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Unit 3 Profed 104

The document discusses the theoretical frameworks of educational administration and school organization, categorizing schools as either rational or natural systems. It emphasizes the importance of theories in understanding reality, the role of individuals within schools, and the need for effective communication and participation. Additionally, it highlights the dynamic relationship between bureaucracy, individual needs, and the external environment in shaping school functions and achieving educational goals.

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11 views3 pages

Unit 3 Profed 104

The document discusses the theoretical frameworks of educational administration and school organization, categorizing schools as either rational or natural systems. It emphasizes the importance of theories in understanding reality, the role of individuals within schools, and the need for effective communication and participation. Additionally, it highlights the dynamic relationship between bureaucracy, individual needs, and the external environment in shaping school functions and achieving educational goals.

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21bgu0562ms
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

San Carlos Campus

PROFED 104 LECTURE NOTES


UNIT 3: SCHOOL AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM

1. Educational administration and school organisation are part of theoretical SYSTEM. Are they
rational system or natural system ?
2. THEORY AND REALITY •To understand “reality” better, we formulate theory •No theory is
static/permanent as dependent on individuals, situation experience •From reliable source
through observation, traditional accumulation (culture, history) & with authority (i.e can be
tested) •Taken from initiative to check on beliefs & adherence •To search on assumptions. To
see life episodes with critiques & to initiate quest for something new • To find answers about
the natural environment, phenomena & social happenings .
3. Knowledge From Theory • Opinions which are organised • Documented & recognised •
Guide to form structure & to control the running of organisation • Needs development of ideas
& interpretation before being applied • Take time to be accumulated thro’ various means •
Focus on scrutiny & systematic evaluation • Not subjective but to look for the truth • Open to
challenge. Invalid if there is no concrete evidence •Encourage further enquiry as long as
procedures are followed.
4. To seek the truth as guidance for human being, to find ways & means to solve problems
including in the field of education According to John Dewey (1938), this aspect being applied in
teaching & learning : • Students learn to adapt to work together, tolerate, to accept • Make
adaptation to the surrounding which are diversified & from different background. Help to solve
teething/ difficult problems • Open to new ideas & willing to progress • More active when
learning through different techniques
5. Theoretical Components • Concept – idea , some abstract to talk about . In organisational
administration – leadership, motivation, culture, power , formal & informal organisation •
Assumptions – may perceived as correct even with no proof • Generalisation – makes
connection with one idea/concept and another. Makes it more meaningful.
6. Concept And Generalisation • Idea (concept) linked to generalisation • Hypothesis
developed from the generalisation • Explain hypothesis based on evidence • Systematic
procedures and process • Findings are testable • Problems and constraints can be identified •
Methods of solution concrete • Conclusion based on research, observation. Model of
understanding the environment /reality. • Not to forecast the future blindly
7. SCHOOLS AS RATIONAL SYSTEM • An institution estbd to achieve certain clear goals •
Organised as efficient as possible , blueprint – rules & std procedures to control behaviour.
•There is division of labour – to attain effective level of work standards. Administrative,
academic and support staff with clear-cut tasks & responsibilities •Limit of control on number of
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
San Carlos Campus

PROFED 104 LECTURE NOTES


UNIT 3: SCHOOL AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM

subordinates •Coordinative procedures carried out to facilitate its function as effective


organisation .
8. SCHOOLS AS RATIONAL SYSTEM •Use human factor as media to produce results •Use
scientific approach to look for best practice, not solely on norms as rule to make decisions
•Employees be trained suitably to complete tasks. On-the- job training done to continuously
keep staff competent & relevant •Monetary reward given with qualification, competence &
experience. •Formal bureaucratic procedures & responsibilities done by the administrator .
9. SCHOOL AS NATURAL SYSTEMS •It must be able to sustain with times, not merely to achieve
goals. Relate to question of survival. •Individuals are important component of an organisation.
(No society without nobody) •Individuals as members too have needs. They perform their tasks
to generate materials for their needs.
10. SCHOOL AS NATURAL SYSTEMS •Formal process may be assumed too rigid & permanent
whereas humans are active species. •Informal norms & operational procedures are more
relevant than formal expectations •Top-down bureaucratic practices may hinder hidden talent.
Widespread participation is more useful •Timing set for supervision may lead to autocratic
action •Communication in natural manner more preferred.
11. School as open system – interplay of influence of the society, community, politics, history,
administrator, teacher, students •There’re individuals involved – teacher, learners,
administrators, students – Have needs, beliefs. Dependent on the level of cognition to have
knowledge, understand tasks, & display the desired behaviour • Culture - dynamic relationship
of bureaucracy, individual needs and job environment. Share common values, beliefs , thoughts.
Give commitment, share spirit of togetherness, respect •A school as a bureaucratic organisation
– a structure with many levels to undertake duties – like a pyramid model. Each has different
expectations & roles - coded and accepted as general rules – to supervise, delegate etc.
12. Political implications - certain individuals attempt to exercise influence, sometimes informal
and weather it comes from legitimate authority •Environment – external sources that have
implications – regulations, economy, demography, technological trends. Have to consider at
moderate level for school to function effectively •Outcome based - important for school to have
consistent norms to achieve goals. Shd have motivation, expectation, indicators. •Understand
school as a learning organisation - effective, transformal leadership, safe, planned activities,
innovative, dynamic.

ALVIN G. GARCIA
College Instructor
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
San Carlos Campus

PROFED 104 LECTURE NOTES


UNIT 3: SCHOOL AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM

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