MTH112 Guided Notes FA23 Week 3 PDF 6

MTH112 – College Algebra Guided Notes Page 1 of 12
Transformations of Functions
Objectives:
 Recognize graphs of common functions
 Use vertical and horizontal shifts to graph functions
 Use reflections to graph functions
 Use vertical and horizontal stretching and shrinking to graph functions
Graphs of Standard Functions
Constant Function Identity Function Absolute Value Function

y y y
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
x x x
 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain: (−∞, ∞)

 Range: 𝑐  Range: (−∞, ∞)  Range: [0, ∞)
 Even symmetry  Odd symmetry  Even symmetry
Standard Quadratic Function Square Root Function

y 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 y
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
x x
 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain:[0, ∞)

 Range: [0, ∞)  Range: [0, ∞)
 Even symmetry  Neither even nor odd
symmetry
Standard Cubic Function Cube Root Function

y 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 y
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
x x
 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain: (−∞, ∞)

 Range: (−∞, ∞)  Range: (−∞, ∞)
 Odd symmetry  Odd symmetry
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Transformations of Functions
1) Translations (Shifts) (𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)

a) Vertical
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘 is an upward shift 𝑘 units
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑘 is a downward shift 𝑘 units
Ex. Describe how the graphs of the following relate to graphs of known
functions:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3
b) Horizontal
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑘) is a leftward shift 𝑘 units
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑘) is a rightward shift 𝑘 units
Ex. Describe how the graphs of the following relate to graphs of known
functions: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3
Ex. Graph ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 4| + 3

2) Reflections
a) about the x-axis
−𝑓(𝑥) is a reflection of 𝑓(𝑥) about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Ex. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 is a reflection of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 across the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
b) about the y-axis

𝑓(−𝑥) is a reflection of 𝑓(𝑥) about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Ex. 𝑓(𝑥) = √−𝑥 is a reflection of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 over the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Ex. Graph 𝑔(𝑥) = −|−𝑥|
3) Vertical Shrinking and Stretching

*multiplying y by a constant value
a) Shrinking
If 0 < 𝑐 < 1, 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) is obtained by shrinking 𝑓(𝑥) by multiplying each y-
coordinate by 𝑐.
Ex. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 “shrinks” 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 by multiplying each value of 𝑦 by
b) Stretching
If 𝑐 > 1, c𝑓(𝑥) is obtained by stretching 𝑓(𝑥) by multiplying each y-coordinate
by 𝑐.
Ex. ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 “stretches” 𝑦 = 𝑥 by multiplying each value of 𝑦 by 2
What if 𝑐 is negative?
4) Horizontal Shrinking and Stretching

a) Shrinking
If 𝑐 > 1, 𝑓(𝑐𝑥) is obtained from 𝑓(𝑥) by dividing each of its 𝑥 − coordinates by
𝑐.
Ex. 𝑔(𝑥) = |2𝑥| “shrinks” 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| by dividing each 𝑥 value by 2
b) Stretching
If 0 < 𝑐 < 1, 𝑓(𝑐𝑥) is obtained from 𝑓(𝑥) by dividing each of its 𝑥 − coordinates
by 𝑐.
Ex. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 “stretches” 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 by dividing each 𝑥 value by
What if 𝑐 is negative?
Pulling it all together

Follow the appropriate order of operations when deciding what to do first! What order
should that be?
Ex. Given the following graph of 𝑓(𝑥), graph 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) + 2 on the same coordinate plane.
Ex. Graph 𝑔(𝑥) = − (𝑥 − 4) − 3

More on Functions and Their Graphs

Objectives:
 Determine a function’s difference quotient
 Understand and graph piecewise functions
 Determine on which intervals a function is increasing, decreasing, or constant
 Identify even and odd functions
Difference Quotient
The expression
is called the difference quotient of the function 𝑓 for ℎ ≠ 0.
Why would we want to know the difference quotient?
Ex. Determine the difference quotient for 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2.

Piecewise Functions
Def: A function that is defined by two or more equations over specific domain values (or
intervals) is called a piecewise function.
*we saw a piecewise function previously when looking at the graph comparing
Merchandise
Total ($) vs. Shipping and Handling ($) on page 5 of these notes.
Ex. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 < 2. Determine the following for this function:

2−𝑥 𝑥≥2
a) 𝑓(0)
b) 𝑓(2)
c) 𝑓(7)
d) The graph of the function

Ex. For a three-day rental a car rental company charges $60 for the first 300 miles. If you go
over 300 miles, they charge $0.15 per mile. Write a piecewise function describing this situation
and determine the cost if you drive 335 miles.
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Def: A function is increasing on an interval I if for any 𝑥 and 𝑥 in the interval where 𝑥 < 𝑥 ,
then 𝑓(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 )
Def: A function is decreasing on an interval I if for any 𝑥 and 𝑥 in the interval where 𝑥 <
𝑥 , then 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 𝑓(𝑥 )
Def: A function is constant on an interval I if for any 𝑥 and 𝑥 in the interval where 𝑥 < 𝑥 ,
then 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 )
Ex. Determine the intervals on which the following function is increasing, decreasing, or
constant.
Def: A value 𝑓(𝑎) is a relative maximum of 𝑓 if there exists an open interval around 𝑎 such
that 𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the open interval.
Def: A value f(a) is a relative minimum of f if there exists an open interval around a such that
𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑥) for all x in the open interval.
Ex. Determine the relative maximum and minimum of the graphed function.
Even and Odd Functions
Def: A function is even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Even functions are symmetric about
Def: A function is odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
Odd functions are symmetric about
Ex. Determine if the following functions are odd, even, or neither

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
c) ℎ(𝑥) = |2𝑥 + 5|

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MTH112 – College Algebra Guided Notes Page 1 of 12

Graphs of Standard Functions

Constant Function Identity Function Absolute Value Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|

 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Standard Quadratic Function Square Root Function

 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain:[0, ∞)

Standard Cubic Function Cube Root Function

 Domain: (−∞, ∞)  Domain: (−∞, ∞)

This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-

1) Translations (Shifts) (𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑘 is a downward shift 𝑘 units

𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑘) is a rightward shift 𝑘 units

Ex. Graph ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 4| + 3

b) about the y-axis

Ex. Graph 𝑔(𝑥) = −|−𝑥|

3) Vertical Shrinking and Stretching

4) Horizontal Shrinking and Stretching

Pulling it all together

Ex. Graph 𝑔(𝑥) = − (𝑥 − 4) − 3

More on Functions and Their Graphs

is called the difference quotient of the function 𝑓 for ℎ ≠ 0.

Why would we want to know the difference quotient?

Ex. Determine the difference quotient for 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2.

Ex. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 < 2. Determine the following for this function:

d) The graph of the function

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Even and Odd Functions

Def: A function is even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Even functions are symmetric about

Def: A function is odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Odd functions are symmetric about

Ex. Determine if the following functions are odd, even, or neither

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