UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 8
SECOND LAW ANALYIS
FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8. SECOND LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 1/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.1 INTRODUCTION Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 2/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.1 INTRODUCTION
 In the preceding two chapters, the second law of thermodynamics and the thermodynamic property
entropy were discussed.

 As was done with the first-law analysis, the more general application of these concepts, the control
volume analysis, and a number of cases of special interest will be discussed.

 Also, the usual definitions of thermodynamic efficiencies will be considered.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.1 INTRODUCTION Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 3/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.2 THE SECOND LAW FOR A CONTROL VOLUME Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 4/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.2 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

 The second law of thermodynamics can be applied to a control volume by a procedure similar to the
first law was developed for a control volume.

 One can start with the second law expressed as a change of the entropy for a control mass in a rate
form as

to which we now will add the contributions from the mass flow rates in and out of the control
volume.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.2 THE SECOND LAW FOR A CONTROL VOLUME Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 5/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 A simple example of such a situation is illustrated as follows:

 The flow of mass does carry an amount of entropy, s, per unit mass flowing, but it does not give rise
to any other contributions.

 As a process may take place in the flow, entropy can be generated, but this is attributed to the
space it belongs to (i.e., either inside or outside of the control volume).

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.2 THE SECOND LAW FOR A CONTROL VOLUME Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 6/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 The balance of entropy as an equation then states that the rate of change in total entropy inside the
control volume is equal to the net sum of fluxes across the control surface plus the generation rate,
that is

or

 These fluxes are mass flow rates carrying a level of entropy and the rate of heat transfer that takes
place at a certain temperature (the temperature at the control surface).

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.2 THE SECOND LAW FOR A CONTROL VOLUME Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 7/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 8/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS

 For the steady-state process, there is no change with time of the entropy per unit mass at any point
within the control volume, and therefore

so that, for the steady-state process,

in which the various mass flows, heat transfer and entropy generation rates, and states are all
constant with time.

 If in a steady-state process there is only one area over which mass enters the control volume at a
uniform rate and only one area over which mass leaves the control volume at a uniform rate, so that

and dividing the mass flow rate out gives

 Since sgen is always greater than or equal to zero, for an adiabatic process it follows that

where the equality holds for a reversible adiabatic process.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 9/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.1
Steam enters a steam turbine at a pressure of 1 MPa, a temperature of 3000C, and a velocity of 50 m/s.
The steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 150 kPa and a velocity of 200 m/s. Determine the work
per kilogram of steam flowing through the turbine, assuming the process to be reversible and
adiabatic.
pi = 1 MPa T
i Ti = 3000C
Vi = 50 m/s
pi = 1 MPa
i p = 150 kPa
W e

e
pe = 150 kPa
e Ve = 200 m/s
s
Solution
From superheated steam tables B.1.3 at 1 MPa and 3000C

For an isentropic process

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 10/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

T
pi = 1 MPa
i Ti = 3000K
Vi = 50 m/s pi = 1 MPa
i p = 150 kPa
e
W
e

pe = 150 kPa
e Ve = 200 m/s s

From saturated steam tables B.1.2 at 150 kPa, sf = 1.434 kJ/kgK < se = 7.123 kJ/kgK < sg = 7.223
kJ/kgK

At 150 kPa, from Table B.1.2 at 150 kPa, hf = 467.1 kJ/kg and hfg = 2226 kJ/kg

Now, the first law of thermodynamics yields

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 11/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.2
Consider the reversible adiabatic flow of steam through a nozzle. Steam enters the nozzle at 1 MPa
and 3000C, with a velocity of 30 m/s. The pressure of the steam at the nozzle exit is 0.3 MPa.
Determine the exit velocity of the steam from the nozzle, assuming a reversible, adiabatic, steady-
state process.
T(0C)

e pi = 1 MPa
i i
300
pe = 300 kPa
pi = 1 MPa
Ti = 3000C pe = 300 kPa
e
Vi = 50 m/s

Solution
From superheated steam tables B.1.3 at 1 MPa and 3000C

For an isentropic process

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 12/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

i e pi = 1 MPa
i

pi = 1 MPa
Ti = 3000K pe = 300 kPa
Vi = 30 m/s e

From saturated steam tables B.1.3 at 300 kPa, s = 7.078 kJ/kgK at 1500C and s = 7.312 kJ/kgK at 2000C
Te  1500 C 7.123 kJ/kgK  7.028 kJ/kgK

200 C  150 C 7.312 kJ/kgK  7.028 kJ/kgK
0 0

At 300 kPa, from Table B.1.3 h = 2761 kJ/kg at 1500C and h = 2866 kJ/kgK at 2000C
157.90 C  1500 C he  2761 kJ/kg

200 C  150 C
0 0
2866 kJ/kgK  2761 kJ/kgK
Now, the first law of thermodynamics yields

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 13/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.3
An inventor reports having a refrigeration compressor that receives saturated R-134a vapor at −200C
and delivers the vapor at 1 MPa, 400C. The compression process is adiabatic. Does the process
described violate the second law?

Solution
For saturated R-134a vapor at 200C from Table B.5.1

s1  sg  1.74 kJ/kgK

For superheated R-134a at 1 MPa and 400C from Table B.5.2

s2  1.715 kJ/kgK

Therefore, se < si , whereas for this process the second law requires that se ≥ si .

The process described involves a violation of the second law and thus would be impossible.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 14/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.4
An air compressor in a gas station in the figure takes in a flow of ambient air at 100 kPa, 290 K and
compresses it to 1000 kPa in a reversible adiabatic process. Determine the specific work required and
the exit air temperature.
p (kPa) T
1000 kPa
e e
1000

100 kPa
100 i 290 i

v s

Solution
Using constant specific heat from Table A.5, cp0 = 1.004 kJ/kgK, k = 1.4.

For an isentropic process

The energy equation per unit mass gives the work term

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 15/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.5
A de-superheater works by injecting liquid water into a flow of superheated steam. With 2 kg/s at 300
kPa, 2000C, steam flowing in, what mass flow rate of liquid water at 200C should be added to generate
saturated vapor at 300 kPa? Also, determine the rate of entropy generation in the process.

T (0C)
water 2
T2 = 200C 300 kPa
3 1

superheated 3
1 saturated
vapor vapor 2
p1 = 300 kPa De-superheater
p1 = 300 kPa
T1 = 2000C s

Solution
At state 1, the steam is superheated at 300 kPa and 2000C, then from Table B.1.3

At state 2, the liquid water is at 200C, then from Table B.1.1

At state 3, for saturated vapor at 300 kPa, then from Table B.1.2

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 16/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

T (0C)
2
300 kPa
3 1

3
1
De-superheater 2

s
h1  2866 kJ/kg and s1  7.312 kJ/kgK

h2  83.94 kJ/kg and s2  0.2966 kJ/kgK

h3  2725 kJ/kg and s3  6.992 kJ/kgK

The continuity equation for the de-superheater is

The first law of thermodynamics for the de-superheater

The rate of entropy generation is

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.3 THE STEADY STATE PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 17/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 18/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS

 For the transient process, the second law of thermodynamics for a control volume
d(mscv ) Q
 e se   cv  S gen
 i si   m
 m
dt cv T

 If this is integrated over the time interval t, then

d
   m s dt   m s    m s dt   m s
t t t
0 dt
(mscv )dt  (m2 s2  m1s1 )cv
0 i i i i 0 e e e e

S gen dt  1 (Sgen )2
t
0

 Therefore, for this period of time t, we can write the second law for the transient process as
t Q cv
(m2 s2  m1s1 )cv   mi si   me se    dt  1 (Sgen )2
cv T
0

 Since in this process the temperature is uniform throughout the control volume at any instant of
time, the integral on the right reduces to

Q cv 1 Q cv
Q cv dt
t t
0  0 T 
t

cv T
dt 
cv
 0 T dt
and therefore the second law for the transient process can be written
tQ cv
(m2 s2  m1s1 )cv   mi si   me se   dt  1 (Sgen )2
0 T

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 19/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.6
Assume an air tank has 40 L of 100 kPa air at ambient temperature 170C. The adiabatic and reversible
compressor is started so that it charges the tank up to a pressure of 1000 kPa and then it shuts off.
Determine the final air temperature in the tank and the total amount of work required to fill the tank.

p (kPa) T (K)
1000 kPa

1000 2 2

T2
s = cst
100 kPa
1
100 290 K 290
1
v s

Solution
The continuity equation for the tank is

Initially, the air inside the tank is at the ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 290 K

For an isentropic process

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 20/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

p (kPa) T (K)
1000 kPa

1000 2 2

T2
s = cst
100 kPa
1
100 290 K 290
1
v s

For air at 100 kPa an 290 K, from Table A.7.1

For an isentropic process

From Table A.7.1, sT0 = 7.466 kJ/kgK at 540 K and sT0 = 7.504 kJ/kgK at 560 K

T2  540 K 7.496 kJ/kgK  7.466 kJ/kgK


560 K  540 K 7.504 kJ/kgK  7.466 kJ/kgK
From Table A.7.1, u = 389.7 kJ/kg at 540 K and u = 404.7 kJ/kg at 560 K

555.8 K  540 K u2  389.7 kJ/kg


560 K  540 K 404.7 kJ/kgK  389.7 kJ/kgK

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 21/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

p (kPa) T (K)
1000 kPa

1000 2 2

T2
s = cst
100 kPa
1
100 290 K 290
1
v s

The initial mass of air in the tank is

while the final mass of air in the tank is

The mass of air entered into the tank during the compression process

The first law of thermodynamics for the tank becomes

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 22/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 23/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS

 When a steady state process involves a single flow of fluid into and out of a control volume, the first
law of thermodynamics becomes,

while the second law of thermodynamics

 The above equation can be written in differential form as

or using the Gibb’s relation Tds = dh – vdp

 The above equation can be integrated to yield

which can be substituted into the first law of thermodynamics as

e e Vi2 V2
he  hi   vdp   T  sgen  hi   gzi  he  e  gze  w
i i 2 2
or

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 24/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

e 1 e
w    vdp  (Vi 2  Ve2 )  g ( zi  ze )   T  sgen
i 2 i

 Several comments for this expression are in order:

1. Note that the last term is always negative (T > 0 and sgen ≥ 0), and one gets the maximum work out
for a reversible process where this term is zero.

 This is identical to the conclusion for the boundary work, where it was concluded that any entropy
generation reduces the work output.

2. For a reversible process, the shaft work is associated with changes in pressure, kinetic energy, or
potential energy either individually or in combination.

 When the pressure increases (pump or compressor) work tends to be negative, that is, we must
have shaft work in, and when the pressure decreases (turbine), the work tends to be positive.

 The specific volume does not affect the sign of the work, but rather its magnitude, so a large
amount of work will be involved when the specific volume is large (the fluid is a gas), whereas less
work will take place when the specific volume is small (as for a liquid).

 When the flow reduces its kinetic energy (windmill) or potential energy (dam and a turbine), one can
extract the difference as work.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 25/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

e 1 e
w    vdp  (Vi 2  Ve2 )  g ( zi  ze )   T  sgen
i 2 i

3. If the control volume does not have a shaft (w = 0), then the terms on the right-hand side must
balance out to zero.

 Any change in one of the terms must be accompanied by a net change of opposite sign in the
other terms, and notice that the last term can only be negative.

 As an example, consider a pipe flow with no changes in kinetic or potential energy.

 If the flow is considered reversible, then the last term is zero and the first term must be zero, that
is, the pressure must be constant.

 Realizing the flow has some friction and is therefore irreversible, the first term must be positive
(pressure is decreasing) to balance out the last term.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 26/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

e 1 e
w    vdp  (Vi 2  Ve2 )  g (zi  ze )   T  sgen
i 2 i

 In a large class of flow processes such as turbines, compressors, and pumps in which changes in
the kinetic and potential energies of the working fluid are small.

 The model process for these machines is then a reversible, steady-state process with no changes
in kinetic or potential energy.

 The process is often also adiabatic, but this is not required for this expression, which reduces to

 The shaft work associated with this type of process is given by the area shown in the figure.

 It is important to note that this result applies to a very specific situation of a flow device and is
2
very different from the boundary-type work  pdv in a piston/cylinder arrangement.
1

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 27/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Consider the simple steam power plant having a set of ideal components with no pressure drop in
the piping, the boiler, or the condenser.

QH

Boiler

Wpump
Pump Wnet

Turbine

Condenser

QL

 Thus, the pressure increase in the pump is equal to the pressure decrease in the turbine.

 Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, the work done in each processes is given by
e
w    vdp
i

 Since the pump handles liquid, which has a very small specific volume compared to that of the
vapor that flows through the turbine, the power input to the pump is much less than the power
output of the turbine.

 The difference is the net power output of the power plant.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 28/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.7
Calculate the work per kilogram to pump water isentropically from 100 kPa, 300C to 5 MPa.

Solution

Since a liquid is being pumped, the specific volume will change very little during the process.

From the steam tables B.1.1, at 300C

Assuming that the specific volume remains constant

The work done during the compression process is

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.4 THE TRANSIENT PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 29/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

e 1 e
w    vdp  (Vi 2  Ve2 )  g (zi  ze )   T  sgen
i 2 i

 A simplified version of the above equation arises for a reversible flow of an incompressible fluid
(v = constant).

which is called the extended Bernoulli equation after Daniel Bernoulli, who wrote the equation for
the zero work term in the following form:

 From this equation, it follows that the sum of flow work (pv), kinetic energy, and potential energy
is constant along a flow line.

 For instance, as the flow goes up, there is a corresponding reduction in the kinetic energy or
pressure.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 30/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.8
Consider a nozzle, which is used to spray liquid water. The line pressure is 300 kPa and the water
temperature is 200C. Determine the maximum exit velocity that an ideal nozzle can generate, if the
nozzle discharges to atmosphere of 100 kPa. in the exit flow?

i e

pi = 300 kPa pe = 100 kPa

Ti = 300C Ve

Solution

For this single steady-state flow, there is no work or heat transfer.

Since water is incompressible and since it is incompressible

An ideal nozzle is reversible so that the Bernoulli equation is applicable

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 31/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Recall the reversible polytropic process pvn = C for an ideal gas for a control mass process.

 Using the equation of state pv = RT

 If the process is isothermal, then n = 1 and the integral becomes

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.5 THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 32/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 33/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY

 The principle of the increase of entropy for a control mass is discussed in the previous chapter.

 The same general conclusion can be reached for a control volume.

 This is demonstrated by the split of the whole world into a control volume A and its surroundings,
control volume B.

B
TA

i
m Q

W e
m

 Assume a process takes place in control volume A exchanging mass flows, energy, and entropy
transfers with the surroundings.

 The heat transfer enters control volume A, at a temperature of TA, which is not necessarily equal to
the ambient temperature.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 34/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

B
TA

i
m Q

W e
m

 Writing the entropy balance equation for the two control volumes and noting that the transfer
terms are all evaluated right at the control volume surface.

 The sum of the two entropy balance equations gives the net rate of change of S for the total world:

dSnet d(Scv ) A d(Scv )B Q Q

  m  e se  cv  (S gen )A  m
 i si  m  e se  cv  (S gen )B
 i si  m
dt dt dt TA TA

 Note that all the transfer terms cancel out, leaving only the positive generation terms for each part
of the world.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 35/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

B
TA

i
m Q

W e
m

 If no process takes place in the ambient, that generation term is zero.

 In order to have the heat transfer in the indicated direction, TB ≥ TA, that is, the heat transfer takes
place over a finite temperature difference, so an irreversible process occurs in the surroundings.

 Such a situation is called an external irreversible process.

 This distinguishes it from any generation of s inside the control volume A, which is known s an
internal irreversible process.

 For this general control volume analysis, one arrives at the same conclusion as the one for the
control mass situation.

 Hence, the entropy for the total world must increase or stay constant, dSnet/dt ≥ 0.

 Any process that would reduce the total entropy is impossible and will not occur.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 36/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.9
Saturated vapor R-410a enters the uninsulated compressor of a home central air conditioning system
at 50C. The flow rate of refrigerant through the compressor is 0.08 kg/s, and the electrical power input
is 3 kW. The exit state is 600C, 3000 kPa. Any heat transfer from the compressor is with the ambient at
300C. Determine the rate of entropy generation for this process.
i Ti = 50C

W  5 kW
Solution

For saturated vapor R-410a at 50C from Table B.4.1

pe = 3000 kPa
e Te = 650C

For superheated R-410a at 3000 kPa and 600C and 3000 kPa from Table B.4.2

The first law of thermodynamics is

Applying the second law of thermodynamics

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 37/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SECOND LAW ANALYIS

FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Second Law for a Control Volume
8.3 The Steady-State Process
8.4 The Transient Process
8.5 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process
8.6 Principle of the Increase or Entropy
8.7 Efficiency

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 38/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8.7 EFFICIENCY
 In Chapter 6, the second law of thermodynamics led to the definition of thermal efficiency for a
heat engine cycle as

 where Wnet is the net work of the cycle and QH is the heat transfer from the high-temperature body.

 In this chapter, the application of the second law is extended to control volume processes.

 For steady state processes, this included an ideal (reversible) turbine, compressor, and nozzle.

 The actual devices of these types are not reversible, but the reversible models may be very useful
to compare with or the real, irreversible devices.

 This leads in each type of these devices to a component or machine process efficiency.

 For example, one might be interested in the efficiency of a turbine in a steam power plant or of the
compressor in a gas turbine engine.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 39/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 In the definition of an ideal process, the second law becomes a major consideration.

 For example, a steam turbine is intended to be an adiabatic machine.

 The only heat transfer is the unavoidable heat transfer that takes place between the given turbine
and the surroundings.

 For a given steam turbine operating in a steady-state manner, the state of the steam entering the
turbine and the exhaust pressure are fixed.

 Therefore, the ideal process is a reversible adiabatic process, which is an isentropic process,
between the inlet state and the turbine exhaust pressure.

 In other words, the variables pi, Ti, and pe are the design variables:

 pi and Ti indicate the conditions at the turbine inlet they are known before the process, while

 the exit pressure is fixed by the environment into which the turbine exhausts.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 40/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

T p
pi
si
i
pi i

Ti
pe
e pe
es
es e

s v

 Thus, the ideal turbine process would go from state i to state es, whereas the real turbine process
is irreversible, with the exhaust at a larger entropy at the real exit state e.

 In a typical steam turbine, state es is in the two-phase region, and state e may be as well, or may
be in the superheated vapor region, depending on the extent of irreversibility of the real process.

 Denoting the work done in the real process i to e as wa, and that done in the ideal, isentropic
process from the same pi, Ti to the same pe as ws, the efficiency of the turbine is

 Typical turbine efficiencies are 0.70–0.88, with large turbines usually having higher efficiencies
than small ones.

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 41/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example 8.10
A steam turbine receives steam at a pressure of 1 MPa and a temperature of 3000C. The steam leaves
the turbine at a pressure of 15 kPa. The work output of the turbine is measured and is found to be
600 kJ/kg of steam flowing through the turbine. Determine the exit quality and efficiency of the
turbine.

pi = 1 MPa
i
Ti = 3000C
W

pe = 15 kPa e
Solution

For steam at 3000C and 1 MPa from Table B.1.3

The first law of thermodynamics is

For saturated steam at 15 kPa hf = 225.9 kJ/kg, hfg = 2373 kJ/kg and hg = 2599 kJ/kg from Table B.1.2

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 42/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

pi = 1 MPa
i
Ti = 3000C
W

pe = 15 kPa e

Since the ideal process is isentropic

For saturated steam at 15 kPa sf = 0.7548 kJ/kgK, sfg = 7.254 kJ/kgK and sg = 8.008 kJ/kgK from Table
B.1.2

The first law of thermodynamics

The efficiency is then

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 43/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Example 8.11
Air enters a gas turbine at 1600 K and exits at 100 kPa, 830 K. The turbine efficiency is estimated to
be 85%. What is the turbine inlet pressure?

Ti = 1600 K
i

W

pe = 100 kPa
e Te = 850 K
Solution

From Table A.7, for air at 1600 K

and for air at 850 K

The first law of thermodynamics for the actual process is

From the definition of turbine efficiency, the isentropic work becomes

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 44/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Ti = 1600 K i

W

pe = 100 kPa
e Te = 850 K

The first law of thermodynamics for the ideal isentropic process is

From Table A.7.1, h = 713.6 kJ/kg at 700 K and h = 735.1 kJ/kg at 720 K

From Table A.7.1, s0 = 7.740 kJ/kgK at 700 K and s0 = 7.770 kJ/kgK at 720 K

For the ideal process

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 45/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 Normally, compressors or pumps can assumed to be adiabatic.

 In this case the fluid enters the compressor at pi and Ti, the and exits at the desired value of pe.

T p
pi
e
e pe
es
es

pi
i
pi
Ti
i si

s v

 Thus, the ideal process between the given inlet state i and the exit pressure would be an isentropic
process between state i and state es, with a work input of ws.

 The real process, however, is irreversible, and the fluid exits at the real state e with a larger
entropy, and a larger amount of work input wa is required.

 The compressor (or pump, in the case of a liquid) efficiency is defined as

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 46/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

T p
pi
e
e pe
es
es

pi
i
pi
Ti
i si
s v

 Typical compressor efficiencies are 0.70–0.88, with large compressors usually having higher
efficiencies than small ones.

 If an effort is made to cool a gas during compression by using a water jacket or fins, the ideal
process is considered a reversible isothermal process, the work input for which is wT , compared
to the larger work required w for the real compressor.

 The efficiency of the cooled compressor is then

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 47/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Example 8.12
Air enters an automotive supercharger at 100 kPa, 300 K and is compressed to 150 kPa. The
efficiency is 70%. What is the required work input per kilogram of air? What is the exit temperature?

i pi = 100 kPa
Ti = 300 K
W

e pe = 150 kPa
Solution

For an isentropic compression process

The first law of thermodynamics for the ideal compression process

From the definition of supercharger efficiency, the actual work becomes

The first law of thermodynamics for the ideal compression process

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.6 PRINCIPLE OF INCREASE OF THE ENTROPY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 48/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

 The purpose of a nozzle is to produce a high-velocity fluid stream, or in terms of energy, a large
kinetic energy, at the expense of the fluid pressure.

 The design variables are the same as for a turbine: pi, Ti, and pe.

 A nozzle is usually assumed to be adiabatic, such that the ideal process is an isentropic process
from state i to state es, with the production of velocity Ves.

 The real process is irreversible, with larger exit entropy, and smaller exit velocity Ve.

 The nozzle efficiency is defined in terms of the corresponding kinetic energies,

Ve2
nozzle 
Ves2
 Nozzles are simple devices with no moving parts with efficiencies typically as high as 0.90 to 0.97.

T p

pi si
i
pi
i
Ti

pe

es e pe
es e
s v

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8.7 EFFICIENCY Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 49/50
 UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

AEE 205 THERMODYNAMICS 8. SECOND LAW ANALYSIS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME Prof. Dr. M. Halûk AKSEL 50/50