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8. Integrating trigonometric functions

The document discusses integrating trigonometric functions using various methods, specifically evaluating integrals of sin x cos x and tan x sec^2 x. It presents three different substitution methods for each integral and shows how the results are equivalent through trigonometric identities. The document also includes teacher notes and confirms the equivalence of the solutions with definite integrals.

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8 views2 pages

8. Integrating trigonometric functions

The document discusses integrating trigonometric functions using various methods, specifically evaluating integrals of sin x cos x and tan x sec^2 x. It presents three different substitution methods for each integral and shows how the results are equivalent through trigonometric identities. The document also includes teacher notes and confirms the equivalence of the solutions with definite integrals.

Uploaded by

NH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integrating trigonometric functions

There’s more than one way to


crack an egg, but is the resulting
omelette the same?

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 using each of the three methods below.

• Use the substitution u = sin 𝑥


• Use the substitution u = cos 𝑥
• Use the identity sin 2𝑥  2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

All three solutions look different, but they must be equivalent.

Use trig identities to show how the three solutions are equivalent.
𝜋
Check your conclusions by evaluating ∫0 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 for each of the three
3

solutions.

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 using each of the three methods below.

• Use the substitution u = sec 𝑥


• Use the substitution u = tan 𝑥
sin𝑥
• Prove the identity tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥  , then use the substitution u = cos 𝑥
cos3 𝑥

There appear to be two different solutions, but they must be equivalent.

Use a trig identity to show how the three solutions are equivalent.
𝜋
Check your conclusions by evaluating ∫03 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 for each of the three
solutions.

© www.teachitmaths.co.uk 2015 24064 Page 1 of 2


Integrating trigonometric functions

Teacher notes

This activity requires students to use:


 integration by substitution,
 trigonometric identities,
 trigonometric ratios with radians.

1.
sin2 𝑥
Method 1: ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2
−cos2 𝑥
Method 2: ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2
−cos2𝑥
Method 3: ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
4

The identity cos 2𝑥 ≡ 1 − 2sin2 𝑥 ≡ 2cos 2 𝑥 − 1 makes all three solutions equivalent
by a change in constant.

The definite integrals confirm the results as equivalent:

𝜋
3 3
∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 8

sec2 𝑥
2. Method 1: ∫ tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2

tan2 𝑥
Method 2: ∫ tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2

sec2 𝑥
Method 3: ∫ tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
2

The identity 1 + tan2 𝑥 ≡ sec 2 𝑥 makes the two solutions equivalent by a change of
constant.

The definite integrals confirm the results as equivalent:

𝜋
3 3
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2

© www.teachitmaths.co.uk 2015 24064 Page 2 of 2

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