Ma 201 - Complex Analysis

Lecture 02

Prof. Shreedevi K. Masuti

IIT Dharwad

August 2, 2023
 Summary of Lecture 01

• Complex numbers,
• Algebra of complex numbers
• Conjugate of a complex number and its properties
• Modulus of a complex number and its properties
 Learning Outcome

• Argand diagram and graphical representation of complex numbers

• Polar representation of complex numbers
• De Moiver’s form
 Graphical representation of complex numbers

• We can represent the complex number z = x + iy by a position vector in

the XY plane whose tail is at the origin and head is at the point (x, y ).

magietil Real axis

• When XY plane is used for displaying complex numbers, it is called

Argand plane or complex plane or z plane.
• The X -axis is called as the real axis where as the Y -axis is called as the
imaginary axis.
 Graphical representation of Complex Numbers
• Question: How do you represent sum/di↵erence of two complex numbers
in the Argand plane? E
if
• Example: Addition of complex numbers 1 + i and 1 + 2i can be

s
represented as follows:

• Question: How do you represent product of two complex numbers in the

Argand plane? It is not so easy as in case of addition or subtraction of
complex numbers. We can represent complex numbers in the polar form
and it is easier to understand the multiplication of complex numbers using
the polar form representation much easily.
 Polar representation of Complex Numbers

• Consider the unit circle on the complex plane. Any point on the unit circle is
represented uniquely by (cos ', sin '), ' 2 [0, 2⇡).
z
• If z 2 C is non-zero, then the point lies on the unit circle and therefore we
|z|
z
write = cos ' + i sin '. i.e. z = |z|(cos ' + i sin ').
|z|
 Polar representation of Complex Numbers


• Any nonzero z = x + iy can be uniquely specified by its magnitude(length from
origin) and direction(the angle it makes with positive X axis).
p
• Let r = |z| = x 2 + y 2 and ✓ be the angle made by the line from origin to the
point (x, y ) with the positive X axis.
• From the above figure x = r cos ✓, y = r sin ✓ and ✓ = tan 1( y ).
x
 Polar representation of a complex number

r(cos o + i
sino)
z =

• If z 6= 0, then arg(z) = {✓ : z = re i✓ }.
• Note that arg(z) is a multi-valued function.

arg(z) = {✓ + 2k⇡ : z = re i✓ , k 2 Z}.

• The principal value of arg(z), denoted by Arg(z), is the particular value of arg(z)
chosen within [0, 2⇡).
• So, if ✓ is argument of z, then so is ✓ + 2k⇡. Er,)
• arg z = {Arg z + 2k⇡ : k 2 Z}
• For example, arg i = {2k⇡ + ⇡ ⇡
2
: k 2 Z}, where as Arg i = 2
.
• Let z1 = r1 (cos ✓1 + i sin ✓1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos ✓2 + i sin ✓2 ). Then
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(✓1 + ✓2 ) + i sin(✓1 + ✓2 )).
• If z1 6= 0 and z2 6= 0, then arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ).

Sa +b
btB]
:
A+ = a = A ,
Problem: Plot the points z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 1 i in the complex
plane. What does z1 z2 correspond to ? z . zz = -
2

- zu

-2
z, zz
 De Moivre’s formula
• De Moivre’s formula: Let z = r (cos ✓ + i sin ✓). Then

z n = [r (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)]n = r n (cos n✓ + i sin n✓).

(i)2
p
• Question: What is i ?
• Solution:
suppose
w = 2 coso + i sind)
St w = i
i
in 20) =

=> 22(0s 20 is

isin
+
+
=, (Cos
=> - = 2k
20 =
z +

= 1 kEZ
=+
v =

w =
1 (cos + i sinc
 De Moivre’s formula
• De Moivre’s formula: Let z = r (cos ✓ + i sin ✓). Then

z n = [r (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)]n = r n (cos n✓ + i sin n✓).

p
• Question: What is i ?
• Solution:
k
it
=
i s in 0

+
= cos
w

i)
(
= +

=
i sin 5 /
w = -- Los
5 +
I

=>
=
YI
(1 + 1)
 De Moivre’s formula

• Problem: Given a nonzero complex number z0 and a natural number

n 2 N. Find all distinct complex numbers w such that z0 = w n .
1
• If w = |w |(cos ↵ + i sin ↵) satisfies the above, then |w | = |z0 | n . So, if
z0 = |z0 |(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) we try to find ↵ such that
1
|z0 |(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) = [|z0 | n (cos ↵ + i sin ↵)]n .

By De Moivre’s formula cos ✓ = cos n↵ and sin ✓ = sin n↵, that is,
n↵ = ✓ + 2k⇡ ) ↵ = ✓n + 2k⇡n
. The distinct values of w is given by
1 ✓+2k⇡ ✓+2k⇡
|z0 | n (cos n
+ i sin n
), for, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
2010 = cos(0 +
2kπ)
 Some definitions
f
-
-

IR 119

• Open ball: Let z0 2 C and r > 0, B(z0 ; r ) = {z 2 C : |z z0 | < r } is an open

ball centered at z0 with radius r .
• Deleted Neighborhood of z0 or punctured disc: Let z0 2 C and r > 0. Then
B 0 (z0 ; r ) = B(z0 ; r ) {z0 } = {z 2 C : 0 < |z z0 | < r } is called the deleted
neighborhood of z0 .
• Limit point: A point z 2 C is a limit point of a set S if B 0 (z, r ) \ S 6= ; for any
r > 0.
• Isolated point: A point of S which is not a limit point is called an isolated point
of S.

↓ zoin
·
 S
Examples II

Example 1: What are the limit points and isolated points of B(0; 1) ?
Answer: The limit points of B(0; 1) are all z 2 C such that |z|  1},
whereas B(0; 1) has no isolated points. of
points
: 1) limit
B (0 ; I

e
S

Szt : (z) B
=

Limit points
= 5z(Δ :
(z)k]
Example 2: Let S1 = {z 2 C : |z| < 1} [ {13 + 20i}. What are its limit
points and isolated points ?
Answer: The limit points of S1 are {z 2 C : |z|  1}. The set of isolated
points of S1 is {13 + 20i}.