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LCS Reviewer

Table of Contents

Lesson 1 ....................................... 2

Lesson 2 ....................................... 8

Lesson 3 ....................................... 9

Lesson 4 ..................................... 12

Lesson 5 ..................................... 14

Lesson 6 ..................................... 17

Lesson 7 ..................................... 21
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Lesson 1 mean of one nation to be united thru

a universally understood language;
Cultural Frameworks
ex. Filipino in the Philippines
Language as a communication tool
- ethnic identity & language are
- language is essential for
related as the latter become
communication, in a way that it is
something that makes one ethnicity
our means to connect w/ other
distinct from the other; ex. Tagalog,
people share each our own ideas,
Ilocano, Bikol, etc.
thoughts, intentions, insights, or
- class identity & language are related
news
so that it determines one’s social
- language reflects the cultural values
background by their status in the
its speakers have, & the nuance of a
society by the way they speak; ex.
conversation may differ depending
compare colloquial & minority
on which society they’re contained
variants of a language to formal
in; one topic may be taboo in
language
another society, for example, & this
- geographical identity thru dialects—
may be reflected on their language
as dialects form thru dispersion of a
- a culture holds many aspects which
language in a geographical area, the
composes it, & language is one of
dialects themselves adapt to reflect
them; as it is part of the culture,
the environment they’re located on,
language shapes the identity of an
thus making a distinction from other
individual, especially considering it is
varieties in other places
their means of passing ideas
Sexual & educational identity
- a language may disperse itself thru
- language & sexual identity—sexual
the people, & the dispersion may
& gender differences may reflect on
causes some changes in the root
the language of a person belonging
culture among the people due to
to each distinctions of either one;
isolation; these differences may bear
historically, there have been a
dialects of a language, & therefore
language developed that is exclusive
dialects may reflect social
for women or the queer
background, which now become
- some cultures excel in leading
distinct from one another
academic & educational
Aspects of social identity
advancements, thus the language
- national identity & language are
they use also reflect these; these
related in a way that it may be a
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language become mediums that can be stored; it may be done orally

either that culture or others use to or written
propagate knowledge, because of - language may reflect the diversity of
which language shapes the cultural practices by conforming w/
educational identity of these cultures the sophistication of a culture &
- a society may be elevated to keep making distinctions of actions people
up with the advancements or deem different by their cultural belief
revolutions its people desire, & what The impact of globalization on language
better way to drive these changes by - language contact & borrowing
empowerment thru language happen by migration of people
- a culture may also be oppressed by coming from different cultures, which
a more superior one by being then exchange ideas thru their
subject to the latter’s influences, & respective languages, then language
one of the ways this happen is mixing happens for communication
marginalization thru language; this to become easier; ex. increase of
may be a way one language or modern English loanwords in
culture may die by disuse or languages like Tagalog, Japanese,
becoming obsolete Chinese, etc.
Cultural transmission thru language - as certain languages become more
- language can be a cultural vehicle in prominent as caused by
a way that it becomes a medium for globalization, it becomes a threat to
people to pass down their traditions minority languages; they fall to
& let the culture cultivate & evolve disuse by being replaced by majority
among its people & those languages more suitable for
exchanging w/ which connecting w/ people around the
- culture may be reflected thru world
storytelling & idioms they pass down - thus, the loss of minority languages
from generation to generation, & causes dilution of linguistic diversity,
language becomes their bridge to threatening not only the state of the
connect them to the beliefs & values languages themselves, but also the
enclosed w/in the culture’s stories cultures they root from, which now
- preservation of knowledge of a become subject to disappearing
culture cannot be done w/o - cultural exchange thru language
language thru which the knowledge may happen by passing down the
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knowledge of one culture w/ therefore, language may also

someone coming from another via a influence self-perception & how
language both parties understand he/she can label him/herself
Language & social cohesion - language shapes the nuance a
- shared language fosters belonging conversation may hold by
so that one may be more influencing how they express their
comfortable sharing his/her own thoughts; therefore, you may say
thoughts thru a language both social interactions are affected by
he/she’s comfortable w/ & thru which language
he/she can be understood - group affiliations & language—
- one may come to be curious of a language may be used to determine
culture barred by a language one one’s affiliation to a group by how
doesn’t understand; linguistic the language itself is modified
diversity enriches interactions by uniquely to be attributed to that
making people engage more so that group
they learn more about each other’s - complexity of identities may be
culture & broaden their perspectives shown by how each & everyone may
- making all speak & understand one have their own idiolects—their own
language promotes inclusivity so personal variants of a language—
that no one is left out in isolation that speaks aloud the characteristics
where no one can understand & personality of an individual, one
him/her & his/her culture that composes his/her own identity
- respect for linguistic background— Linguistic identity & its implications
one must hold the value that as - linguistic identity shapes
different people may speak different relationships—the way one speaks
languages, one must consider this may affect how other people may
barrier when communicating w/ them receive him/her & the impression
& encourage cooperation so that he/she leaves to others
everyone is heard - professional settings may require
The role of language in identity different language usage, & one’s
formation ability to switch or proficiently use to
- a language may only be able to suitable language may affect his/her
express so much certain ideas that it chances for opportunities; therefore,
shapes the way a person thinks; you may say that professional
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opportunities are affected by Conclusion

language - complexity of language & identity
- as social background can affect can be seen on how one affects the
one’s language usage, social status other
can also be linked to language as it - importance of recognition—to
may become a reflection of what acknowledge that each person has
environment affected by social their own way of speaking, & each
status one grew up/accustomed w/ situation has their own suitable
- importance of inclusivity—it fosters language
unity in a way that every can freely - enhancing personal dev’t—
express ideas & have their ideas acknowledging linguistic diversity
understood by others w/o barriers may help in broadening one’s
either caused by capability or perspective
prejudice - fostering inclusivity in academia by
Summary key points being linguistically sensitive in
- role of language in communication— delivering education to students
medium for expressing & Future directions in language & identity
exchanging ideas research
- correlation btw. linguistic & social - evolving dynamics of linguistic
identity—how you speak may reflect identity—language used by people
how you place in society; goes both can be shaped by social changes,
ways technology & globalization, which
- impact of globalization on needs to be studied
language—it has affected how - impact of digital communication—the
languages are dispersed & used; way the internet is built differently as
some language became more a means of communication has also
widespread, while others are starting affect the way people speak thru it
to die out - language, culture, & justice—how
- importance of fostering inclusivity— people use language to express who
it’s important to have everyone’s they are, belong to communities, or
voice heard & understood challenge inequalities/differences
- importance of interdisciplinary
approaches—studying
sociolinguistics use of language in
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multiple lenses such is linguistics, adaptive to the linguistic needs &

sociology, psychology, & technology circumstances of its students
may help us better understand how - advocacy for marginalized
people use language to express communities—making mov’ts
ideas & identity promoting preservation of dying &
Challenges in language & identity marginalized cultures via their
research language
- methodological rigor in research— - social change thru language
making sure that studies are awareness—being linguistically
designed to yield, accurate & reliable sensitive to social issues & utilizing
results, considering the complexity suitable language to persuade
of the subject people to drive changes in society
- complexity of measuring linguistic - community dev’t initiatives—
identity—one must consider diff. respecting & recognizing linguistic &
methodologies in recording samples cultural identities by creating spaces
of sociolinguistic studies, as there where people can use their native
are multiple ways an individual may language society-wide, helping them
use language to express him/herself feel valued & included
- ethical considerations in language— Case studies in language & identity
respecting privacy, cultural values, & - taking insights from case studies to
personal identities of participants; examine & further understand
avoiding misrepresentation or sociolinguistics phenomena &
stereotyping implications on how language &
- advancing research in the field— society is intertwined
exploring how people express - highlighting complexities of language
themselves in diff. ways, tackling use by observing various case
challenges like cultural diff., shifting studies & situations & how language
identities, how social power is used to alter or direct social
influences communication interaction
Practical applications of language & - determining broader implications of
identity rights language & identity by inductive
- inclusive curricula in education— reasoning from data gathered from
making the education system case studies
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- application of theoretical concepts beliefs & values developed w/in their

on various cases like cognitive dev’t, online space
psychology, technology, etc. - challenges of digital communication
The role of educators in language & have also emerged from the
identity distinctiveness of online mode of
- creating inclusive classrooms that communication, which needs to be
lets children express themselves in a studied & resolved
language they’re comfortable & - navigating contemporary social
expressive w/ landscape & how language is used
- advocating for linguistic rights that w/in has been a subject of study, as
doesn’t restrict children of speaking sociolinguistic contexts has changed
in their comfortable language (often depending on where it occurs offline
native) & online
- fostering respect for diversity by not The future of language & identity studies
only considering this as an educator, - interdisciplinary approaches—
but also encouraging students to sociological, linguistic,
acknowledge each other’s linguistic psychological, etc.
differences - addressing social issues—minority
- role of educators as advocates—to marginalization, linguistic elitism &
push initiatives to students of prejudice, education crisis, etc.
linguistic rights needed to be pushed - fostering inclusivity—recognizing &
& propagated to everyone respecting linguistic differences,
The impact of technology of language & being open-minded & sensitive of
identity linguistic needs
- transformation of communication— - engaging w/ diverse perspectives—
how one communicates changed by being eager to explore different
the medium he/she uses; in this views & identities of people & how it
case, by technological means reflects on their language
- influence on linguistic identity—as Final thoughts
the internet has made a distinct - there’s an intricate relationship btw.
“online” culture among its users, language & identity, in which one’s
their linguistic identity has also identity reflects on the language
evolved to conform to the shared he/she uses, & the language he/she
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uses make him/her have a distinct - they reflect social status & power
identity dynamics
- idiolects, dialects, sociolects, etc. - diff. registers serve various
may give out implications for communicative purposes
personal & social lives its speakers, Understanding sociolects
giving glimpse of how they live & - sociolects are influenced by social
how they function w/in their group or factors; it is a language variant
society unique to a certain social group
- one must consider contribution to - they differ from dialects & registers;
inclusivity & accept the diversity of they are generally more inclusive,
languages people around the world while sociolects are typically
uses, helping us connect better exclusive
- being respectful of each other’s - the function w/in specific social
linguistic identities helps in building groups; they are adapted to the
an equitable society where specific needs of that group
everyone’s needs are met thru their - they impact identity & social
suitable language interaction, making them distinct
Lesson 2 from others
Language variation in practice
Exploring linguistic diversity
- code-switching is the practice of
Geographical variations in language
alternating languages or dialects
- dialects represent regional variations
- motivations behind code-switching
of a mother language
may vary
- they may vary in pronunciation,
- it impacts identity & communication;
vocabulary, & grammar
it may reflect on what kind of
- they reflect cultural identities &
linguistic background you came from
social histories of a certain (ethnic)
& how you consider what language
subgroup
you use per social interaction
- they may influence communication
- analyzing an individual’s speech
w/ & perception towards a subgroup
during code-switching may reveal
Social variations in a language
patterns of variations
- registers are context-dependent
The role of context in language use
variations of a language
- context may influence language
- they may range from formal to
choice
informal
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- situational awareness is the key to interacting in various platforms,

effective communication; you need themselves containing their own
to pick up the nuances of the social contexts
conversation & the environment in - digital communication fosters
order to execute social interaction linguistic creativity
well according to how you desire The future of dialects & registers
- inappropriate language use can lead - globalization impacts how language
to misunderstandings or varies from group to group
misinterpretations - migration influences dialectal shifts;
- language choice reflects social as a subgroup deviates from its
norms & expectations; this may mother group, local language
differ from culture to culture (or changes may also occur adapting to
cross-cultures) the environment & its own social
Dialects in literature changes
- dialects enhance character dev’t in - cultural exchange fosters linguistic
literature innovation; this may range from
- they convey cultural representation scientific/academia advancements to
of an ethnic group/subgroup vernacular evolutions
- they could impact readers’ - linguistic diversity is essential for
perceptions of texts cultural identity
- they enhance storytelling Conclusion
authenticity - understanding language variation is
The influence of technology on language crucial for recognizing differences
variation among identities
- technology transforms language - language reflects cultural identities &
use, especially because of culture social dynamics
exchange & blending w/in online - the study of dialects & registers
spaces informs linguistic research
- the born internet slang represents a - future trends will shape language
new register w/in the online use
landscape Lesson 3
- social media influences language
Navigating multiple languages
evolution; more new terms are being
The global landscape of multilingualism
coined among online users
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- the prevalence of multilingualism - it prepares people for a globalized

globally may be observed especially workforce
in culturally-diverse countries or Case studies of multilingual
communities communities
- its role in identity is that it reflects on - multilingualism in India—Hindi,
the cultures mixed w/in the Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil,
environment you grew up in, which Gujarati, Punjabi, Kannada, etc.
then reflects on how you interact & - Singapore’s multilingual policy—
resultingly talk w/ other people English as first language, mother
- example in various regions— tongue (Chinese, Malay, Tamil, etc.)
prevalent use of English, Filipino, & as second
the local language in the Philippines; - bilingual education in Basque
usage of Mandarin & (for example) country—learning both Basque &
Cantonese in China Spanish in schools
- challenges of multilingualism incl. - resilience of multilingual
language barriers, discrimination, communities—immigrants talking in
social & peer pressure, etc. their respective native language
Cognitive benefits of multilingualism among their diasporas
- it enhances problem-solving skills Language maintenance & shift
- it encourages greater creativity - language maintenance efforts—
- it nurtures better multitasking keeping a dying language alive, etc.
capabilities - factors contributing to language
- it delayed onset of cognitive decline shift—social changes, immigration,
Social benefit of multilingualism political aspects, demographic
- it fosters social cohesion trends, etc.
- it enhances intercultural - intergenerational transmission of
communication language—parents’ proficiency in
- it provides greater access to info mother language, eagerness &
- it increases community engagement attitude towards passing language to
Multilingualism in education their children, etc.
- it improves academic performance - role of media in language
- it enhances critical thinking skills retention—constant exposure to
- it spreads cultural awareness & language, immersion via listening &
appreciation
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speaking, language acquisition & - training educators in multilingual

reinforcement, etc. settings so that they can connect w/
The impact of globalization on various students differing w native
multilingualism tongues
- positive effects—propagating a - community language resources for
lingua franca to more people so that those who want to learn other
more people can understand each languages
other The future of multilingualism
- language endangerment—making - increasing demand for multilingual
minority language less spoken in individuals as a result of
favor of major languages globalization
- role of English as a global lingua - integration of language learning in
franca—US influence; for education to keep up w/ global
communication btw. people from diff. demand in various industries—
backgrounds, business, science, academic, technical, etc.
diplomacy, media - role of technology in language
- balancing benefits & preservation— preservation—digital repositories for
fostering an environment where documentation and learning
people share a language thru which resources
they can understand each other, but - ongoing efforts to protect linguistic
also retaining their mother tongues diversity—keeping minority
as a mean to keep their cultural languages alive via promotion,
identity community efforts & engagement,
Policy implications of multilingualism etc.
- importance of effective language Conclusion
policies—keeping the curriculum - importance of multilingualism in
adaptive to students from diff. society—connecting people together
linguistic backgrounds, but also thru a shared language while also
avoiding language elitism fostering diversity
- support for minority languages as a - collaboration among stakeholders—
mean of making social functions engaging w/ those interested in
accessible to everyone regardless of acquiring the language & keeping it
background alive/relevant
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- valuing linguistic heritage & passing - effective policies promote

on its historical legacy bilingualism
- empowering future generations to - language education fosters thriving
retain their native language while in diversity
also acquiring one that connects Challenges of multilingualism
them to the rest of the world - language barriers can hinder
Lesson 4 communication
- minority languages risk extinction
Language planning
due to language preference
Introduction to language policy
- thoughtful policy is required to
- language policy governs language
address challenges
use in communities
- community engagement is vital for
- it influences social cohesion
success
- it affects individual identity related to
The benefits of multilingualism
his/her language
- multilingualism enhances cognitive
- understanding it is vital for
abilities
integration to society
- it also fosters cultural awareness
Multilingualism in daily life
- social skills can be enhanced thru
- many people use multiple languages
multilingualism
daily, especially in places w/ high
- it also promotes adaptability to diff.
cultural diversity
situations
- Europe exemplifies high
Case study: Switzerland
multilingualism—ex. French,
- Switzerland has 4 official languages:
German, Romansh & Italian in
French, German, Italian, & Romansh
Switzerland
- their language policy promotes
- Canada showcases bilingualism in
multilingual education
governance—English & Quebecois
- multilingualism fosters nat’l unity
French
- the Swiss model exemplifies
- India illustrates linguistic diversity &
cohesive society
code-switching, both in the local
Case study: Canada
language & English
- the country recognizes both English
The role of education in language policy
& French
- education develops language skills
- their language policy promotes
- balancing dominant & minority
equality btw. languages
languages is essential
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- bilingualism enhances social - Europe views it as an asset

cohesion - some regions, on the other hand,
- cultural understanding is promoted views it as a challenge
thru language - effective policies must address local
Case study: India needs
- India has 22 officially recognized The future of language policy & planning
languages - future policies shall promote
- multilingualism is common in the inclusivity of all identities
country - globalization will influence language
- the constitution promotes language use & will bring about language
preservation changes inevitably
- linguistic diversity enriches cultural - multilingual education will be
landscape emphasized to gain its benefits
Language & identity - balancing needs of language is
- language shapes individual & group crucial in aspects of maintaining it &
identity letting it evolve among its speakers
- multilingualism creates dynamic Language & technology
linguistic identities - technology facilitates language
- marginalization can create tensions learning by being a medium
- understanding identity is essential - it also promotes minority language
for cohesion being making it more accessible to
Language maintenance & revitalization people
- language maintenance is critical for - it bridges communication gaps &
diversity and its longevity makes it easier for people to contact
- minority language face extinction each other
risks from more dominant languages - reliance on technology raises
- revitalization efforts can enhance preservation concerns
cultural pride by carrying its legacy Language policy & globalization
- gov’t support is vital for success via - globalization affects language policy
reinforcement - language contact leads to policy
The global perspective on adaptation
multilingualism - certain languages may be promoted
- multilingualism is a global over others
phenomenon
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- inclusive policies reflect diverse Examples of standard languages,

needs pidgins, & creoles
Community involvement in language - standard languages are widely
policy accepted in formal contexts
- community involvement fosters - Tok Pisin & Chavacano(?) are
ownership & sense of belonging examples of pidgins
- grassroots initiatives promote - Haitian Creole & Louisiana Creole
minority languages by advocating its are examples of creoles
preservation & more common usage - these examples highlight the impact
- policymakers should prioritize of historical & social factors on
engagement & keeping usage of language
language active Development of creoles from pidgins
- effective policies are sustainable for - creoles develop when a pidgin is
checking a language’s longevity learned as a first language
Conclusion - vocabulary & grammar expand in the
- language policy shapes multilingual creole formation process
societies - social context influences the dev’t of
- example seen in case studies creoles
illustrate complexities & benefits - integration of linguistic elements
- globalization necessitates prioritizing from various language occurs in the
inclusivity process
- community engagement fosters Criteria for a language variety to be
supportive environments considered standard
Lesson 5 - codified grammar & dictionary are
essential
Understanding pidgins & creoles
- acceptance in formal settings is
Definition of pidgin & creole
crucial
- pidgins arise from contact btw.
- a significant body of literature &
different language speakers
media is necessary
- creoles evolve from pidgin when
- recognition by the community
they become native languages
solidifies its status
- pidgins have limited vocabulary &
Historical context of pidgins & creoles
grammar
- pidgins & creoles emerged from
- creoles have richer vocabulary &
colonization & trade; ex. Chavacano
complex structures
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from interaction btw. Filipino natives - language shift threatens the survival
& Spaniards/Mexicans of these languages
- social dynamics influence the - addressing challenges is crucial for
evolution of these language promoting linguistic diversity
- the legacy of colonialism affects Future directions for pidgins & creoles
language dev’t - globalization may foster new pidgins
- cultural interaction shapes linguistic & creoles
diversity - technology aids in language
Linguistic features of pidgins & creoles preservation; ex. r/Chavacano in
- pidgins have simplified grammar & Reddit
limited vocabulary - social changes enhance the status
- creoles develop complex of these languages
grammatical structures - understanding future directions is
- native speakers are a hallmark of essential for support
creoles Case studies of pidgins & creoles
- phonetic features may vary based - case studies reveal insights into
on speaker influences language evolution
The role of pidgins & creoles in society - Tok Pisin illustrates social factors in
- pidgins & creoles facilitate language change
communication in multilingual - Haitian Creole reflects historical
context; it is an attempt to connect to blending of languages
speakers from different language - individual languages highlight
backgrounds broader linguistic patterns
- they contribute to cultural identity & The importance of linguistic diversity
expression - linguistic diversity enriches cultural
- they influence educational practices heritages bearing these pidgins &
& language policy creoles
- understanding their societal roles is - pidgins & creoles represent each
essential for linguists & educators their own unique histories
Challenges faced by pidgins & creoles - linguistic diversity promotes
- pidgins & creoles are often cognitive benefits
perceived as inferior languages - valuing diversity fosters inclusive
- lack of institutional support hinders societies
their recognition
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The role of education in supporting - leveraging technology is essential

pidgins & creoles for preservation efforts
- education supports the survival of Policy recommendations for language
pidgins & creoles, keeping them still preservation
spoken by younger generations - recognition in official contexts is
- incorporating pidgins & creoles in essential
everyday life w/in society promotes - policies should promote linguistic
diversity rights
- inclusive practices foster positive - funding enhances community
learning environments, letting these engagement & resources
pidgins & creoles involved in - understanding policy
education recommendations fosters diversity
- resources & training enhance The impact of globalization on pidgins &
teaching effectiveness, utilizing creoles
these pidgins & creoles to be more - globalization influences the
in contact w/ their student speakers emergence of new pidgins & creoles
Community engagement in language - existing pidgins & creoles may
preservation evolve due to globalization
- community engagement fosters - dominant languages may
ownership of linguistic heritage overshadow pidgins & creoles
- community-led programs promote - addressing globalization’s impact is
daily language use essential for preservation
- collaboration w/ organizations The role of cultural identity in language
enhances preservation efforts use
- understanding community - pidgins & creoles symbolize
engagement is vital for success community identity
The intersection of technology & - language fosters a sense of
language belonging & pride among its
- technology facilitates communication speakers
among speakers - language use can resist cultural
- social media fosters community assimilation, thus avoiding risk of
building dying out
- technology offers educational - understanding cultural identity is
resources for language teaching essential for significance
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The contribution of pidgins & creoles to - the need for a balanced to language
global linguistic diversity is something to be considered in
- pidgins & creoles arise from specific prescriptivism
historical contexts, often from Scientific study of language
colonization - linguistics examines language as a
- they enrich the world’s linguistic natural phenomenon
landscape - it focuses on communication rather
- they showcase linguistic creativity & than rules
adaptability - consideration of social & cultural
- recognizing their contribution fosters factors is involved during study
appreciation of diversity - historical dev’t shapes language &
Summary & conclusion its usage among its speakers
- pidgins & creoles arise from unique The impact of prescriptivism
historical contexts - stigmatization of dialects & varieties,
- they serve important roles in society, deeming them “inferior” compared to
especially considering their colonial the standard language
origins (most of the time) - speakers of these variants receive
- understanding their challenges is pressure to conform to the norms
crucial for their preservation - it is also a factor in stifling linguistic
- recognizing their value supports creativity
linguistic diversity - it also places limitations on language
Lesson 6 evolution
The role of speech communities
Linguistic equality
- speech communities shape
Understanding prescriptivism
language norms
- prescriptivism emphasizes rules;
- language evolves thru social
grammar, vocabulary, spelling, etc.
interaction
are standardized for proper & official
- collective preferences establish
use
norms
- it can lead to linguistic elitism over
- diversity in language is valuable
other variants of the language
Balancing prescriptivism & language
- language is dynamic & influence by
equality
culture, thus it is flexible & malleable
- there is the importance of inclusive
communication that indiscriminately
 18

considers all aspects which may - they may also balance authenticity &
change the way a language’s effective communication in their
speaker may talk method of teaching
- recognizing the value of linguistic - educators may also consent in
diversity is essential in keeping the challenging prescriptivist norms
cultural & linguistic landscape rich The importance of dialogue
- promoting understanding of - dialogue is essential for
language dynamic for recognizing understanding linguistic diversity
linguistic differences depending on - sharing experiences thru dialogue
social context promotes respect among each other
- one must aim to create an - challenging prescriptivist attitudes is
environment that respects variations part of exchanging dialogue
of a language - it also encourages inclusivity in
The future of language studies language use
- one must put emphasis on inclusivity Conclusion
in research—speakers of different - understanding the relationship btw.
variants of a language language usage & social
- one must also study language in its dynamics/expectations is essential
context to yield more nuanced in studying how prescriptivism works
findings - valuing linguistic diversity is
- studying will involve challenging essential on keeping social cohesion
traditional views on the language & & richness of cultural landscape
verifying them - challenging prescriptive norms is
- one must also be in favor of part of fostering a diverse linguistic
promoting equitable understanding environment for speakers to express
of language, which is part of the aim in a way comfortable for them
for inclusivity - promoting effective communication
The role of educators in language is essential to connect w/ other
- educators are involved in shaping people
attitudes towards a language The role of technology in language
- they may encourage students to - technology shapes language
explore dialects for learning & interaction by being the mold of how
awareness people converse w/in
 19

- new platforms for expression into risk, but also prescriptivism

emerge, w/in which people develop spread as an attempt for uniformity
new ways of communication - spread of certain languages, which
- challenges of prescriptivism online comes to take on the roles of “lingue
can be observe & keeping use of franca,” happen in order to connect
language dynamic regardless of more people w/ each other in easier
medium communication
- technology facilitates the spread of - marginalization of minority
diversity not only by being a platform languages happens as a result,
of social interaction, but also by deeming them as “improper” as
being a catalyst of cultural exchange opposed to standardized language
& thus its evolution - understanding the relationship is
Language policy & education btw. language use & social dynamic
- language policy shapes attitudes in prescriptivism is crucial on
towards a language, standardization understanding globalization is a
caused by which is an occurrence of major aspect to this kind of
prescriptivism phenomenon
- promoting inclusivity in education is The role of media in language
important in acknowledging the - media shapes language attitudes as
differences of linguistic background its quality of being mass-
of students communicative brings about big
- push for empowering authentic influence to their views towards a
expression as respect to students’ language
freedom of expression, no matter - representation in various forms is
what subject, means, or method important in encouraging recognition
- challenging prescriptivist norms in of linguistic diversity
education to give students more - media may tend to reinforce
space to share their thoughts are prescriptivist norms in a way that it
learn in an environment that doesn’t caters to the mass in one way of
restrict their expression language usage, to which speakers
The influence of globalization adapt into conformity as an attempt
- globalization impacts linguistic for equal understanding, repressing
diversity in a way that not only language variation
minority language variants are put
 20

- celebrating linguistic diversity is still - valuing all voices is essential & it’s
crucial in keeping the richness of important to have everyone heard &
cultures flourishing around us understood
Language & identity - engage in promoting inclusive
- language influences self-perception language practices so that everyone
- language is a reflection of cultural gets the chance to express
heritage themselves w/o restrictions
- social affiliations are expressed thru - celebrating diversity in expression &
language; i.e., sociolects, etc. appreciating the variety of ways
- importance of appreciating diversity individuals can speak out their minds
The intersection of language & power & share ideas
- language influences social The role of activism in language
hierarchies; the way one speaks - activism advocates for linguistic
may reflect on the social status of equality
speakers & the power play btw. - it involves raising awareness abt.
them language issues & trying to push for
- privileged language forms create mov’ts to resolve them
inequalities & induces elitism among - it also pushes supporting
social hierarchies marginalized voices & valuing their
- to fight against this, one may engage rights for expression &
in challenging oppressive language acknowledgement
practice—rewriting jargon-filled - it helps in contributing to equitable
literature to be more accessible to linguistic practices & respecting
the common people, etc. rights of language speakers to be
- importance of understanding power given free medium for self-
dynamics—how language is expression
incorporated in showing superiority The importance of collaboration
over others & how to face w/ these - collaboration promotes shared
kind of situations knowledge & unity in maintaining
Language & social justice diversity
- language influences representation - it does a unified approach to
& how a social group leaves advocacy for linguistic rights &
impression over others, which may freedom
affect how they’re treated
 21

- it leaves greater impact on language - Mandarin Chinese is the most

practices & how they are observed spoken language (over 1.1 billion
among particular speakers native speakers)
- the importance of building networks - lesser-known languages are vital to
incl. having means of propagating cultural identity, especially those
language usage & making from indigenous communities
communication btw. people dynamic - language reflects the history of its
& active speakers, as well as their ancestors
The future of language & equality Major language families
- it is essential for one to embrace - Indo-European
diversity, culturally or linguistically o English, French, Greek,
- one is encouraged to promote Russian, Hindi
inclusive practices that let’s - Sino-Tibetan
everyone contribute to language o Chinese, Cantonese,
collaboration Hokkien, Tibetan, Burmese
- fostering understanding of linguistic - Afroasiatic
diversity is crucial on promoting o Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopian,
equality among various language Somali, Hausa
speakers regardless of differences - Niger-Congo
- valuing all voices in the future— o Zulu, Swahili, Yoruba,
making sure that the next Lingala, Xhosa
generations are still able to pass - Austronesian
down linguistic heritage & be its o Tagalog, Cebuano,
catalyst to continue its evolution w/o Indonesian, Maori, Hawaiian
restriction of prescriptivism Language acquisition in children
Lesson 7 - children are born w/ the ability to
distinguish sounds, which aids them
Linguistic heritage
in acquiring language
Examples of languages spoken
- social interaction is vital for language
worldwide
learning of children; w/o it, they will
- the diversity of languages globally is
not be able to cognitively develop
vast; there are numerous language
speech
families that have their own distinct
- the critical period hypothesis
features
highlights optimal learning times; it
 22

states one may most effectively The importance of language preservation

learn a language during early - language preservation maintains
childhood & puberty, although this cultural identity; it is the primary
has been debated in vehicle for transmitting cultural
psycholinguistics & cognitive science values, traditions, & stories across
- environment influences shape generations
language acquisition—who teaches - many language are endangered;
the language, if the language is used there are about 3170 languages at
w/in their space, if there is enough risk of dying out due to diff. factors—
immersion in the language, etc. globalization, imperialism, linguicide,
Ongoing research in language internal factors
acquisition - community engagement is essential
- technology plays a role in language for preservation; it fosters a sense of
learning—interaction & immersion in ownership & pride in a language w/in
social media, access to language a community, leaning to active
repositories & learning resources, participation in efforts to keep it alive
etc. thru daily use
- bilingualism affects cognitive dev’t; it - the loss of a language leads to
is said that bilinguals excel in critical cultural loss; traditions, knowledge,
thinking & have delayed cognitive & values can’t be passed down w/o
decline a medium or vehicle to bring it about
- cultural factors influence language The role of linguistic in language
learning—shaping learner’s documentation
motivation, perception towards the - linguists document endangered
language, communication styles, languages for the purpose of
understanding linguistic nuances, analysis & archive in case its
etc. extinction is inevitable; it is often
- research examines language aimed to be ethical & meaningful
acquisition across backgrounds— - collaboration w/ native speakers is
how individuals from diverse essential to obtain an accurate
linguistic & cultural backgrounds documentation of a language
acquire languages; may be based - linguists develop education materials
on social status, ethnicity, exposure for those who have interest in
to language, etc. learning the language
 23

- their work promotes awareness of - teacher training is vital for effective

endangered languages, which may teaching of language to children
drive mov’ts to keep them alive - schools can serve as preservation
The impact of globalization on languages platforms; they can adjust their
- globalization spreads dominant curriculum to cater the needs of their
language—those often used in students in linguistic aspects—using
business & industry settings like their native language in lesson
English, Chinese, Spanish, etc. learning & assessment, etc.
- minority languages are endangered The influence of media on language
into disuse as a result of this - media influences language
phenomenon evolution—they become catalysts in
- multilingualism is essential for rapidly spreading new words,
diversity—not only it keeps the phrases, & communication styles
individual connected to the world, - social media creates new language
but also keeping hold of his/her trends—introducing new words,
cultural origins phrases, abbreviation, emoji usage
- efforts to protect languages are (specific in online mediums), etc.
necessary to avoid letting them fall - media can promote minority
into disuse, which risks loss of language by being vehicles to bring
cultural identity awareness for them to other people
Language & identity - media can also contribute to
- language shapes one’s identity language decline—promoting
- language fosters sense of belonging informal communication, reduced
- language can create boundaries attention to prescriptivist ideals,
btw. people blurred linguistic boundaries,
- preservation of language connects influence of dominant languages due
generations to their history to globalization
The role of education in language Language & technology
preservation - technology makes language learning
- education fosters appreciation for accessible
linguistic diversity - reliance on technology can reduce
- local languages enhance learning interaction—lesser face-to-face
experiences; ex. mother tongue- interactions & more favor on digital
based multilingual education in PH communication, impacting quality of
 24

relationships & social skills, also The role of policy in language

affecting language usage as a result preservation
- language learning can become - supportive policies are essential for
formulaic—overreliance on preservation, incl. encouragement
memorization w/o understanding for daily use in social functions,
language nuances usage in gov’t offices, etc.
- balancing methods in language - gov’t funding supports language
learning & usage is essential for initiatives aimed to foster linguistic
preservation development w/in a community
The future of language learning - awareness-raising is vital for
- technological advancements will support; it is only w/ the people
shape language learning—making revival & sustenance of a language
learning more personalized, can be driven forward
accessible, immersive, & interactive - collaboration w/ native speakers,
via various tools like AI linguists, & educators is key for
- cultural competence is essential in sustainability
learning, as language is deeply Community-led language revitalization
intertwined w/ culture—to truly - community engagement fosters
understand & effectively use a sense of ownership for the language
language, one must also understand - initiative that can be done incl.
the cultural context & nuances classes for learning the language &
associated w/ it events encouraging its usage
- innovative teaching strategies are - empowering communities ensures
needed; ex. project-based learning, its relevance for day-to-day life
flipped classroom, inquiry-based - meaningful preservation of records
learning, personalized learning, of the language helps in connecting
collaborative learning, gamification, to its speakers
etc. The challenges of language revitalization
- preparing students for the future is - limited resources of the language
crucial; one must make them acquire (i.e. records, documentations,
skills that will let them communicate learning materials, etc.) hinders
effectively thru their desired revitalization
language - dominance of global languages
overshadows local ones; it is worth
 25

considering that usage of these meet; i.e. diglossia, code-switching,

dominant languages become multilingualism, etc.
necessary for business, industry, & - language shift may happen in new
diplomacy, which further communities, depending on internal
discourages use of the local factors such as linguistic
language not as sophisticated/widely backgrounds of the people,
accepted enough as the education systems, economic
aforementioned pressures, etc.
- community interest can be difficult to - multilingualism should be promoted
foster, especially if usage of the in diverse societies in order to avoid
language begins to lose purpose or cultural identity losses of their
importance people
- innovative solutions are needed for Language & social justice
success of revitalizing languages - language access is a fundamental
The role of int’l organizations in right of all people
language preservation - language discrimination perpetuates
- int’l organizations can provide vital inequalities among diff. language
support speakers
- they raise awareness abt. linguistic - promoting linguistic rights is
heritage thru their resources & essential for awareness & mov’ts
media platforms - addressing language issues fosters
- collaboration w/ communities is equity among people coming from
essential in making their initiatives diff. backgrounds
effective The interconnectedness of language &
- sustainable frameworks are created culture
thru their involvement, ensuring - language can convey cultural
security for language preservation identity
Language & migration - language can shape one’s cultural
- migration increases linguistic expression
diversity by dispersing a language’s - cultural context are vital for
speakers over a geographical area preservation as well as learning
- language blending can occur at - interconnectedness fosters respect
places where two linguistic groups for diversity of language speakers
coming from diff. origins