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The document provides an overview of loops in C programming, explaining their purpose and structure, including entry-controlled and exit-controlled loops. It details three types of loops: while, do-while, and for loops, with examples demonstrating their syntax and functionality. Additionally, it covers jump statements such as break, continue, and goto, illustrating their use within loops.

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3 views

c basic6

The document provides an overview of loops in C programming, explaining their purpose and structure, including entry-controlled and exit-controlled loops. It details three types of loops: while, do-while, and for loops, with examples demonstrating their syntax and functionality. Additionally, it covers jump statements such as break, continue, and goto, illustrating their use within loops.

Uploaded by

jasimshanto20215
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-07 LOOP

A loop is a software program or script that repeats the same instructions or


processes the same information over and over until receiving the order to stop.

A loop consists of two parts, a body of a loop and a control statement. The
control statement is a combination of some conditions that direct the body of the
loop to execute until the specified condition becomes false. The purpose of the
loop is to repeat the same code a number of times.

Types of Loops in C
Depending upon the position of a control statement in a program, looping in C is
classified into two types:

1. Entry controlled loop

2. Exit controlled loop

In an entry controlled loop, a condition is checked before executing the body of a


loop. It is also called as a pre-checking loop.

In an exit controlled loop, a condition is checked after executing the body of a


loop. It is also called as a post-checking loop.

While Loop in C
A while loop is the most straightforward looping structure. Syntax of while loop in
C programming language is as follows:

while (condition)
{
statements;
}

It is an entry-controlled loop. In while loop, a condition is evaluated before


processing a body of the loop. If a condition is true then and only then the body of
a loop is executed. After the body of a loop is executed then control again goes
back at the beginning, and the condition is checked if it is true, the same process
is executed until the condition becomes false. Once the condition becomes false,
the control goes out of the loop.

Example :

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num=1; //initializing the variable
while(num<=10) //while loop with condition
{
printf("%d ",num);
num++; //incrementing operation
}
return 0;
}

Output :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Description

1. We have initialized a variable called num with value 1. We are going to


print from 1 to 10 hence the variable is initialized with value 1. If you want
to print from 0, then assign the value 0 during initialization.
2. In a while loop, we have provided a condition (num<=10), which means the
loop will execute the body until the value of num becomes 10. After that,
the loop will be terminated, and control will fall outside the loop.
3. In the body of a loop, we have a print function to print our number and an
increment operation to increment the value per execution of a loop. An
initial value of num is 1, after the execution, it will become 2, and during
the next execution, it will become 3. This process will continue until the
value becomes 10 and then it will print the series on console and terminate
the loop.
Do-While loop in C
A do...while loop in C is similar to the while loop except that the condition is
always executed after the body of a loop. It is also called an exit-controlled loop.

Syntax of do...while loop in C programming language is as follows:

do
{
statements
}
while (expression);

As we saw in a while loop, the body is executed if and only if the condition is true.
In some cases, we have to execute a body of the loop at least once even if the
condition is false. This type of operation can be achieved by using a do-while loop.

In the do-while loop, the body of a loop is always executed at least once. After the
body is executed, then it checks the condition. If the condition is true, then it will
again execute the body of a loop otherwise control is transferred out of the loop.

Similar to the while loop, once the control goes out of the loop the statements
which are immediately after the loop is executed.

The critical difference between the while and do-while loop is that in while loop
the while is written at the beginning. In do-while loop, the while condition is
written at the end and terminates with a semi-colon (;)

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num=1; //initializing the variable
do //do-while loop
{
printf("%d ",2*num);
num++; //incrementing operation
}
while(num<=10);
return 0;
}

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Description :

1. First, we have initialized a variable 'num' with value 1. Then we have


written a do-while loop.
2. In a loop, we have a print function that will print the series by multiplying
the value of num with 2.
3. After each increment, the value of num will increase by 1, and it will be
printed on the screen.
4. Initially, the value of num is 1. In a body of a loop, the print function will be
executed in this way: 2*num where num=1, then 2*1=2 hence the value
two will be printed. This will go on until the value of num becomes 10. After
that loop will be terminated and a statement which is immediately after the
loop will be executed. In this case return 0.

For loop in C
A for loop is a more efficient loop structure in 'C' programming. The general
structure of for loop syntax in C is as follows:

for (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation )


{
statements;
}

 The initial value of the for loop is performed only once.


 The condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the counter
to a fixed value after each iteration, stopping the for loop when false is
returned.
 The incrementation/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter
by a set value.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
for(number=1;number<=10;number++) //for loop to print 1-10 numbers
{
printf("%d\n",number); //to print the number
}
return 0;
}

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Description :

1. We have declared a variable of an int data type to store values.


2. In for loop, in the initialization part, we have assigned value 1 to the
variable number. In the condition part, we have specified our condition and
then the increment part.
3. In the body of a loop, we have a print function to print the numbers on a
new line in the console. We have the value one stored in number, after the
first iteration the value will be incremented, and it will become 2. Now the
variable number has the value 2. The condition will be rechecked and since
the condition is true loop will be executed, and it will print two on the
screen. This loop will keep on executing until the value of the variable
becomes 10. After that, the loop will be terminated, and a series of 1-10
will be printed on the screen.
Jump Statements
(Break, Continue and Go To)

Break
The break statement is used inside loop or switch statement. When compiler finds
the break statement inside a loop, compiler will abort/terminate the loop and
continue to execute statements followed by loop.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x;
scanf("%d",&x);
for(int i=0;i<=x;i++)
{
if(i==3)
break;
printf("%d ",i);
}
}

Output : 6

012

Continue Statement
The continue statement is also used inside loop. When compiler finds the
continue statement inside a loop, compiler will not skip all the following
statements in the loop and resume the loop.
Example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x;
scanf("%d",&x);
for(int i=0;i<=x;i++)
{
if(i==3)
continue;
printf("%d ",i);
}
}

Output: 6

012456

GOTO Statements
The goto statement is a jump statement which jumps from one point to another
point within a function.

#include<stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>


int main() int main()
{ {
printf("\nStatement 1."); int sum=0;
printf("\nStatement 2."); for(int i = 0; i<=10; i++){
printf("\nStatement 3."); sum = sum+i;
goto last; if(i==5){
printf("\nStatement 4."); goto addition;
printf("\nStatement 5."); }
last:printf(“\nEnd of Program.” ); }
}
addition:
printf("%d", sum);

return 0;
}
Output: Statement 1. Output : 15
Statement 2.
Statement 3.
End of Program.

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