3-DIMENSIONAL FORMS

Submitted by -
Oshin kaul -09
Rasila kerai -10
Zeal shah -28
Tushar sutariya -29
Laxman suthar -30
Buildings, machines and a lot of objects we normally use, need a STRUCTURE or SKELETON to
hold up every piece they are made of. Structures are not new. Nature made structures long
before humans were able to.

A spider’s web is an example of Honey comb is a A tree has to carry the weight
a strong and flexible structure complex structure of its own branches as well as
resisting own winds.

Many of nature’s structure have been copied by humans. The shell of a snail, tortoise,
a body of a car are both shell structures designed to protect their occupants.

THREE DIMENSIONAL FORMS

 3-dimensional forms

Shell Structures Domes

• The term “Shell” is used to describe the structures which possess strength and rigidity
due to its thin, natural and curved form such as shell of egg, a nut or a shell of a
tortoise.
• Apart from these naturally occurring shells, a ‘Shell Structure’ in the context of building
construction is described as a thin curved membrane or slab usually of reinforced
concrete that functions both as structure and covering.

THREE DIMENSIONAL FORMS

 Shell Structure

Singly curved Doubly curved

(Developable Shells) (Non Developable Shells)

They are curved on one linear They are either part of a

axis and are a part of a sphere or a hyperboloid of
cylinder or cone in the form of revolution.
barrel vaults and conoid
shells.

The terms single curvature and double

curvature do not provide a precise
geometric distinction between the two
forms, but, they are used to distinguish
the comparative rigidity and complexity
of centering, necessary to construct the
shell forms.

SHELL STRUCTURES
 Singly Curved
(Developable Surfaces)
A developable surface is a surface that can be unrolled onto a flat plane without tearing or
stretching it. It is further classified by :

Surfaces of Revolution Surfaces of Translation

Circular Cylinder Circular Cone Non-Circular Cylinder Non-Circular Cone

It is a cylinder where It means that the base is It is a cylinder Here the axis does
the generating lines a circle and that the axis whose cross not pass
are perpendicular to passes through the section is perpendicularly
the bases, with its centre of the base at an ellipse, through the
ends closed to form right angles to its plane. parabola or centre of the base
two circular surfaces hyperbola

SINGLY CURVED
 TECHNOLOGY COMPARISION PAST AND PRESENT :
• In olden days, roofs were generally made up of wood, resting in stone lintels.
• The Romans, however, in early days of our era, introduced self-supporting constructions
with their inventions of the barrel vault and dome, in which no distinction is made
between covering and supporting elements.
• Shell structures is the development of this technique, accompanied by a reduction in
weight of the structure . Gothic architecture, with its pointed arches revised the division
between covering elements and supporting elements.
• The later arrival of reinforced concrete, which could be easily placed and shaped, led to a
revolution in the theory of self-supporting vaults.
• The first reinforced concrete shells were constructed about the year 1910

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE SHELL ARCHITECTURE

DOME OF PANTHEON- DOME OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL- DOME OF FLORENCE CATHEDRAL- COSMIC PAVILLION -
STRUCTURAL MEMBER AND STRUCTURAL MEMBER AND STRUCTURAL MEMBER AND STRUCTURAL MEMBER AND
COVERING ARE SAME COVERING ARE DIFFERENT COVERING ARE DIFFERENT COVERING ARE SAME

COMPARISION
• It is formed by bending a flat plane. It is curved only
in one direction. It is one of the most useful of shell
structures as they can span easily up to 150 feet, with
a minimum of material.
• It is acted upon by two forces-
1. TENSION
2. COMPRESSION

There are two types of Barrel:

1. Short Barrels Shells 2. Long Barrel Shells

(here Beam action is prominent) (here Arch action is prominent).
They are described having a length of barrel If the span is large in comparison
which is long in comparison to the width. The to the width, the form is called a
short shell structure is a cylindrical shell long shell.
having a large radius in comparison to the
length.

BARREL VAULT
A barrel vault is a simple extension of an arch shape
along the width. It can be supported on continuous
walls along the length, or at the corners, as in this
example. If supported on the corners, it functions as
an arch across the width, and as a beam, with
compression on the top and tension on the bottom
in the long direction. This form is susceptible to
distortion.

As with any arch, some form of lateral restraint

is required--this figure shows the influence of
restraining the base of the arch--the structure
is still subject to transverse bending stresses
resulting from the distortion of the arch.

This structure has been provided with solid

diaphragms at the ends to resist distortion.

BARREL VAULT
CONSTRUCTIO N OF R.C.C. BARREL VAULT
• The barrel vault is the most straight forward single
curvature shell construction. It is the part of a
cylinder or barrel with same curvature along its
length.
• Any number of continuous barrels or continuous
spans are possible except that eventually provision is
made for the expansion of the joints in large
structures.
• The barrel vaults are used as parking, market place,
assembly hall ,etc.

TYPES OF BARREL VAULTS:

1. SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULTS
2. LONG SPAN BARREL VAULTS

BARREL VAULT
SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULT

Short span barrel vaults are those in which

span is shorter than its width. It is used for
the width of the arch ribs between which the
barrel vault span.

LONG SPAN BARREL VAULT

Long span barrel vaults are those in which

span is larger than its width.
Strength of the structure lies at the right
angles to the curvature to that span is
longitudinal to the curvature.
Usual span of the longitudinal barrel vault is
from 12-30 m with its width being about 1/2
the span and rise is 1/5 of the width.
To cover larger areas multibay ,multi span
roofs can be used where the roof is extended
across the width of the vault as a multibay .

BARREL VAULT
 STIFFENING BEAMS AND ARCHES :

• Under local loads the thin shell of the

barrel vault will tend to distort and lose
shape and even collapse if the resultant
stresses were more. To strengthen the shell
against this possibility, stiffening beams or
arches are cast integrally with the shell.

• The common practice is to provide a

stiffening member between the column
supporting the shell.

• Downstand stiffening RCC beam is most

efficient because of its depth, but this
interrupts the line of soffit of vaults, for this
upstand stiffening beam is used.

• The disadvantage of upstand beam is that it

breaks up the line of roof and need
protections against weather.

ARCHES
 EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS:
• Due to self weight and imposed load the thin shell will tend to spread and its curvature
flatten out. To resist this RCC edge beams are cast between columns. Edge beams may be
cast as dropped beams or upstand beams or partially as both. In multi-bay structures,
spreading of the vaults is largely transmitted to the adjacent shells, so down stand and
feather valley beam is used.

EXPANSION JOINTS:
• The change in temperature causes the expansion and contraction in concrete structures,
which causes the structures to deform or collapse. To limit this continuous expansion joints
are formed at the interval of about 30m, along the span and across the width of the multi-
bay and multi-span barrel vault roofs. Longitudinal expansion joints are formed in a up
stand valley.

ARCHES
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C. BARREL VAULT:

Expansion joints and flashings

in RCC barrel vaults.
Expansion joints at intervals of
not more than 30 metres.

R.C.C. BARREL VAULT

CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C. BARREL VAULT

R.C.C. BARREL VAULT

Kimbell Art Museum Kimbell art museum was established in 1972, hosts a
LOCATION : Fort Worth, Texas, USA small but excellent art collection as well as traveling art
ARCHITECT : Louis I. Kahn exhibitions.
The museum is composed of 16 parallel vaults that are
each 100 feet (30.6 m) long, 20 feet (6 m) high and 20
feet (6 m) wide (internal measurements).Intervening
low channels separate the vaults. The vaults are
grouped into three wings. The north and south wings
each have six vaults, with the western one open as
a portico. The central space has four vaults, with the
western one open as an entry porch facing a courtyard
partially enclosed by the two outside wings.

The basic plan is composed of sixteen cycloid vaults (100 x 20 feet) that are arranged in three
parallel units of six, four, and six in the Kimbell. Other elements are based on a ratio of 20 to 10.
For example, on the floor, wood sections measure 20 feet and travertine sections are 10 feet

KIMBELL ART MUSEUM

• Kahn's first design for the galleries
called for angular vaults of folded
concrete plates with light slots at the
top.
• Kahn initially planned to include
many more support columns than
were necessary for the gallery roofs.
• Komendant was able to use post-
tensioned concrete that was only five
inches thick to create gallery "vaults"
that need support columns only at
their four corners

KIMBELL ART MUSEUM

 Doubly Curved
(Non-Developable Surfaces)

Synclastic Anticlastic

Surfaces of Surfaces of Surfaces of Surfaces of

Revolution Translation Revolution Translation
Elliptic
Circular Hyperbolic
Paraboloids Hyperboloids
Domes Paraboloids
of Revolution
Torus of one sheet
Conoids
Spheroid/ Elliptic Hyperboloids
Ellipsoid of Hyperboloids of
Revolution Revolution
Paraboloids of of Two
Revolution Sheets

DOUBLY CURVED
• Most smooth surfaces (and most surfaces in general)
are non-developable surfaces. Non-developable POSITIVE
surfaces are variously referred to as having "double GAUSSIAN
curvature", "compound curvature", "non-zero CURVE
Gaussian curvature", etc.

SYNCLASTIC SHELLS:

• A synclastic form is a mono-shell whose axial and radial curves

are oriented in the same direction, either concaveor convex.
• A dome is a good example of a synclastic shell,it is doubly curved
and can be formed by rotating a curvedline around an axis.
• A dome can be split up into twodifferent directions; vertical
sections separated by longitudinal arch lines (also called
meridians), andhorizontal sections separated by hoops or
parallels.

NON-DEVELOPABLE SURFACES
 ANTICLASTIC SHELLS:
-An anticlastic form is a mono-shell whose axial and radial NEGATIVE
curves are oriented in opposite directions. Eg. Saddle points. GAUSSIAN
CURVE

CONOID :
Formed by moving a one end of a
straight line along a curved path
ANTICLASTIC
and the other along a straight path.

HYPERBOLOID
Formed by rotating a
straight line around a
Conoids, hyperbolic paraboloid and hyperboloids are all vertical axis.
Considered to the anticlastic shell because they are saddled
shape with different curvature in each direction and straight
lines can be drawn of the surface.

NON-DEVELOPABLE SURFACES
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID:
• Hyperbolic Paraboloid (not to be confused with
a hyperboloid) is a doubly ruled surface shaped like a saddle.
It is formed by sweeping a convex parabola along a concave
parabola or by sweeping a straight line over a straight path
at one end and another straight path not parallel to the first.

Scotiabank Saddledome,Canada

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR:
• Depending on the shape of the shell relative to the
curvature, there will be different stresses.
• Shell roofs, have compression stresses following the
convex curvature and the tension stresses follow the
concave curvature.
The world's first hyperboloid structure lattice 37-meter water
tower by Valdimir Shukhov, All-Russian Exposition Russia, 1896

NON-DEVELOPABLE SURFACES
ARCHITECT : OSCAR NIEMEYER CONSTRUCTION STARTED : AUG 12TH, 1958
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER : JOAQUIM CARDOZO DATE OF COMPLETION: MAY 31ST , 1970

BRASILIA CATHEDRAL- BRAZIL

Structure and Volume interact to create strong
spaces. The sixteen spires of the cathedral are
flowing boomerang shapes, suggesting hands
with curved fingers reaching toward heaven .
The nave is lowered 3 m below the esplanade
floor and is accessible through a down ramp,
followed by an underground gallery.

SPACE DEVELOPMENT
 LIVERPOOL
METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL

BRASILIA CATHEDRAL
The ruled revolution hyperboloid, a surface generated by a slanting line moving along two
circles, the meridian of this surface being a hyperbola, is the underlying geometric shape
of the cathedral.

FORM DEVELOPMENT
 SECTION

Concrete Columns

It consists of 16 30-meter tall piers with

a near-triangular, hollow cross-section. PLAN

STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
CENTRAL TOP SLAB
OCCULUS
COMPRESSION
CONCRETE RING
PIERS
TRACTION RING

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

There is a concrete ring at the

base on the ground which
serves as a footing. The 16 piers
stand on a circular beam of
200 × 5 cm, reinforced top and
bottom with 40 × 1”-gauge bars.

STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
 The spatial frame between the piers allows Detail of the fastening of the glass on the
the fastening of two layers of glazing on spatial truss
the upper and lower hexagonal webs of
the truss.

The suction of hot air is made through the purpose-designed central opening of the cathedral.
The three-dimensional structure was delivered to the site in pre-welded stretches, and these
were attached together on-site.

SKIN DEVELOPMENT
COSMIC RAY PAVILION – paraboloid structure

James Waller developed an innovative method of

building concrete shell roofs with a catenary arch cross-
section in pure compression; this eliminated the need
for steel reinforcement. Instead of conventional
formwork, he used fabric supported by reusable
falsework. The system was revolutionary, in both it’s
economy of materials and structural principles. However
Earliest design by James Waller Waller’s advancement remains under-recognized. Felix
Candela adopted Waller’s system of construction in the
first of his numerous works and continued the use of
similar double curvature structural principles into his
latter works. Cosmic pavilion is one of them.

COSMIC RAY PAVILION

 COSMIC RAY PAVILION – paraboloid structure
Cosmic pavilion, a laboratory built
in a university compound in Mexico
city,is an example of one of the first
2- paraboloid hyperboloid and has
a thickness less than 15mm.
The exterior vertical walls are made
from reinforced concrete formed in
a corrugated configuration. The
foundation of the shell rests upon
three main arching supports which
are carried down into concrete
footings
section

Concrete embedded into Worker applying final coats to one Felix Candela's Cosmic Rays Pavilion Process photo
the hessian fabric mesh of Waller's concrete shells. (1951)
inside the Waller shell

COSMIC RAY PAVILION

DOMES:
• A semi-circular arch rotated 360 degrees about the axis of
its centerline creates the shape of a dome.
• Dome structures provide strength, stiffness, and stability.
• They are designed to be capable of supporting applied
loads and self weight without excessive deflection and
unstable displacements. As its shape is the product of a
rotated arch, the dome develops internal meridinal forces
that can transfer loads to a support structure at its base.
• The forces observed are compressive and increase in
magnitude from the crown to the base for any dome
loaded symmetrically along the axis by self-weight.

SPHERICAL DOME CONICAL DOME BIODOME GREEN HOUSE,

DOMES
Fig. Shows the arrangement of rings in a dome.
The tendency of separation of any ring will be
prevented because of its shape, and therefore,
hoop compression will be caused in each ring.
To summarize, therefore, two types of stresses
are induced in a dome
(i) meridional thrust (along the direction of meridian)
(Ii) hoop stress (along the latitudes)

A dome’s design is dependent upon

many factors, including:
•Needed area and span, or distance
between supports;
•Budget and building schedule;
•Architect’s and /or client’s aesthetic
preferences;
•Forces, such as compression and
tension, acting on the structure; and
•Building materials.
TRIANGULAR DOME CYNDRICAL DOME

DOMES
GEODESIC DOMES:
• Buckminster Fuller, an American Engineer, invented the
geodesic dome in the 1950’s.
• A geodesic dome is a sphere-like structure composed of a
complex network of triangles , pentagons and hexagons.
• When completed to form a full sphere, it is known as a
geodesic sphere.
• Geodesic Domes are the strongest lightweight structures
we can make. The triangles create a self-bracing
framework that gives structural strength while using a
minimum of material.
• Geodesic domes are usually hemispheres (parts of spheres,
BLOCK MODEL
like half a ball) made up of triangles.

ROSKILDE'S FILMFESTIVAL 3-DRENDERING MATRI MANDIR

DOMES
MATRI MANDIR – geodesic dome
The Matri mandir is a 100-foot-high elliptical sphere resting on four pillars sunk
deep into its foundation. It is surrounded by twelve pedestals. The Geodesic
dome is covered by golden discs and reflects sunlight, which gives the structure
its characteristic radiance. Inside this central dome is a meditation hall known
as the inner chamber.
The four main pillars that support the structure of Matrimandir, and carry the
Inner Chamber, have been set at the four main directions of the compass.

MATRI MANDIR
MATRI MANDIR – geodesic dome
The gold discs
Disc frame: - Stainless steel tubes
Disc material: - stainless steel sheet
Gold leaf: - 28 gm of gold per 1000 leaves
Leaf size: - 85 x 85 mm
Total number of discs: - 1415
Small convex discs: - 954
Large concave discs: - 461
Average diam. (large discs): - 2.3 meter
Average diam. (small discs): - 1.5 meter

MATRI MANDIR
EXAMPLES OF SHELL STRUCTURES :
FOLDED PLATE SHELLS: The distinguishing feature of the folded
plate is the ease in forming plane surfaces. A folded plate may
be formed for about the same cost as a horizontal slab and has
much less steel and concrete for the same spans. The principle CANOPIES
components in a folded plate structure consist of :
1)the inclined plates
2)edge plates which must be used to stiffen the wide plates
3)stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports and to hold the
plates in line
4)columns to support the structure in the air.

TAPERED FOLDED PLATES

THREE SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE FOLDED PLATE TRUSS Z SHELL

SHELL SRUCTURES
CYLINDER BARREL VAULTS: Barrel vaults are perhaps the most
useful of the shell structures because they can span upto 150
feet with a minimum of material. They are very efficient
structures because the use the arch form to reduce stresses
and thicknesses in the transverse direction. SIMPLE BARREL VAULT

UNSTIFFENED EDGES THE LAZY S CORRUGATED CURVES

MULTIPLE BARRELS –
OUTSIDE STIFFENERS

BARREL VAULT
LOCATION : Virginia Key, Miami, Florida, United States
ARCHITECT : Hilario Candela

• The 6,600 seat stadium was built in 1963 on land donated to the City of Miami from
the Matheson family, is the first stadium purpose-built for powerboat racing in the
United States.
• Considered a Modernist icon because of its cantilevered, fold-plate roof and
construction of lightweight, poured-in-place concrete, popular in mid-century
stadiums At 340 feet in length (longer than a football field).
• it was the longest span of cantilevered concrete in the world when it was built. Its eight
big slanted columns are anchored in the ground. A huge horizontal beam tied them all
together.

MIAMI MARINE STADIUM

 1 : Miami Marine Stadium
Historically Designated Site

2: Miami Marine Stadium

2 1 3 Commercial Space – Miami
Maritime Center

3: Miami Marine Stadium

Flexible Park Space

MIAMI MARINE STADIUM

• Supported by columns with elements that pierce up through openings in the seating area,
the football-field-sized cantilevered roof is a marvel of engineering designed not only to shade
spectators from the harsh subtropical sun but also to be sculptural, evocative of sails on
Biscayne Bay and water rippling in the wind. • The floating roof is formed of a series of
structural “hyperbolic paraboloids” that create energy and elegance from what could have
otherwise been a mundane overhanging sun shade.
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
 CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C SHELL STRUCTURE : - BAHAI TEMPLE, DELHI

a. House of worship
b. Ancillary building
c. Public utilities
d. Parking
e. Main gate

The Bahai house of worship was built in 1980-86,

by Architect Fariburg Sahba in New Delhi .The
building complex comprises a ground structure,
as a large covered hall for assembly, in the form of
a Lotus. Seen from outside, the lotus flower is made
up of three orders of petals. The form of lotus
flower is conceived and interpreted, using definite
geometric solids such as cylinders, spheres, toroids.

BAHAI TEMPLE
 CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C SHELL STRUCTURE : - BAHAI TEMPLE, DELHI
• The two orders of petals called the ‘Entrance leaves’ and ‘outer leaves’, The inside and
outside, generates lines of thin walled elements. The lotus flower petals are finished in
white to create a dazzling outline.

The structural system representing the structure of a lotus.

Ground Plan inspired Organization of Station points for setting

from the metaphors space by the virtue out of arch, entrance,
of petals. of centrality and outer and inner leaves
omnidirectionality

BAHAI TEMPLE
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C SHELL STRUCTURE : - BAHAI TEMPLE, DELHI

Section through entrance leaf and interior dome

1. Entrance leaf
2. Outer leaf a.- i. . Pool
3. Interior dome shell j. Outer podium
4. Arch k. Bridges
5. Interior dome rib l. Entrance in inner hall
Plan showing arrangement of spaces
BAHAI TEMPLE
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C SHELL STRUCTURE : - BAHAI TEMPLE, DELHI
• The structure of the House is composed of three ranks of nine petals; each springing
from a podium elevating the building above the surrounding plain.
• Nine arches that provide the main support for the superstructure ring the central hall.
• To avoid construction joints, petals were concreted in a continuous operation for
approximately 48 hours.
• All the steel reinforcing for the shells of the lotus petals was galvanized to avoid rust
stains on the white concrete in the prevailing humid conditions, guaranteeing the life of
the delicate shell structure of 6 to 18 cm thick shells of the petals.

Since the lotus is open at the top, a glass and steel roof
at the level of the radial beams provides protection from
Inner leaf and radial beams deshuntered with central hub rain and facilitates the entry of natural light into the
supported on staging auditorium.

BAHAI TEMPLE
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C SHELL STRUCTURE : - BAHAI TEMPLE, DELHI

Detail of shaped member and back form

1. Inner stage staging 8. 40 mm diameter pipe

2. Inner form 9. 60 mm diameter pvc sleeve
3. Outer form 10. Shaped member
4. Outer steel staging 11. Back form panel
5. Working Platform 12. Longitudinal member
6. Concrete shell 13. Wedges
7. 10 mm thick rubber wahser

BAHAI TEMPLE