CHAPTER-8

HEAT
Calorimetry
Concepts covered: Heat, Temperature,
Topic-1 Thermal (Heat) Capacity,
Specific Heat Capacity,
Principle of Method of Mixtures

Revision Notes
� Heat : It is the form of energy which flows from one part to other parts of the system without any mechanical
work involved (by virtue of temperature difference only). It measures the total internal energy possessed by the
particles. It is represented by Q. The S.I. unit of heat is Joule (J). Another unit of heat is Calorie (cal).
¾¾Temperature : It is the measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of any body. Heat flows from a body at
higher temperature to a body at the lower temperature, until they reach to equal temperature. The SI unit of
temperature is Kelvin (K). Other units of temperature are Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F).
Temperature (in K) = 273 + temperature (in °C)
Temperature in (in °F) = (Temperature (°C) × 9/5) + 32
¾¾Different units of heat energy :
(i) One calorie : Calorie is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5°C
to 15.5°C, i.e., through 1°C, around the mean value of 15°C or the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 g of pure water by 1°C.
1 cal = 4.186 J ≈ 4.2 J
(ii) One kilocalorie : It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of pure water by 1°C.
1 kcal = 103 cal = 4.2 × 103 J
¾¾Thermal capacity or heat capacity : Thermal capacity is defined as the total amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a body by 1°C (or 1K). It is represented by C′
Heat supplied to the body (Q )
Heat capacity, C′ =
Change in temperature (DT )
Its SI unit is J/°C or J/K.
¾¾Difference between heat and temperature :
S. No. Heat Temperature
1. The kinetic energy due to the random motion The quantity which determines the direction of
of molecules of a substance is known as its heat flow of heat between the two bodies kept in contact
energy. is called temperature.
2. The S.I. unit of heat is joule (J). The S.I. unit of temperature is Kelvin (K).
3. It is measured by the principle of calorimetry. It is measured by a thermometer.
4. It is an additive quantity. It is not an additive quantity.
¾¾The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit
mass of that substance through 1°C (or 1 K). Its S.I. unit is J/(kg K).
¾¾Difference between heat capacity and specific heat capacity :
S. No. Heat capacity Specific heat capacity
1. It is the amount of heat energy required to raise It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the
the temperature of the entire body by 1°C. temperature of unit mass of the body by 1°C.
2. It depends both on the material and mass of the It does not depend on the mass of the body but is
body. More the mass of the body, more is its heat the characteristic property of the material of the
capacity. body.
Q Q Heat capacity (C ′ )
3. Heat capacity, C′ = = mass (m) × specific heat
Dt Specific heat capacity, C = =
m ∆t mass ( m)
capacity (C)
4. Its unit is J K-1. Its unit is J kg-1 K-1.

¾¾The amount of heat gained or lost by a substance depends on the following three factors :
(i) The rise or fall in the temperature of the substance.
(ii) The quantity or the mass of the substance taken.
(iii) The nature of substance.
¾¾The supply of heat to a body generally increases the kinetic energy of its molecules, and this shows itself as a rise
in the body’s temperature.
¾¾Relation between thermal capacity and specific heat capacity :
Thermal capacity = mass × specific heat capacity.
¾¾We may view the specific heat capacity as one of the factors on which thermal inertia of the body depends. More
the specific heat capacity, more it is difficult to change the thermal state, i.e., the temperature of the body.
¾¾Specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal /(g°C) = 4.2 × 103 J /(kg°C).
¾¾The specific heat capacity of water is much higher than that of most of the substances. Thus, water has a high
thermal inertia.
¾¾According to the principle of heat transfer or principle of calorimetry :
The heat gained by the cold body is equal to the heat lost by the hot body, provided no transfer of heat to the
surroundings.
¾¾When m kg of a substance of specific heat capacity c is heated (or cooled) through °C, the quantity of heat Q
gained (or lost) by the substance is given by
Q = mcθ
¾¾The equilibrium temperature θ, during heat transfer, is given by
 m1c1(θ1 - θ) = m2c2 (θ - θ2)
[m1c1θ1 + m2 c 2 θ2 ]
Or θ =
[m1c1 + m2 c 2 ]
¾¾The method of mixtures based on the principle of heat transfer is often used for measurement of the specific heat
capacity of a given body.
¾¾The high value of the specific heat capacity of water finds many applications in nature and in practice. For
example, due to the high specific heat of water, it is used as a coolant.
¾¾SI units :
S. No Physical quantity SI unit
Name Symbol
1. Specific heat capacity Joule per kilogram kelvin J /(kg K)
2. Thermal capacity Joule per kelvin J/K
3. Heat Joule J
¾¾Relevant physical constants :
(1) Specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal/(g °C) = 4.2 × 103 J /(kg °C)
(2) Specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J kg–1 K–1
(3) The following table gives the values of specific heat capacities of some common substances :

S. No Substance Sp. heat capacity S. No Substance Sp. heat capacity

in J/kg °C in cal/(g °C) in J/kg °C in cal/(g °C)
1. Aluminium 882 0.21 8. Zinc 291 0.0693
2. Copper 399 0.095 9. Tin 231 0.055
3. Gold 134 0.032 10. Alcohol 218 0.52
4. Iron 483 0.115 11. Kerosene 210 0.50
5. Lead 130 0.031 12. Turpentine 176 0.42
6. Brass 386 0.092 13. Mercury 139 0.033
7. Silver 235 0.056 14. Water 4200 1.00
  

Mnemonics
Concept : Quantity of heat required to raise the ∆T : Temperature difference
temperature of a body (Q) = mc∆t. Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature
Mnemonics : Quiz Master Contributed our Team. of a body (Q)
Interpretation :
= mass × specific heat capacity × temperature
Q : Quantity of heat
m : Mass of the body difference
C : Specific heat capacity Q = mc∆T

Latent Heat
Topic-2 Concepts covered: Change of Phase (state), Latent Heat, Heating
Curve

Revision Notes
� Phase change diagram.
Sublimation

Melting Vaporisation
Solid Liquid Gas
Freezing Condensation

Solidification
 ¾¾The phenomenon of melting, freezing, boiling (evaporation) and condensation make up the subject matter of
change of state.
¾¾During the change of state, average kinetic energy does not change but average potential energy changes
(increases on melting).
¾¾The melting or fusion of crystalline solid into its corresponding liquid takes place (under given external condition)
at a particular temperature known as its melting point.
¾¾Melting point decreases due to the presence of impurities and increase in pressure.
¾¾The specific latent heat of fusion of a given solid is the heat required to melt 1 kilogram of it, at its melting point,
without change in temperature. It is measured in J/kg.
¾¾Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 × 103 J/kg.
¾¾The heat Q needed to melt m kg of a substance of specific latent heat of fusion L, is given by Q = mL.
¾¾The boiling point of a liquid, under given external conditions, is that constant temperature at which the liquid
starts boiling, i.e., gets converted into the vapour state (at a very fast rate).
¾¾We can explain a number of natural phenomena using the ideas of specific latent heat of fusion.
l In cold countries, water in lakes does not freeze all at once.
l Drinks get more cool by adding ice than by ice cold water at 0°C.
l It is colder after a hail storm than before or during it.
¾¾Change of state curve
When a substance is heated, its temperature rises.
When the temperature reaches its melting point, the temperature becomes constant till the total solid mass is
converted into liquid. During this stage, the solid substance absorbs latent heat and increases the potential energy
of the molecules so that change of state takes place.
After full conversion into liquid, the temperature again starts increasing till it reaches its boiling point where again
the temperature becomes constant till the whole liquid mass is converted into gaseous state.
After full conversion into gaseous state, the temperature again starts rising.
Graphically, this can be represented by plotting temperature along Y axis and time along X axis.

Since specific heat capacity of liquid is more than the specific heat capacity of solid, therefore the slope of CD is
less compared to the slope of AB portion.

Mnemonics
Concept : Liquid state to gaseous state conversion is G : Gaseous state
vaporisation. Liquid state to solid state conversion
V : Vaporisation
is freezing.
Mnemonics : Little Guy Vanished in the Large L : Liquid to
Space of the Fair. S : Solid
Interpretation : F : Freezing
L : Liquid to

 Mnemonics
Concept : Solid state to liquid state conversion is S : Solid to
melting. Gaseous state to liquid state conversion is
L : Liquid
condensation.
Mnemonics : Mina Slept Late. She Came to the C : Condensation
Gathering Late. G : Gaseous state
Interpretation : L : Liquid
M : Melting

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