DIP lab.4 L5

Digital Image Processing Laboratory
Lab.4: Arithmetic and Logical Operations on Images, Image Quantization

and Gray-scale Image Modification.
❖ Arithmetic Operations:
 Arithmetic and logic operations: performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis; arithmetic
operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide; logic operations: AND, OR, NOT
1- Addition: used to combine information in two images.
Syntax:
Z=imadd (X, Y);
2- Subtraction: used for motion detection and background subtraction.
Syntax:
Z=imsubtract (X, Y);
Z = imabsdiff (X, Y) % Absolute difference of two images
3- Multiplication: used to brighten or darken an image.
Syntax:
Z=immultiply (X, Y);
Y may be constant or image
4- Division: used to darken or brighten an image.
Syntax:
Z=imdivide (X, Y);
Y may be constant or image
➢ [Task 1: Performing Arithmetic Operations on Images]
• Execute the following script in MATLAB, then write your observations:
X=imread('rice.png');
Y=imread('cameraman.tif');
k=imadd(X,Y);
A=immultiply(Y,2);
B=imdivide(Y,2);
imshow(X),title('image X')
figure,imshow(Y),title('image Y')
figure,imshow(K),title('adding X and Y')
figure,imshow(A),title('multiply y by 2')
figure,imshow(B),title('dividing y by 2')
❖ Logical Operations:
1- AND: used to combine two images or for image masking.
Syntax:
Z=bitand (X, Y);
2- OR: used to combine two images or for image masking
Syntax:
Z=bitor (X, Y);
3- NOT: creates a negative on an image by performing a logical NOT on each bit.
Syntax:
Z=imcomplement (X);
➢ [Task 2: Performing Logical Operations on Images]
• Execute the following script in MATLAB, then write your observations:
clc,clear,close all
X=imread('cameraman.tif');
[I ,area]=imcrop(X);
Y=ones(size(X))*255;
A=area(1); B=area(2);W=area(3); H=area(4);
Y(A:A+H,B:B+W)=0; %mask for OR operation
Y=uint8(Y);
Z=bitor(X,Y);
D=imcomplement(Y); %mask for AND operation
F=bitand(X,D);
imshow(X),title('original image');
figure,imshow(Z),title('result of ORING operation of the image and
the mask')
figure,imshow(F),title('result of ANDING operation of the image and
the mask complement')
❖ Image Quantization:
Image quantization is the process of reducing the image data by removing some of the detail information by
mapping groups of data points to a single point.
Gray-level reduction: reducing the number of gray levels, typically from 256 levels for 8-bit per pixel data
to fewer than 8 bits, can be performed with AND or OR masks (see examples in the text book).
➢ [Task 3: Gray-level reduction with AND mask]

• Write the following function in MATLAB:
function [y] = quantization( I,no_of_levels )
% A function to perform image quantization to some level
% I is the input image of type uint8
% no_of_levels is the number of desired gray levels
I=uint8(I);
k=log(no_of_levels)/log(2);
k=8-k;
mask=0;
for i=k:7
mask=mask+power(2,i);
end
z=ones(size(I),class(I))*mask;
y=bitand(z,I);
end
• Write the following script to test the function above as follow, then write your observations:
clc,clear all,close all
X=imread('cameraman.tif');
y1=quantization(X,64);
imshow(X)
figure,imshow(y1)
figure,imshow(y2)
figure,imshow(y3)
figure,imshow(y4)
❖ Histogram equalization
It is a technique where the histogram of the resultant image is as flat as possible
The histogram equalization process for digital images consists of four steps: (1) find the
running sum of the histogram values, (2) normalize the values from step (1) by dividing by
the total number of pixels, (3) multiply the values from Step 2 by the maximum gray-level
value and round, and (4) map the gray-level values to the results from Step 3 using a oneto-
one correspondence.
➢ [Task 4: Histogram Equalization using MATLAB Function]
• Write the following code in a MATLAB script:
close all;
clear all;
[n,p]=uigetfile('Choose Poorly scanned Image');
myimage=imread([p n]);
if(size(myimage,3)==3)
myimage =rgb2gray(myimage);
end
newimage= histeq(myimage);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);imshow(myimage); title('Original image');
subplot(2,2,2);imshow(newimage); title('Histogram equalized mage');
subplot(2,2,3);imhist(myimage); title('Histogram for original mage');
subplot(2,2,4);imhist(newimage); title('Histogram for equalized
mage');
➢ [Task 5: Histogram Equalization without using MATLAB Function]
• Write the following code in a MATLAB script, then explain what you have seen
close all;
clear all;
[n,p]=uigetfile();
data=imread([p n]);
if(size(data,3)==3)
data=rgb2gray(data);
end
subplot(2,2,1);imshow(data); title('Original image');
[rows cols]=size(data);
myhist=zeros(1,256);
% Calculation of histogram
for i=1:rows
for j=1:cols
m=double(data(i,j));
myhist(m+1)=myhist(m+1)+1;
end
end
subplot(2,2,2);bar(myhist); title('Histogram of original image');
sum=0;
%Cumulative values
for i=0:255
sum=sum+myhist(i+1);
sum_of_hist(i+1)=sum;
end
%Dm=input('Enter no. of gray levels in output image: ');
MAX=255;
for i=1:rows
for j=1:cols
n=double(data(i,j));
data(i,j)=sum_of_hist(n+1)*MAX/sum;
end
end
%Calculation of histogram for equalised image
for i=1:rows
for j=1:cols
m=double(data(i,j));
myhist(m+1)=myhist(m+1)+1;
end
end
subplot(2,2,3);bar(myhist);title('Equalised Histogram');
subplot(2,2,4);imshow(data); title('Image after histogram
equalisation');
Home Work
1- Develop the function quantization in task 3 (that maps gray levels to the beginning of the range ) so that it
accept another input to map the gray levels to the beginning , middle, or end of the range.
2- Develop the script in task 2 so that it can be used also for color images.
Eng./ Maged Albadany

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Digital Image Processing Laboratory

Lab.4: Arithmetic and Logical Operations on Images, Image Quantization

➢ [Task 3: Gray-level reduction with AND mask]

Eng./ Maged Albadany

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