Computer Networks | Chapter 3: Network Layer Lecture Focus: Subnetting in classful Addressing Supernetting in classful Addressing} Compiled by: Tigabu YayaSub-netting = Class A,B, &C IPv4 addresses are made up of 2-levels of hierarchy before they are subnetted: the network portion and host portion . = To reach a host in the Internet, we first reach the network using the network address and then we reach the host using the hostid based up on the class of the address. 193.168.100.1 193.168.100.6 To the Router |——> rest of the Internet 193.168.100.5Sub-netting (continued...) = If an organization is interested to categorize its machines into different groups, the best solution is sub-netting. Sub-netting is the process of dividing a given network into smaller groups of networks. 193.168,100,34 193.168.100.33 193.168.100.1 193.168.100.63, 193.168.100.31 To the rest of Router | —> = the Internet 193.168.100.2 193.168.100.30oo ro A network with two levels of hierarchy (unsubnetted) 11.14.01 141.14.0.2 141.14.192.2 141.14.255.254 141.14.2 a a a | J Network: 141.14.0.0 14.14.2014 254 ee R1 To the rest of the InternetA network with three levels of hierarchy (Subnetted) uansor 1e1as02 Wi isoa2st Lenses audoe ——Lanaatzran4 ee! 1 a a a = TANTS | Subnet MLits40 eS: qaLt4azet 1414282 14191254 i 4 1 Subnet AL4128.0 Site: 1411.14.00Sub-netting (Continued...) = Creating subnetworks in class A, B and C IPv4 addresses will add an intermediary level in the hierarchy of addressing. Subnetted networks have 3-levels of hierarchy: 1. Netid portion nv Subnetid portion 3. Hostid portion = The routing of an IP packet now involves three steps: delivery to the network, delivery to the subnetwork , and delivery to the host. = Why sub-netting? Y Non-sub-netted networks waste a lot of IPv4 addresses “In smaller networks traffic management is easier “To improve network performance and securitySub-netting (Continued...) During the process of sub-netting , we borrow some bits from the host portion in order to divide the large network into smaller network. Borrowing bits from the host portion reduces the number of hosts In the process of sub-netting we don’t have control over the network bits. We must borrow the sub-netting bits from the host portion. Communication between these sub-networks is achieved through a router Question 1: What is the minimum and maximum number of bits that we can borrow from the host portion of a class B IPv4 address during sub-netting? Question 2: Determine the number of sub-nets that can be created by borrowing 3 bits from the host portion of a given class C IPv4 address? Question 3: What is the maximum numbers of valid hosts addresses in each of the sub-nets in Question 2?Analogy esa Dividing the barrel of apples into small barrels or baskets does not give us any more apples... 100 Apples= Sub-netting is almost the same as taking a barrel of 100 apples and dividing it into 10 barrels of 10 apples each.Analogy 98 Apples (100 — 2) 100 — 2 apples = 98 Usable Apples Before subnetting: Nv In any network (or subnet) we can not use all the IP addresses for host addresses. We lose two addresses for every network or subnet. Network Address - One address is reserved to that of the network. Broadcast Address — One address is reserved to address all hosts in that network or subnet.ro 10 barrels x 8 apples = 80 apples 8 |@iRS| 5 gaite| S| gaits (less 2) (less 2) (less 2) 80 Apples — » 8 eke ee 10 * (10 - 2) (less 2) a) (less 2) = Insub-netting we will see that we continue to lose two apples per subnet, one for the subnet address and one for the broadcast address.Sub-net mask = The default masks are used when the network is not sub-netted. = But if the network contains sub-nets the situation is different. We must have a sub-net mask. = Sub-net masks have all 1s in the network and sub-network portion, and all Os in the host portion. Sub-net mask Given IP Bitwise AND | ‘Address Operation Sub-net address = A sub-net mask is a 32-bit number that gives the sub-net address when it is bitwise ANDed with a given IP address.Finding the Subnet Address Given an IP address, we can find the subnet address the same way we found the network address. We apply the mask to the address. We can do this in two ways: straight or short-cut.Ce kee eS So Finding the Subnet Address... Straight Method In the straight method, we use binary notation for both the address and the mask and then apply the AND operation to find the subnet address.Finding the Subnet Address... Example 1: What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is 200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0? 11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000 The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.Finding the Subnet Address ... Short-Cut Method If the byte in the mask is 255, copy the byte in the address. If the byte in the mask is 0, replace the byte in the address with 0. If the byte in the mask is neither 255 nor 0, we write the mask and the address in binary and apply the AND operation.Finding the Subnet Address... Example 2: What is the subnetwork address if the destination 19.30.80.5 and the mask is address is 255.255.192.0? C as ° 30 — 5 Mask 19 ~« Subnet Address 84 0 192 1 64 0 cloo oo 4 0 0 0 1 0 o oloo olorNote:Finding the Subnet Address... Example 3: A company is granted the site address 201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs six subnets. Design the subnets. The number of Is in the default mask is 24 (class C).Solution 3... The company needs six subnets. The number 6 is not a power of 2. The next number that is a power of 2 is 8 (23). We need 3 more Is in the subnet mask. The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3). The total number of Os is 5 (32 - 27). The mask isSolution 3... 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 or 255.255.255.224 The number of subnets is 8. The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the number of 0s) or 32. See Next slideSolution 3... Start here 4 Add 31 | 201.70.64.0,§ ———"“" =" ___» 991.70,64.31 1st subnet Add 1 _————_ | 201.70.64.32 ~Add 3 > 201.70.64.63 2nd subnet Add 1 ° ° ° | 201.70.64,224 201.70.64.255 8th subnet t Finish hereFinding the Subnet Address... Example 4: A company is granted the site address 181.56.0.0 (class B). The company needs 1000 subnets. Design the subnets. The number of Is in the default mask is 16 (class B).Solution 4... The company needs 1000 subnets. 1000 is not a power of 2. The next number that is a power of 2 is 1024 (2!°). We need 10 more Is in the subnet mask. The total number of Is in the subnet mask is 26 (16 + 10). The total number of 0s is 6 (32 — 26).Solution 4... The mask is 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 or 255.255.255.192. The number of subnets is 1024. The number of addresses in each subnet is 2° (6 is the number of 0s) or 64. See next slideoo ro Solution 4... Start here 102th subnet subtract 1 10221h subnet subwact 1 1OZAth subnet Finish bereFinding the Subnet Address Example 5 = A company is assigned a class B address of 172.16.0.0 by an ISP and the company wants to create 256 subnets. Design these subnets, identify the subnet mask and maximum number of hosts that can be accommodated in each subnet . Solution: to represent 256 subnets we should borrow 8 bits from the hostid portion since 2*8 = 256. The remaining 8 bits in the hostid portion can be used to represent 254 (248 — 2 ) different hosts in each subnet. The 1* subnet is : 172.16.0.0 --- 172.16.0.255 The 2"4 subnet is : 172.16.1.0 172.16.1.255 The last subnet is : 172.16.255.0 - -- 172.16.255.255 The subnet mask is 255.255,255.0 Do you remember we have said 255.255.255.0 is the default mask for class C address? But in this case it is the sub-net mask for a class B address.Sub-netting example (continued...) Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask as Using Subnets: subnet mask 255. Default Mask: 255.255.0.0 or /16 255.255.255.0 or /24 Host 0 255.255.0 or /24 Host ononoeee 00000000 00000000Sub-netting example 5(continued...) Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 Network | Network | Subnet Host 172 16 0 Host Subnets 172 16 1 Host 256 Subnets 172 16 2 Host 28 -2 hosts in 472 16 3 Host each subnet 172 16 Etc. Host 172 16 254 Host 172 16 255 HostSub-netting example 5(continued...) 172.16.0.0/24 172.16.10.0/ 24 Network A «| 172.16.25.0/24 Network D 172.16.5.0/24 | « Network ¢Exercise 1 = Given Host IP Address: 138.101.114.250 oSubnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 From the given information : a)Identify the subnet where this host lives b) Identify the other subnets in the network Identify the total number of hosts in each subnet1 R Exercise 2 For the given IPv4 addresses identify the subnet mask , design the subnets and identify the maximum number of hosts that can be accommodated in each subnet . a) b) c) d) 192.168.1.0 interested in 4 subnets 172.168.132.70(/20) 192.168.1.0(/25) 10.10.100.10 (/18) You are given a class B address and you are required to create 1000 sub- networks. Determine the sub-net mask and the number of hosts that you will obtain in each sub-net work in this addressing scheme. You are given a class B address and you are interested to have 1000 hosts in each sub-network. Determine the sub-net mask and the number of sub-nets that you should create in this addressing scheme.Super-netting = Class A and B addresses are almost depleted, class C addresses are still available. But class C addresses are not able to satisfy the needs many large organizations. = One solution is super-netting, In super-netting , an organization can combine several class C addresses to create a large range of addresses. = During super-netting we “borrows” bits from the network portion to create contiguous nodes. = Insuper-netting , we need the first address of the super-net and the super-net mask to define the range of addresses. = A super-net has /ess number of Is than the default masks of each cla:Super-netting Example Company A has about 1000 nodes to address. A class B address would be too big (or may not be available). The solution for this is super-netting It has got 4 contiguous class C addresses from its ISP. 203.10.112.0 ; 203.10.113.0;203.10.114.0 and 203.10.115.0 By allowing the first 2 bits of the third octet to be “borrowed”, a virtual class B address can be created. A super-net address of 203.10.112.0 — 203.10.115.255 is formed with a subnet mask of 255.255.252.0. The Host portion will be expanded from 8 — 10 bits Route summarisation can occur to 203.10.112.0/22