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The document provides an introduction to networking and devices, detailing the OSI reference model with its seven layers, including their functions and protocols. It explains the concept of IP addresses, their classifications, and the roles of routers and switches in networking. Additionally, it covers the working modes of routers and types of routing, emphasizing the importance of switches in local area networks (LAN).

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10 views

Midsem ppt

The document provides an introduction to networking and devices, detailing the OSI reference model with its seven layers, including their functions and protocols. It explains the concept of IP addresses, their classifications, and the roles of routers and switches in networking. Additionally, it covers the working modes of routers and types of routing, emphasizing the importance of switches in local area networks (LAN).

Uploaded by

singhsimran3030
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

NETWORKING &
DEVICES

BY SIMRAN SINGH
B-TECH CSE-34
8-SEM
ROLL.NO 12001103
Networking
Interconnection of devices to provide
communication

Basic devices that are involved in networking are


Routers and Switches

 Notable example is internet


ISO
International organization for standardization
ISO has designed a reference model called OSI reference model
(open system interconnection). It has 7 layers.

1. Application layer
Protocols are FTP, HTTP, SMTP(e-mail), Telnet etc.

2. Presentation layer
Services offered are Compression – decompression, Coding -decoding,
Encryption – decryption

3. Session layer
Establishes a session
Maintains it &
Terminates it
4. Transport layer
End to end connectivity
TCP
UDP

Services: Sequencing, Flow control, error detection & correction

5. Network layer
Logical addressing
Protocols at network layer

Routed protocols routing protocols


Eg: ip,ipx eg: rip,igrp,ospf
6. Data link layer
Uses MAC addresses
MAC addresses are hardware addresses
Encapsulates Packets to Frame
Switch Work at this layer

7. Physical layer
Takes care of physical connectivity i.e. connectors, cables
Frames are converted to bits
Hubs, Repeaters works at this layer
IP Addresses

IP addresses are unique identification of a network


IP is of 32 bit
Five classes of IP addresses are there
Class A 0-126
Class B 128-191
Class C 192-223
Class D 224-239
Class E 240-255
Types of ip adresses
IP address

public ip address private ip address

Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the
Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.

Private network: for internal network i.e. intranet

Range of addresses for private network


Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Routers

Router is an internetworking component, that


connects networks which are at different
geographical locations.
Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internetwork Operating
System) image with extremely limited capabilities and POST
routines and core level OS for maintenance.
FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS
Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.
RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and
provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its
information when router is turned off. The configuration present
in RAM is called Running configuration.
NVRAM : It is a re-writable memory area that holds router’s
configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever
router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in
NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.
Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode)


2. Privilege or Administrative Mode
3. Global Configuration Mode
4. Interface Configuration Mode
5. Line Configuration Mode
6. Router Mode
7. Sub-Interface Mode
USER MODE
“Router>” is the user mode, i.e. the default prompt.
It means that when ever a router boots successfully it
lands into the user mode. Router cannot be
configured from this mode, but it is used for just
monitoring purpose.
Router> en
Router #
Privileged Mode
“Router#” it is the administrating mode, we can check
whether the settings and configurations made have been
implemented or not e.g. “Router # Sh int e0”. If it is
new router all the interfaces are by default shut down,
so the message will be, “ Ethernet 0 is administratively
down, line protocol is down.”
Global Configuration Mode

As the name indicates, it is a global configuration mode


i.e. we can configure any interface from this mode, just
by entering into the interface mode.

Router# Config terminal

Router (Config)#
SERIAL
Router(config)#Interface Serial 0
Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#No shutdown
Router(config-if)#^Z
Routing
Routing is of three types.
• Static- Manual routes

•Dynamic- Automatic routes

• Default- Default routes


(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router eigrp 1
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.100.0
(Config-Router)# no auto summary
Switch
An essential component of LAN. Switches are of two types;
Layer 2 and layer 3
Layer 2 switch :

Switch Hub
•Layer 2 Layer 1
•B.W. is equal at all ports B.W. is shared
•Identifies source with MAC Cannot identify the source
•Broad cast occur, till MAC table Always broad cast
is built
•Collision occur when both A&B Many collisions
Wants to reach D.
SWITCH VLAN
INTERNETWORKING OF CAMPUS

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