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SYS-lfEM
SYLLABUS
1. Main parts (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea , bronchi , lungs);
function s of each part of the respira tory system.
2. Differe nce between respira tion and breathin g.
3. Mechanism of breathi ng (physical process with respec t to
diaphragm and ribs - inhalation and exhalation).
4. Mention of common respirc;ito\;, diseases : asthma, bronchi tis,
pneumonia, tubercu losis (T.B.).

Ev~ry cell of a plant, an, animal or utilisin ox en which w breath e

our own body require s energy for variou s alon with ai . 1 '. rocess,
activit ies. The muscle cells contra ct for food is oxi~ise d (burnt~ to release ~e
movin g a parti of our body, the brain cells Types of Respiration
receive and send messag es, the root cells
penetr ate into the soil arid absorb water, Depending upon the utiliza tion
minera ls, nutrien ts, and so on. Even when oxygen respira tion can be of two type
we are sleepin g, we need energy . ,How do ¥ Aerob ic, respira tion that utiliz
we get this energy ? We get it throug h a oxy~: ~
proces s called respiration. ~!--. Anaer obic respira tion that do
not utilize oxygen .
/4HA T IS RESPlf:IATI_ON ? NSK RESPI RATO RY SYSTE M IN HUMAN
(RFspi ration is the proces s of releasi ng (Figs. s~nd 5.2) ciiJ ~ rw: if~
energy by breaki ng down food (glucos e) 6l2 ~~ h c,r<a ~ S\/~~
needed for variou s activiti es of the bodYJ ~ n umanS , . the orgaii s of t
, respira tory system mcluq e nose, phary
~/Al {The breakd own of glucose o~s;urs by larynx , trachea , b~onch i and the lungs.
Concise BIOLOGY - Middle School - 6
52 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
~
JF is the point of entry for air. It ~as
flower ? No, the cells for sensing smell
are present only on the inside lining of
two O enin s called nostrils each leading nostrils. Thus, when nostrils are closed,
into a nas~ chamber. The 1,1ostyils have. a the air cannot pass through them and we
• to revent dust articles from cannot smell.
h • into the lun s. The lining of thetri'\ LP_h_a_rv_n_x_r:_::)_i...>-i-\~~~--oXi- ==-+------'
chambe --------... a stick fluid)
has mucous ..;.__._~ \6J .F~ h th ·
naSal ~ rom t e nose,~~~~~~~~.....=-,
which too. tra s erms and ~ust. The the mouth into the ha
asal chamber warms and moistens the
air ·entering into the. lungs. On~ should •-~~-~ It ~~ads into two passages, one
always breathe ! ou t, ~ nose -~d not {the air tube called wrnd pfpe or trachea
through the mouth. The 1n er hn1 and the other the gullet (food-pipe[l
JJase also has some special cells for smrill(S)Larynx •
• Activity 1 1--------, . At the entrance of the trachea,l]h~r e
is a voice box called laryn~ I~ contams
To find if we can smell with closed two ligamentous folp.s called 'vocal cor~s'.
nostrils. Air expeLt.ed forcibly through the vocal
Take a fresh blossoming red rose cords vibrate.? them, to produce sound.
flower. Bring it close to nose and smell. rae front opening {gl9ttisl of the
It smells sweet. Now close your nostril wind i e is ard
openings using two fingers of the other called e i lottis (Fig. 5. l)CThe epiglottis
hand. Breathe in using mouth. Do you the' w· d i e at the time .Q.f_
still smell the sweet fragrance of rose s~allowing of food. Incomp~ete closure
( bo\vf)
Coughing while eating
throws out the food
wrongly entered into
the wind pipe.

s . f - - - NASAL CAVITY

fltll-l---- HARD PALATE

! l ' E - - - - SOFT PALATE

' f - - - - TONGUE

EPIGLOTTIS

~ - - GLOTTIS
EPIGLOTTIS
GULLET
VOICE BOX
TRACHEA
A. BOTH PASSAGES - INTO THE WIND PIPE B. OPENING INTO WIND PIPE CLOSED
AND INTO THE GULLET OPEN FOOD ENTERS GULLET.
Fig. 5.1 Epiglottis protects any wrongful entry offood into the wind pipe

-~
53 i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Respiratory System
 bv the epiglottis. during swa~low'ing contains mil.lio11-s of alveoli (~ingu
c~uses coughinQ .9-S the-_food wrongly al~eo_lttill ~Fig. 5.3)[These are-~
enters the wind-pipe (Fig. 5.1). sup1;Iied with blood capillc1ries cove
(
their _wa~Ji7 The walls of\ the, alve,,0l
@Trachea (Wind pif?_e)
extremely thin and moi~t for allow
(Ihe trachea or the wind pipe emerges
fa~ter diffusion of gases.
, from th~- larynx (or voice box) down below , \ \

in the neck, It runs in the· middle of the

chesLJlpto a sho~ dis~ce between the two DEOXYGENATE
BLOOD FROM

lungs where it divides into two branches PULMONARY AR

called brol}chi (Fig. 5.2)(Jh~ w~.8J~ OXYGEN

.1~1"---BLOOO T
rrachea is strengthened by C-shapedf\ rings PULMON
VEIN
of cartilage to. prevent it from collapsini\ ~
.; a:

cThe inner linin~s of the tr~~hea,. ( H""·11.,~

bronchi and bron½.-b1olee, hav_e n!1ated ~ CAPILI.AR
epithelium. The continuous movement of
th~ cilia p.ushes' out the unwanted particles ALVEOLAR
~-./_ PORES
that may be present in the inhaled air. ._,l!!K· _:,.3 Air sacs with its capillary network
nchi (Singular ; bronchus) (Excha_{:..~ ~~~:;i,akes place here)
The two bronchi lead into ri ht and (!)Lungs - '~
left lun s r ctivel • ch bronchus is The lungs are a pair of pink a
further divided into smaller and smaller spongy, ela~tic organ~ protected by t
branches called -'bronchioleiJ.a._~ t~e end rib cage. Th.e left lung is slightly small
of these bronchioles are the !Jlicrosc;opic with two lob.es (to accommodate heart
air sacs called -' alv~ol(J(pa ch lung betw~e~), a~d the .right-lu~g )las thr
' lobes. The, lungs re~t on a diap}trag_m
This is a muscular sheet which int~rnal
dfvides the body cavity into two cav~ti
- th~ chest,... cavity or. thora~i~ cavi
at,ove, and the abdominal cavity below
LEFT LUNG The lungs are protected from qutsid
by two membranes caved the outer an
~~~NcHus inner pl~ura. The space between the ~

memoranes is filled with a fluid. Th

sR0NcH10LEs fluid acts as a shock absorber and s
protects the lun_gs.
,
~Respiratory
DIAPHRAGM
Gaseous excha~ge in lungs. The a
Fig. ..,'1.2 -:. sypem oJ,,:- a h um.an b.emg , .
/ ' 7 ---r \ _D~. I 1''d which reaches the alveoli throug
Concise BIOLOGY - M1adle__§,chool - 6 - - - - ~ 54 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 iratory passa ge~ (nose , phar ynx, lood . in the lung s wher e it
resphea bronc hi, bronc hiole s) is rich in
c mbin es with the haem oglo bin
to- gen (Fig.' 5. 4) . 5 o,t--zr·1ffus1on
traC i , --- . of gases pre ent in the ied bloo d cells .
xyur throu gh the bloo d capil larie s The
occ xyge n is carri ed from
urr~unding the arr sacs. The oqge n fr9m
.
lungs t the J?-_ody tissue s or cells
:he lungs diffu ses in~o t~e blood , and is wher e th oxyg en is utilis ed ~nd
icked up by ha~w oglob 1n in red blood - carbo n dio •de is relea sed. The
~e-Us. Carb 9n diox ide from_ the bloo d relea sep. - ca on diox ide is
diffus_es into the lungs and is exhal ed out trans porte 4 bac to ~he lungs for
through the same passa ge. its' remo val (exhal •on).
I •

'
Inhaled air Exhaled air (iii) Cellu lar respi rati (inte rnal
respi ratiol )). It is the roces s of
r
all of capillary oxida tion of gluco se in he cells
. f
with Jhe r~as e . of energ y •n"' the
form of a~no sine triphosph_a or
A t-P,. along with carbo n diox1 e
dioxide
a1¥3- water vapou r.
out of
Mechanism of_ Breathing
, The proce ss durin g whic h the air
conta ining oxyg'en is_ draw n into the
lung s and the air conta ining carbo n
· II . dioxi de is forced out from_ the lungs is
• ... ~:::::::::::::: • called breat hing. It invol ves nyo steps , -
• . 5.4 Gaseous exchan ge in an alveolus fl} 8K inspi ration ~ expir ation
.
Ph~ . .
a~es 1n resp1rat1on . • 1V r)K
-~---.....,;;,_ ____ ,;;_..,.--__ __ __ __,
ation (Inspiration) n (Expiration)
Resp iratio n occu rs in t!lree phase s;
(i) Breathing, (ii) Gase ous' trans port, q.nd Ribs move upwar ds move down-
·(iii) Cellular respi ratipn . a~ outwa rd. w ds and inward .
/Uiap hragm is pushe d Diaph ragm Jfiove s
. (i) Breath1 .,(external respi ration ) is down wards and upwar ds and becomes
' a phys ica roces s. It }nvo lves flattens. dome- shaped .
inha latio n raw'i ng .in) of ,,-,air • Volume of chest cavity • Volum e of chest cavity
throu gli the nos ·1s into the nasal increases. decreases.
cavity and finall y • to the lungs , • Lungs expan d, air • Size of the lungs
and exhal ation , the ..,.,.. .,r,ing out of pressu re becom es low. reduce s, air pressu re
becom es high.
the air from the lungs .
(ii) .) " I • '
• ~heri c air- at-a
.L,.,............

Gaseous tJ;ansport. Oxyg e higher press shes lungs as aTift4 ~~ c

inhal ed air is abso rbed b into the lungs. air pressu re is lower.

i - - - - - - - - - - - - - Respiratory System
 I eze- ?
Why do..-we---sne Activity 2
W~ any foreig n partic l~s enter the
nasal ' chari1.ber; (th~ sensi tive ,nuco us To feel the changes occurring d .
breathing. unn
memb~ane' gets irrit.ated. This ie~ft s in
sneez ing, a~ invol u!lta ry actio n, by Try it : Put your hands on your che
which the irritan t is remo ved. and take a gradu al deep breath. You
feel the rising of the ribs and bulgi n;:
your abdom en. The abdom en bulges due
- .:!'II
Air the lower ing of the diaph ragm pressing th
.
. ).•
inhaled intest ine down ward s.
.
; ., .. it\ ~,, . Activity 3
;. t,~
Jd~: ·~\ Lung To study the role of diaphragm i
. t·~,,-·
.. \\.. . ·: '\l
•. ····•t
Diaphragm
bre~ ing.
. . .\ ~• I • /Yo u can easily demonstrate the action
•,... l 1 ••. ' • of a diaph ragm . Take a bell-jar as shown
Diaphragm contracts
. (moves down) in the figure . Fix two rubbe r balloons
. ~:.
Fig. 5.5 Rib movement during breathing ~
(inhalation and exhalation)

Breat hing norm ally is an invol untar y

act. which mean s, it is not unde r your
control. But, breat hing· can be -co.ntrolled
withi n· cert ~ limits - you can hold -'your'
breat h for a minu te or two, you can have
INSPIRAT ION EXPIRATION
short er breat hs, or you can- tak.e deep er
breat hs. Demonstration of breathing process

Table 5.2: Comp onent s of inspir ed air and the chang es taking place upon
the ex~n ge
Inspi red air The change Expired air
Oxy_g_en Some- of it' is... . absor bed 'into.
('
16%
'
red blood cells.
Carb
,
on dioxi de 0.04%' from being diffus ed 4%
0
Nitro gen Appr ox. 79% Approx. 79%
Wate r vapo ur low • -~ Adde d from moist lining High
of respi ratory passa ges.

Concise BIOLOGY - Middle School - 6 56 L- --- --- --- --- --- -

- - - - . . . . . J,______,
 Table 5.3 : Differ ences betwe en breath ing and respir ation 1 Mf>
Breat hing Resp iratio n

t is a physi cal proce ss. 1. It is a bio-c hemic al proce ss.

J. I · l

Air conta ining oxyg~ n is taken into 2. Oxyg en taken in is used in oxidi zing
2 the'lu ngs and air loade d with carbo n gluco seal}. d ene~g y is releas ed.
•
dioxide is given out.
_ Lungs are,m ainly invol ved. 3. Occu rs in ap li~ng cell3 of the body .
3 r -

e ~-l..-.. ~

COMMON RES DISEASES

tied at the ends of two small arms of a
1. Bron chiti s : It is a resp irato ry
Y-shaped glass tube. Inser t the long arm
of the glass tube throu gh the cork and infec tion in whic h the lining of the
fix the cork tightl y on the mout h of the bronc hi becom es infla med. As this
jar. Tie a sheet of rubbe r at the wide irrita ted mem brane begin s to swell ,
mouth of the bell-j ar. Now pull the it narro ws or shuts off the bronc hial
rubber sheet down wards . What happe ns passa ges, resul ting in breat hless ness
to the balloo ns ? and cough ing spells .
Caus e : This respi rator y infec tion is
main ly caus ed by a virus . Air
Activ ity 4 pollu tion and smok ing can also
cause bronc hitis.
recor d the brea thing rate at
Trea tmen t : Drin king plen ty of
dif rent times .
fluid s, follo wing a well balan ced
R ord your own breat hing rate. diet, frequ ent hand wash ing and
Take a w • t watch . Lie down on a bed adeq uate rest can prev ent a;o.d
in a relaxe posit ion and coun t the
impro ve bronc hitis. (©~\or@, l~S:tiY:8
number of time our chest rises and falls
recor d the breat hing 2. Asth ma ~ s a cliro nic dise a~
rate after runni ng r about ten minut es. that ~lso_ cause s. infl ~~t ion and
Do you find any di rence ? If yes, can €well ing m the air. p ~ But this
you tell the reaso n for e differ ence? happ ens perio dical ly. Duri ng an
Similarly, you can co t the breath ing asthm atic attac k, eri:\ patie nt
rate of a perso n while he is s ping, sitting exp_e rience s \!fgh tness in~ e chest ,
at rest, and after he has cli ed stairs . sh?rt ness_ ?f b_reath and w h e ~
~ikewise, you woul d find some • ferenc e This cond ition rmpr oves consi derab ly
in the breath ing rate of a youn g boy d an with medi catio n. ~
old person. Caus e :(2\ir pollutants'--an-a aller ge@
can trigg er an asthm atic attack .

~~
57 r - - - - - - - - - - - - - Respiratory System
 ,,ruu"
·•••••

Treatment {Bi-on~o dilat o~ whi~ ~re Trea tmen t : (j\i{t tpiQ! icl- Penicillu
used to inhal e medi cines conta nung
4. ~be rcul osis (TB} 5" It is also
corti coste roids are comm only spira tory infec tio!!J cause d b
presc ribed to dilate the airwa ys and
_act erium . The bacte ria Ind~
give relief. \~ .1 conti nuou s coug hing. The infect~
3. Pneu mon ia - It is c('re spira tory pers on suffe rs from ~l}ti nuou
infection cause d by a bact eriu ~ The coug h, low fever , chest pain an
bacteria enter the air sacs, mult iply
wei ght ~
there and the arr sacs ma et filled
Cau~e : Caus ed by bacteria that Cai
.. with fluid) This disease uses chest
sprea d by air,_ dust or sputumJ\
, pain, cbiUs aud high fey§f:)
Trea tmen t : BCG vaccine antibi
Caus e : Main ly cause d by(b acter ia ·1

inhaled through air ar by caula cU

\:>o.rJJ?x-i ~- s \ ~ ~
'b ~er, ot - ~\ \;Jl~ ·~,
I
REVI EW QUES TION S I
Multiple Choice Questions : t\'vJ
1. Put a tick (-Y) again st the most appro priate altern ative in the follow
ing statem ents.
( i) In human s, taking air throug h nostri ls into the nasal cavity
is called
(a) Inhala tion t;;,--r- (b) Exhal ation
D
' (c) Ce]Jular respir ~tion
' - • • D (d) Intern al respir ation
D
(ii) The front openi ng of the wind pipe is guard ed by -
( a) Glotti s CJ (b) Exogl ottis
D
(c) Epiglo ttis
-10 (d) Trach ea
D
(iii) The proces s during which food is oxidis ed and energ y is releas ed
is called
(a) Cellul ar respir ation EJ (b) Excre tion CJ
(c) Diges tion CJ (d) Trans piratio n CJ
Short Answ er Ques tions :
1. Answ er the follow ing briefly :
.g/Why do our body cells requir e ~xyge n ?
,.-SI-(, Dvvi\,, ~'"" ~~ .1,.._ '-, , ~ ,A ,
••• ······· ···"'" '-4l·,. _=···- ····1""r\
~0"' -
r. • 1 "'Se .............
""~· ••• ····o C; - ••~ · ·. D .O~ ~ '-1'

Concise BIOLOGY - Middle School - 6 58 l----------------