AC

AC circuits
Sinusoids and Phasors

• A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine
function.
• A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating
current (ac).
• Such a current reverses at regular time intervals and has
alternately positive and negative values.
• Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are
called ac circuits.
Sinusoids
• Consider the sinusoidal voltage
A sketch of Vm sinωt: (a) as a function of ω t, (b) as a function of t.
The sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds

T is called the period of the sinusoid.
Sinusoids
A periodic function is one that satisfies f (t ) =f (t + nT), for all t

and for all integers n.
The period T of the periodic function is the time of one
complete cycle or the number of seconds per cycle
The reciprocal of this quantity is the
number of cycles per second, known as
the cyclic frequency “f ” of the sinusoid.
Sinusoids
• A more general expression for the sinusoid
• Let
Here v2 leads v1 by φ or v1 lags v2 by φ
If φ≠0 we say that v1 and v2 are out of phase.
If φ=0 then v1 and v2 are said to be in phase; they reach their minima
and maxima at exactly the same time.
1. Find the amplitude, phase, period, and
frequency of the sinusoid
• Calculate the phase angle between v1 = -10 cos(ωt + 50) and
v2= 12 sin(ωt + 10).State which sinusoid is leading.
Phase difference between v2 and v1 is 30⁰
v2 leads v1 by 30⁰
Phasors
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• A complex number z can be written in rectangular
form as
• The complex number z can also be written in polar

or exponential form as
• Addition and subtraction of complex numbers
are better performed in rectangular form.
• Multiplication and division are better done in
polar form.
Phasor diagram
Transformation of the sinusoid from the time
domain to the phasor domain.
Similarly
Phasor Relationships for Circuit
Elements
Resistor
• Voltage-current relations for a resistor in the: (a) time
domain, (b) frequency domain.
Phasor diagram for the resistor
If the current through a resistor R is i = Im cos(ωt+ φ),the

voltage across it is given by Ohm’s law as
Inductor
• Voltage-current relations for a Inductor in the: (a) time
Phasor diagram for the Inductor

For the inductor L, assume the current through it is i = Im cos(ωt+
φ), The voltage across the inductor is
Capacitor
• Voltage-current relations for a Capacitor in the: (a) time
Phasor diagram for the resistor
• For the capacitor C, assume the voltage across it is v= vm

cos(ωt+ φ), The current through the capacitor is
2. Aa
Answer: 50 cos(100ωt + 120) mA.

Impedance and Admittance
• The impedance represents the opposition that the circuit
exhibits to the flow of sinusoidal current.
• Z is a frequency-dependent quantity known as impedance,

measured in ohms.
• The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V
to the phasor current I, measured in ohms (Ω).
Impedance and Admittance
Impedence may be expressed in rectangular form as
• The reactance X may be positive or negative.

• We say that the impedance is inductive when X is positive or
capacitive when X is negative.
• Thus, impedance Z= R+ jX is said to be inductive or lagging

since current lags voltage
• while impedance Z= R- jX is capacitive or leading because
current leads voltage.
Impedence may be expressed in polar form as
• The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in
siemens (S).
• where G = Re Y s called the

conductance and B = Im Y is
called the susceptance.
1. Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown in Fig
2. Determine v(t) and i(t)
Answer:
8.944 sin(10t + 93.43) V
4.472 sin(10t + 3.43) A.
3. Find the input impedance of the circuit in Fig. Assume that
the circuit operates at ω=50 rad/s
4. Find the input impedance of the circuit in Fig. Assume that
the circuit operates at ω=10 rad/s
4. Determine V0(t)in the circuit of Fig
Nodal Analysis
• Find ix in the circuit of Fig using nodal analysis.
first convert the circuit to the frequency domain

• Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit of Fig
Super node
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode as shown below. Applying KCL

at the supernode gives
But we know that
Mesh Analysis
• Determine current I0 in the circuit of Fig using mesh analysis
Applying KVL to mesh 1, we obtain

Superposition Theorem
• Since ac circuits are linear, the superposition
theorem applies to ac circuits the same way it
applies to dc circuits.
1. Find I0
Z
For mesh 1
For mesh 2
Solving these equations we get

For mesh 3
But
Therefore

AC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AC circuits

Sinusoids and Phasors

A sketch of Vm sinωt: (a) as a function of ω t, (b) as a function of t.

The sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds

A periodic function is one that satisfies f (t ) =f (t + nT), for all t

Here v2 leads v1 by φ or v1 lags v2 by φ

If φ≠0 we say that v1 and v2 are out of phase.

Phase difference between v2 and v1 is 30⁰

• The complex number z can also be written in polar

Phasor diagram for the resistor

If the current through a resistor R is i = Im cos(ωt+ φ),the

Phasor diagram for the Inductor

Phasor diagram for the resistor

• For the capacitor C, assume the voltage across it is v= vm

Answer: 50 cos(100ωt + 120) mA.

• Z is a frequency-dependent quantity known as impedance,

• The reactance X may be positive or negative.

• Thus, impedance Z= R+ jX is said to be inductive or lagging

• where G = Re Y s called the

first convert the circuit to the frequency domain

Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode as shown below. Applying KCL

Applying KVL to mesh 1, we obtain

Solving these equations we get

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.