.
• Mr. Trump Also Signed An Order To Begin The Process Of Withdrawing From
The Paris Climate Agreement. He Also Invoked Emergency Powers To Expand
US Energy Production By Reversing Climate-related Policies And Facilitating
Oil, Gas, And Mining Activities.

• President Trump Also Officially Ended The Automatic Citizenship Of Children

Born In The U.S. To Non-citizen Parents. It Says For A Child Born In The U.S. To
Gain Citizenship, At Least One Parent Must Be A U.S. Citizen, A Legal
Permanent Resident (Green Card Holder), Or A Member Of The U.S. Military.
• Donald Trump Directed Federal Agencies To Review Tariffs And Trade
Relations With China, Mexico, And Canada, Hinting At Imposing Tariffs Up To
25 Percent On Mexico And Canada By February 1st.
• Trump Declared A National Emergency At The U.S.-Mexico Border And
Ordered The Deployment Of Troops To Address What He Called A Disastrous
Invasion. Trump Signed An Executive Action That Delayed Enforcement Of The
Tiktok Ban For 75 Days. The Law Gives The President Broad Discretion On How
To Enforce The Ban On The Chinese-owned Video App.
• On Energy Policy, Trump Declared A National Energy Emergency, Lifting
Restrictions On Mining And Encouraging Fossil Fuel Production. He Said
America Would Capitalise On Its Vast Oil And Gas Reserves To Become A
Dominant Manufacturing Nation.
• In Other Decisions, He Ended Work-from-home Policies For Federal
Employees. The Order Requires Employees To Return To In-person Work Full-
time, With Exemptions Allowed At The Discretion Of Department Heads.
Another Significant Executive Order Aimed To Restore Freedom Of Speech And
End Federal Censorship.
• In A Controversial Move, Trump Signed An Order To Rename The Gulf Of Mexico
As The Gulf Of America. He Also Introduced A Policy Recognising Only Two
Genders—male And Female—within The United States. Additionally,
Trump Ended The Biden Administration’s Green Policy On Electric
Vehicles, Shifting Focus Back To Traditional Energy Sources.
 • Trump Used His Presidential Powers To Pardon Over 1,500 Individuals
Involved In The January 6, 2021, Capitol Riots. He Justified This As Addressing
Perceived Injustices By The Previous Administration.

Nigeria Joins BRICS Bloc

• Nigeria was officially admitted as a partner country of the BRICS group, which
includes Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa. This move reflects Nigeria’s
growing influence as Africa’s largest economy and its commitment to
enhancing international collaboration.
 • BRICS aims to provide a counterbalance to Western-led economic forums and
promote South-South cooperation. BRICS was formed in 2009 to represent
emerging economies. Initially comprising Brazil, Russia, and China, South
Africa joined in 2010.
• The group focuses on economic cooperation, political dialogue, and reforming
global governance. In 2023, BRICS expanded by inviting Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia,
and the UAE. Nigeria’s admission marks it as the ninth partner, joining Belarus,
Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda, and Uzbekistan.
• Nigeria’s inclusion is due to its large population and economic potential. It
aims to leverage BRICS for trade, investment, and socio-economic cooperation,
aligning with its development objectives.

Yala Glacier In Nepal

• Yala Glacier, situated in Nepal’s Langtang National Park, has been a focal
point for glaciological studies due to its significant retreat over recent decades.
• Recent analyses predict that this glacier may vanish by the 2040s, underscoring
the profound impacts of climate change on the Himalayan cryosphere.
• Between 1974 and 2021, Yala Glacier retreated by 680 meters, with a
36% reduction in its area. Its elevation has declined from 5,170 meters to
5,750 meters in 2011.
• Yala Glacier is the only Himalayan glacier included in the Global Glacier
Casualty List, highlighting its critical status. This list, launched in 2024,
identifies glaciers worldwide that are critically endangered or have already
disappeared. Glaciers are vital freshwater sources for millions.

• The Hindu Kush Himalaya region, dependent on glaciers, is warming twice as

fast as the global average, threatening water security for approximately 240
million people. Rapid glacier melting leads to the formation of unstable
glacial lakes. Their potential overflow poses catastrophic flood risks to
downstream communities.
 • The United Nations has designated 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’
Preservation, emphasizing the importance of glaciers and providing essential
hydrological, meteorological, and climate services to those dependent on them.
• Additionally, starting in 2025, March 21 will be observed annually as the
World Day for Glaciers. India has launched the National Mission for Sustaining
the Himalayan Ecosystem and established the Indian National Centre for
Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) to monitor glacier-related events and
issue GLOF alerts.

Gujarat To Host 1st Olympic Research Conference

• India’s ambition to host the 2036 Olympics has taken a significant step
forward, as officials from the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and experts
from diverse fields gather in Gujarat for a pivotal four-day event.
• This meeting, organized in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports, focuses on developing strategies and innovative economic
models to build sustainable sports infrastructure, essential for positioning
India as a strong contender for hosting the prestigious global event.
• The high-profile event is set to feature keynote sessions, discussions, and
collaborative brainstorming on various critical aspects of hosting the Olympics.
The goal is to create a robust roadmap for India’s Olympic aspirations while
ensuring sustainability, inclusivity, and global competitiveness.
• The conference will provide a platform for key stakeholders, including IOA
officials, policymakers, researchers, and industry experts, to share insights
and devise actionable plans.
 • “2036 Vision: Pathway to Become an Olympic Host” – Highlighting
India’s journey and readiness to host the Olympics.
• “Global Best Practices and Comparative Analysis in Olympic City Selection and
Urban Legacy” – Learning from successful Olympic host cities and
understanding their urban development strategies.
• “Financing the Future: Innovative Economic Models for Hosting Olympics
in India” – Exploring sustainable funding mechanisms and investment
opportunities.
• “Greening the Games: Integrating Sustainability into the Indian Olympic Plan”
– Incorporating environmentally friendly practices into planning and execution.
• “The Road to 2036: Promoting Gender Equity and Inclusion Across Disciplines”
– Ensuring diversity and equal opportunities in sports.

“Swarnim Bharat: Virasat Aur Vikas”

• 160-member marching contingent and 190-member band contingent from
Indonesia took part in the Parade. Thirty-One tableaux from various States,
Union Territories, and Central Government Ministries and Departments
participated, showcasing the theme “Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas.”
For the first time, a Tri-services tableau participated on Kartavya Path,
displaying the spirit of jointness and integration.
• Haryana’s tableau showcased the Bhagwad Gita and the tableau of
Uttar Pradesh depicted the ongoing Mahakumbh 2025.
• The event concluded with a flypast by 47 aircraft. The flypast witnessed a
breath-taking air show by Rafale, Su-30, Jaguar, C-130, Dornier-228 and An-
32 aircraft and Apache and Mi-17 helicopters. With Suparna Saikia, Anupam
Mishra, Akashvani News, Delhi.

• To honour their contributions in nation and society building, special

guests from different walks of life were invited as Government’s Special
guests to witness the event.
• Ten thousand Special Guests in 34 categories, including the Sarpanches from
villages, Handicraft and Handloom Artisans, SHG members, ASHA and Anganwadi
workers, Road Construction Workers were invited as Special Guests.
Padma Awards
• President Droupadi Murmu has approved conferment of 139 Padma Awards
for Year 2025. The list comprises seven Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan
and 113 Padma Shri Awards.
• 23 of the awardees are women and the list also includes 10 persons from
the category of Foreigners/NRI/PIO/OCI and 13 Posthumous awardees.
Indian writer MT Vasudevan Nair, former chairman of Suzuki Motor
Corporation, Osamu Suzuki, and singer Sharda Sinha have been awarded the
Padma Vibhushan posthumously.
 • Singer Pankaj Udhas and economist Bibek Debroy have been given the Padma
Bhushan posthumously. Hockey player PR Sreejesh has also been conferred
with Padma Bhushan. Cricketer R Ashwin and football player IM Vijayan have
been awarded with the Padmashree.
• Padma Vibhushan’ is awarded for exceptional and distinguished service,
‘Padma Bhushan’ for distinguished service of high order and ‘Padma Shri’
for distinguished service in any field. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has
congratulated all the Padma awardees.

1st Human Operated Underwater Submersible

• India is gearing up to deploy its first human-operated underwater
submersible as part of the Deep Ocean Mission. Union Minister of State for
Science and Technology, Dr. Jitendra Singh said that the submersible,
designed for a depth of up to 500 meters, is expected to launch this year, with
plans to extend its reach to 6,000 meters by next year.
 • The announcement was made during the second meeting of the
Mission Steering Committee at Prithvi Bhawan, New Delhi.
• The Deep Ocean Mission aims to explore underwater resources, improve
knowledge of deep-sea ecosystems, and advance India’s blue economy.
The mission’s objectives include identifying critical minerals, rare metals,
and undiscovered marine biodiversity, which have economic and
environmental implications.
• It will also contribute to sustainable fisheries and biodiversity conservation,
providing long-term benefits to India’s scientific community and economy. Dr.
Singh highlighted the parallel progress of the Deep Ocean Mission and the
Gaganyaan space program, which aims to send humans to space. This alignment
represents India’s advancements in both marine and space technology.

ISRO Set To Launch Its 100th Satellite

• India’s space agency, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), is preparing
to make history with the launch of its 100th satellite. This milestone mission is
set to take place on January 29 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in
Sriharikota, with the GSLV-F15 NVS-02 mission.
• This achievement marks a significant step for India in space exploration and
satellite technology, reinforcing the country’s growing space capabilities. The
upcoming mission will see the launch of the GSLV-F15, which is equipped with
India’s Indigenous Cryogenic Stage.
• The rocket is designed to place the NVS-02 satellite into a Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit (GTO). The launch will be conducted from the Second Launch Pad
(SLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, a prominent hub for ISRO’s
space missions.
• The GSLV-F15 flight is of special importance as it is the 17th flight of India’s
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and the 11th flight to
feature the Indigenous Cryogenic Stage.

• This also marks the 8th operational flight of the GSLV using this cryogenic
stage, which has become one of India’s critical achievements in rocket
propulsion technology.
• The NVS-02 satellite is the second in the NVS series and will augment the NavIC
(Navigation with Indian Constellation) system, which is India’s
regional navigation satellite system.
• NavIC provides accurate Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services to users
across India and the surrounding region, extending up to 1,500 kilometers beyond
India’s landmass. The system’s primary function is to offer highly precise
 navigation information to users, a key element in both civilian and
military applications.

• The NVS series satellites (NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04, and NVS-05) are
designed to enhance and augment the NavIC base layer constellation. The
satellites will improve the continuity of the service and ensure the long-
term availability of accurate navigation data for users.
• ISRO has highlighted the enhanced features of these satellites, aimed at
maintaining the high standards of positioning accuracy. One of the key
technological features of the NVS-02 satellite is its use of a combination
of indigenous and procured atomic clocks.
• These clocks are essential for precise time estimation, which is a crucial
aspect of satellite navigation. The combination of these advanced atomic
clocks enables the satellite to offer exceptional accuracy in time and
positioning services.

India, China Agree On Kailash Mansarovar Yatra

• India and China have agreed on a slew of measures during the meeting of the
Foreign Secretary-Vice Minister mechanism to stabilize and rebuild bilateral
ties. The new understandings include the resumption of Kailash Mansarovar
Yatra, the restoration of direct flights between the two countries and the
sharing of trans-border river data among others.
• Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri, who was on a two-day visit to China,
attended the meeting. The External Affairs Ministry said in a statement, that
the relevant mechanism will discuss the modalities for resuming the Kailash
Mansarovar Yatra as per existing agreements.
• The two sides also agreed to hold an early meeting of the India-China
Expert Level Mechanism to discuss the resumption of the provision of
hydrological data and other cooperation pertaining to trans-border rivers.
• They also agreed to take appropriate measures to further promote and facilitate
people-to-people exchanges, including media and think-tank interactions. They
agreed in principle to resume direct air services between the two countries.

• The two sides recognize that 2025, being the 75th anniversary of the
establishment of diplomatic relations between India and China, should be
utilized to redouble public diplomacy efforts to create better awareness
about each other and restore mutual trust and confidence among the public.
 • They will conduct a number of commemorative activities to mark this
anniversary. Specific concerns in the economic and trade areas were
discussed to resolve these issues and promote long-term policy transparency
and predictability.
• During his visit, the Foreign Secretary also called on Members of the Politburo
of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Director of the
Office of Central Commission of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Minister Wang Yi,
and Minister of the International Department of the Communist Party of China,
Liu Jianchao.

Geo - Tagging Saves Kashmir’s Iconic Chinar Trees

• Kashmir’s majestic chinar trees, long considered a symbol of its cultural
and natural heritage, face growing threats from urbanization and
infrastructure projects.
• To preserve and monitor these iconic trees, the Jammu & Kashmir Forest
Research Institute (JKFRI) has launched the ‘Digital Tree Aadhar’ initiative,
providing each chinar tree with a unique digital identity. This ambitious
project integrates technology to protect biodiversity, preserve cultural
heritage, and raise awareness about these remarkable trees.
• Initiative Purpose: To monitor, protect, and manage the health of every chinar
tree in Kashmir. Modeled after India’s Aadhaar system, every tree is assigned
a unique ID Technology Used: Geo-tagging with Geographic Information
System (GIS), Quick Response (QR) codes, and metal cards featuring barcodes
for public scanning.

• Around 10,000 trees have been metal card-tagged so far. Chinar Census: A
systematic survey started in 2021, geo-tagging 28,560 chinar trees to date.
Future Expansion: Chinars in Jammu’s Chenab Valley and the Pir Panjal Valley
 will also be included. Top Trees: Recording of the top 20 chinars, including the
world’s third-largest chinar (girth: 74 ft) in Ganderbal district.

• Significance and Chinars play a key role in absorbing carbon and mitigating
climate change.
• Recognized as part of Kashmir’s folklore, literature, religious practices, and
historical landmarks.Introduced to Kashmir by Islamic preachers from
Central Asia and Persia over 400 years ago.
• Derived from the Persian phrase “Che naar ast” meaning “What flame is that?”
– inspired by the crimson red leaves in autumn. A 700-year-old chinar in
Budgam district, planted by Sufi saint Syed Qasim Shah, is the oldest
recorded tree.
• Planted extensively in Srinagar’s Mughal gardens like Naseem Bagh, Nishat
Bagh, and Shalimar Garden in the 16th century. Chinar trees are revered by
both Hindus and Muslims, forming part of settings at shrines like Hazratbal and
temples like Kheer Bhawani. Featured in numerous iconic Bollywood films,
symbolizing romance and nostalgia.

Global Wetland Cities Network

• Indore and Udaipur have achieved a significant milestone by becoming the
first two cities from India to join the global list of accredited Wetland Cities
under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
• This recognition marks an important step in India’s commitment to
sustainable urban development and ecological conservation. Prime Minister
Narendra Modi congratulated both cities, highlighting the importance of
balancing urban growth with environmental sustainability.
• The accreditation reflects the value of wetlands in providing ecological, social,
and economic benefits, making them vital for the sustainable development
of cities. Indore and Udaipur are the first Indian cities to be recognized under
the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

• Both cities were nominated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests,

and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
• Indore: Sirpur Lake, a Ramsar site, is recognized for its significance as a
water bird congregation area and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
• Udaipur: Surrounded by five major wetlands, including Pichola, Fateh Sagar,
Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai, which contribute to the
city’s culture, identity, and microclimate regulation.