Chapter IV Fish Capture

Lesson 1. DEFINITION OF FISHERY AND ITS IMPORTANCE

I. Objectives:
1. Define fishery.
2. Give the importance of fishery to human kind.

II. Preliminary Activity:

Test I. Multiple Choice
Direction: Write the correct answer before the number.
1. A science that deals with the study of fishes is called _____.
a. Aquaculture
b. Ichthyology
c. Biology
d. Fish culture
2. The human effort of raising the maximum productivity of fish and other
fishery products to satisfy human needs is ______.
a. Fish Culture
b. Fish Capture
c. Fish Cultivation
d. Fish Propagation
3. When fishes are imported or introduced into the country they are classified
as _____.
a. Endemic or Indigenous
b. Native
c. Wild
d. Exotic

4. A fishpond which is used by students in school is intended for:

a. commercial or business
b. recreational or enjoyment
c. educational and cultural or scientific pursuit
d. food production
5. _____exists when the pond is overstocked and has lesser growth of natural
food, a rivalry for food, space and oxygen.
 a. Spawning
b. Competition
c. Fighting
d. Cannibalism

III. Lecture/Discussion:
DEFINITION OF FISHERY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
What is FISHERY?
As the time goes by, different centuries and generation are past. The original
term of fish were interpret by various early people. The term has a different version
to another set of people. From the Proto-Indo-European(4500 BC to 2500 BC) it is
used as peysk/pisk. It was used for numbered centuries, then, the term was again
change because of the passing of generation to generation and another generation.
The term in the language of Proto-Germanic (500 BC) was fiskaz. The term in West
Frisian was fisk, in Dutch was vis, in Danish and Norwegian was fisk, in German
was fisch. Old English adopted it and later it was coined as fisc. Today, the
contemporary English now term it as fish. In our Philipinelocal term is isda.
Fish is approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate scaly-skinned animal,
which swims and found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. It breathes under
the water because of their gills, absorbing the oxygen from the water to suffice the
needs of body to live. Fish is a vertebrate being because they have a skeleton with a
spine. Just like mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, fish have a skeleton made
from bone. But rays and sharks have a skeleton made of a rubbery, softer substance
called cartilage. A fish wiggle its tail to swim through water. Their fins function as
the steer and support their body to stay upright. Fins are covered in skin without
scale. Bony rays supported the fins to maintain the structure and functionality of
fins. A fish has an armored body by scales to protect from the parasites and other
injuries. Scales also gives the fish a reflectors and coloration to hide and
camouflage themselves from the predators’ sight.
Fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other
aquatic species, an activity known as fishing including the processing and
marketing as well as protecting and conserving fish and other fishery product for
sustainable use.

VALUE OF fishery
 Fishery has a vital role in the
life and progress of an
economy. It does provide food
which is the basic needs of
mankind, yet not only sustain
food and raw material but also
employment opportunities to a
vast number of the population
in country. It can be a source
of livelihood which can lead to
contribute to micro and macro
community; supplying, sustaining food and fodder that are the basic necessities
of human to live, promoting the diplomatic relationship facilitated by trading
system in local, national and international, marketable surplus products, protect
our environment and natural resources, another source of savings of the entire
national budget and basis of the economic development of a country.
Without fishery, the economy will be at high risk to food security that may be
resulted into serious national problems. The above mentioned statements may occur
obverse and the opposite of those things may happen.
IV. Exercises/Activity:
Direction: Based from what your own views, answer the following questions.
1. What is the definition of Fishery?
2. What is the value of Fishery?
3. Does our archipelagic nation in fishery sector can suffice the needs of the
people in our country? Explain why or why not.
4. In what ways you can promote the Fishery industry to your barangay?
Justify.

LESSON 2: History of Fishery

I. Objectives:
1. Discuss the history of fishery briefly.
2. Appreciate the history of fishery.
II. Preliminary Activity:
What is history?

III. Lecture/Discussion:
BRIEF HISTORY OF FISHERY

Regular eating of freshwater

fish was evident in 42,000 and 39,000
years ago by the Tianyuan man.
Hunter-gatherer lifestyle was the
mostly work of the people. So, they
move a lot because they seek their
food. The only permanent settlement is
the cave and/or shell midden.
Discarded fish bone and carved
painting in the caves was supported the
evidence that fishing was occurring in the early ages. Based from the arts was
observed, they hunt fish at the salt and freshwater. One of the examples is from the
Southern France, the cave art is 16,000 years old. It represents the marine animals
and spearfishing with barbed poles also known as harpoons. Main fishing methods
appearing in the Neolithic times between 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. One of the
early fishing hooks was gorge hook used by Native Americans of the California
coast between 7,500 I. Objectivesto 3,000 year ago. Some other tribes used plant
toxins to numb fish and fish it out easily. Harappans (people that lived during the
Bronze Age at the place of today’s archaeological site in Punjab, Eastern Pakistan,)
used one of the first bronze harpoons.
Ancient Egypt was famously known as the sea-side settlers and heavily
dependent to the fishing. Method of fishing used on the Nile River was shown at
their artworks which are at the wall tomb, on drawing and papyrus documents.
Ancient Egyptian fished in small reed ships Nile perch, catfish and eels, and used
woven nets, weir baskets, harpoons, and hook and line to catch them. The first
metal barbed fish hooks appeared during the 12th dynasty.
Ancient Greeks considered fisherman of very low status so that they depicted
them in art. Despite of this, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, has a Greek wine cup
from 500 BC that shows a boy that crouches on a rock and has a fishing rod in his
hand and a fish trap in water below him. Basically – all civilizations that lived near
the water have developed some forms of fishing and relied on fish as a part of their
diet to some extent.
 It is not known when commercial fishing started but was characteristic for it
was that is used types of fishing which allowed for a larger catch. To do that,
fishermen used gillnets which existed from ancient times. Thy were used in Middle
East, North America and other places and are still used in pacific Northwest,
Canada and Alaska. Early fishermen used nets close to the coast but with
improvements in navigation and communication devices, mobility of fishing vessels
increased largely and they started conquering the oceans. Beside fish, catch of
commercial fishermen are sea cucumbers (so called “trepanging”) for markets of
Southern China and the rest of Southeast Asia.
Except primarily for food, fishing is used as recreational activity. The first
mention of recreational fishing dates from 15 th century and it comes from essay
“Treatyse of Fysshyngewyth an Angle” by dame Juliana Berners, the prioress of the
Benedictine Sopwell Nunnery. This type of fishing became popular during the 16 th
and 17th centuries and it was performed on rivers and lakes. When the first
motorboats appeared in 19th century, big-game fishing started to be popular.
Dr.Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and early conservationist is
considered an inventor of this branch of fishing.
Fishing is still today popular as a sport and as part of economy of some
country. Fishery is the business of catching, handling, taking, marketing, and
preserving of the fish and other fishery products.
IV. Exercises/Activity:
Direction: Based from your learning about the lesson, answer the following
questions briefly.
1. Discuss the history of fishery way back from the ancient origins until the
contemporary times. Emphasize the innovations that are made.
2. Why is it important to know and understand the history of fishery?
Explain your answer.
3. How can you appreciate the history of fishery?

LESSON 3: Branches of Fishery

I. Objectives:
1. Name the different branches of fishery

II. Preliminary Activity:

Describe the picture.

III. Lecture/Discussion:
There are 3 branches of fishery and they are follows:
1. Fish Culture – the human effort of raising the maximum productivity of fish
and other fishery aquatic products and maintaining the supply of these
products to satisfy human needs.
2. Fish Capture – branch of fishery science deals with the scientific method of
catching fish as well and the type of fishing gear used.
3. Fish Preservation – branch of fishery science that deals with the scientific
method of preserving fish and other fishery aquatic products to prevent
spoilage.
BRANCHES OF FISHERY ARTS OVERVIEW
Fish Culture
Fish culture is an art and science of raising,
rearing and propagating of fish and other aquatic
products under controlled or semi-controlled
environment. It is primarily practice for the support
and sustenance to human needs for consumption.
Fish culture
under controlled condition is one undertaken in an
aquarium, tank, hapa, fish cage, pen or pond.
Fish culture has three major phases: fish
propagation, fish cultivation and fish conservation.

Fish Propagation is defined as the natural or

artificial method of promoting or enhancing reproduction and survival of fish and
other aquatic products. It includes keeping, maintaining and spawning breeders in
tanks or ponds, hatching the eggs in hatchery facilities, and nursing the delicate
larvae up to size suitable for stocking in the grow-our or rearing areas.
Natural Method
Artificial Method

Fish Cultivation simply means the rearing

of fish and other aquatic products from very
young stage like fry and fingerlings, to
marketable size. It is done in fresh, brackish and
marine waters in any of the rearing contraptions
or structures. The other types of sub-classification
based on the techniques applied and financial investments, namely: extensive, semi-
intensive and intensive.
• Extensive Fish Farming
The fish feed entirely from the food web within the pond, which may
be enhanced by the addition of the fertilizer or manure.

Semi-Intensive Fish Farming

The fish still obtain significant nutrition from the
food web within their pond, but they are also given
supplementary feed.
Intensive Fish Farming
The fish are kept at too high a stocking
density to obtain significant amount of feed from
their environment.

Fish Conservation is the public control and

various maintenances of the various fisheries
where fish and other fishery products are deprived. It
work should be designed to insure maximum
sustainable yield of fish. For instance, the
continuous use of fishpond without proper
maintenance, like applying fertilizer, lowers the
productivity of the soil. It lessens the capacity of
fish to reproduce.

Fish Capture
Fish Capture is a rule or principle of capturing or
operating methods of fish and carried out distinct means
with some regularity. It includes the fishing gears,
technologies and equipment for systematic capturing.

Fish Preservation
 It is any operation that can prevent or inhibit the natural process of breakdown or
decomposition taking place in the fish. It is known as fish processing.

IV. Exercise/Activity:
EXPLORE FISHERY!
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. What are the three (3) branches of Fishery? Explain each.
2. What are the different types of fish cultivation? Explain each.
3. What are the different types of sub-classification based on the techniques
applied and financial investments? Explain each.
4. Why is it important to know and understand the importance of fishery
branches?
5. If you were given a capital to build or establish your own fishery business, in
specifically what branch of fishery do you prefer? Explain your answer and
share/present it to the class.

LESSON 4: MORPHOLOGY OF COMMON FISH – ITS PARTS AND

FUNCTIONS
I. Objectives
1. Identify the different parts of a fish.
2. Give the functions of every parts.
II. Preliminary Activity:
Answer the questions below:
1. Are you fond of eating fish?
2. What part of fish is your favorite?

III. Lecture/Discussion:

External Parts of the Fish and Their

Functions

1. Operculum/gill cover - part of

the fish that covers the gills.
 2. Scales - part of the
fish that cover the body.
3. Lateral lines - lines
along the body of the fish
used to help the fish adapt
itself to its new
environment.
4. Fins - part of the fish
that used for swimming,
balancing and propelling in water.
5. Eyes -part of the fish that used for seeing.
6. Mouth - part of the fish that used for swallowing objects, particularly food.
7. Anus - part of the fish that serves as an excretory organ of the fish where the
waste matter coming from the body of fish passes out.
8. Caudal Peduncle - part of the fish that connect the body and the tail.
9. Nostril - part of the fish that used for smelling.
10. Vent - the opening between the anus and the anal fin where the fish will excrete
either eggs or sperm. Also known as genital papilla.

Internal Parts of Fish and their Functions

1. Spine the primary structural framework upon which the

fish’s body is built It connects to the skull at the
front of the fish and the tail at the rear. The
spine is made up of numerous vertebrae, which
are hollow and which protect the delicate spinal
cord.
2. Spinal cord the part that connects the brain to the rest of the
body and relays sensory information from the
 body to the brain, as well as instruction from the
brain to the rest of the body
3. Brain - the control center of the fish where both
automatic functions and higher behaviours occur. All
sensory information is processed here
4. Lateral line one of the fish’s primary sense organs. It detects
underwater vibration and is capable of determining
the direction of their source.
5. Swim or Air a hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a
Bladder fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral
buoyancy in water.
6. Kidney filters liquid waste materials from the blood. These
waste are then passed out the body.
7. Stomach and break down food and absorb nutrients.
intestines
8. Pyloric caeca finger like projection located near the functions of the
stomach and the Intestine. It known to secrete
enzymes that aid digestion. It may also function to
absorb digested food or do both.
9. Liver it assists digestion by secreting enzymes that break
down fats, and also serves as storage area for fats and
carbohydrates.
10. Heart circulates blood throughout the body.
11. Muscle provide movement and locomotion. These are parts
of the fish that are usually eaten. They compose the
fillet of the fish.
12. Gonad hormone-secreting sexual gland of a fish.

Fish Scales Tell the Age of a Fish

 Look at the image of the fish
scale. Like a tree, scales show
rings that indicate periods of
growth. Rings that are farther
apart occur when the fish grows
well and there is a lot of food in
the summer season. Rings that
are close together occur when
the fish does not get much food and grows slowly. On the scale you can identify the
summer growth and the winter growth. (There will be several rings in each).
The core represents the fish when it was first born, as a fry. The rings near the edge
are the most recent periods of growth.

Types of Fish Scales

Placoid - It resembles a miniature tooth called denticles. Ex. shark scales

Ctenoid – It is scales that have a rear edges made

of small brush-like spines or comb liked teeth. Ex.
Scales of perch, pongies and bass

Ganoid – It is a four- sided plate that fits closely against adjacent plates without
overlapping.
Parts of Gills
Diagrammic Representation of Two Forms of Fish Gills
1. Gills Filaments - used for exchange of gases such as
oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Gills Arch - used for support and passing for
blood to and the gill filaments
3. Gill Rakers - used for straining food from the water

IV. EXERCISES/ACTIVITY:
Directions. Read and complete the table.
Table 1. Diagrammic Parts of a Fish Gills:
Parts Functions
1.Gills
Filaments
2.Gills Arch
3. Gill
Rakers

Table II. Complete the following table.

Parts Functions
1.Liver
2.Lateral line
 3.Swim or Air
Bladder
4. Kidney
5.Stomach and
intestines
6. Muscle
7.Gonad

Lesson 5.ASPECTS, CLASSIFICATIONS AND METHODS OF FISH

CULTURE
I. Objectives:
1. Identify the different phases of fish culture
2. Classify fish culture;
3. Name the methods of fish culture

II. Preliminary Activity:

Answer the question below.
Have you seen the movie “Muro - Ami” of Cesar Montano? What it is all
about?
 Many programs and activities had been done in response to the problems regarding
the shortage of the supply of fish in the country. One of which these program is Fish
Culture. Fish culture then must be introduced to enhance awareness and adopt some
of the technology and its adoption as additional source of food and income.
Nature and Scope of Fish Culture
It is the rearing of fish from fry to marketable size. It also cultivates other
aquatic products such as crabs, prawns and shrimps. Fish cultivation is undertaken
in fresh, brackish and marine waters based from the environment and water supply.
The fresh water type of fish cultivation is carried out in lakes, rivers, dams or
reservoirs and marshes. Structures used for this type are fish ponds, fish pens, fish
cage, fish tank and raceways. The species of fish that are usually raised are tilapia,
carp, catfish, mudfish and milkfish.
The brackish water type of fish cultivation is carried out in tidal flats or along
margins of estuarine areas. The structures as those in freshwater are used in this
type is the same, except the raceways. The major species of fish cultivated are
tilapia, milkfish, shrimps and crabs. Fish pond is the predominant type of fish
cultivation in the country. It contributes utmost production of inland waters.
Milkfish is the number one product.
The marine water type of fish cultivation is carried out in salt waters or open ocean
waters. The farms are positioned in deeper and less sheltered waters, where currents
are stronger than they are inshore. The structures used for this type are fish cage,
fish tank, fish pond and raceways. The species of fish that are shellfish like prawns,
or oysters and seaweed.
Phases or Aspects of Fish Culture:

1. Fish Cultivation

The rearing of fish under controlled and

semi-controlled condition.

2. Fish Propagation
 The process of increasing fish life either by natural or artificial means of
reproduction.

3. Fish Conservation

The scientific means of conserving fish and

other fishery aquatic products/resources. It
helps to keep the sport of fishing alive. Also,
helps to maintain the balance of certain
ecosystems. Fish are important to the planet and fish conservation can help
maintain nature’s balance.
Classification of Fish Culture
1.According to extent of financial investment
a. Intensive - utilizes limited area with very high investment
b. Extensive - utilizes wide area with minimal capital and very low production
c. Semi-intensive - employ some or the majority of the modern techniques of
production
2. According to purpose
a.for commerce or for business
b.for recreation or for enjoyment
c.for educational and cultural or scientific pursuit
d.for food production
3.According to design
a. natural pond
b.artificial pond
4. According to state of water
a.still water
b.running water
5.According to salinity
a.freshwater
b.brackish-water
c.marine or saltwater
6.According to temperature
a.warm water or hot water
b.cold water
7.According to species raised
a.freshwater species
 b.brackish-water species
c.marine or saltwater species
Methods of Fish Culture
Based on the structures used in fish cultivation, they can be classified into five
methods. These are the fish pond, fish pen, fish cage, fish tank and open-water
method.
Fish pond is the most widely used. Fry or fingerlings of one or more species
are stocked and reared in pond up to harvest time. Natural food is grown in pond.
The supplementary feed is added. The method of harvesting is draining the pond.
Retrieval of fish in this way is complete. Another method of harvesting is
freshening in case of bangus. Having positive rheotaxism, the fish are induced to go
against water current by the gate and concentrated into a catching pond where they
are scooped.
The fish pen method of fish cultivation is undertaken in net enclosures in
shallow protected areas of inland waters. Bamboo and wood materials ate used as
post and braces. Its lower end is embedded in the mud to prevent escape of stock by
excavating under, while the upper end is extended two meters or more beyond the
water level to escape of fish by jumping out. Harvest of fish is done by seining or
shocking them with electricity.
The fish cage method of fish cultivation is also undertaken in inland bodies of
water, both in flowing and still water ones. The structure used is also made of nets.
PVC pipes as framing materials is preferred to that of wood or bamboo. A cage is
much smaller than a fish pen. The cage is closed on all sides and installed in
suspension. Fish cage is stationary and movable. Floating and fixed cages have
open top. Growth rate of fish is dependent on the kind and amount of food given
and suitability of the environment. Harvesting of stock is relatively easy and
complete. The fish is either scooped or the cage is merely brought out of the water
to empty the fish.
The fish tank method of fish cultivation is practiced primarily by fish
hobbyists and in pet shops. The method employs varying sizes and shapes of fish
culture structures. These include glass bowls or aquaria and wooden or concrete
tanks. This method cultivation is done outdoor and indoor. The method involves
rearing or breeding of ornamental or fancy, colourful species of fish.
A fifth method of fish cultivation is open-water method. It is done in bays,
coastal lagoons, canals and similar environments.
IV.Exercises/Activity:
BE A FISH CULTURIST!
I. Identification. Aspects and Methods of Fish Culture
Direction: Identify each item. Write the correct answer before the number.
1. It is the scientific means of utilizing fish and other fishery aquatic
products/resources.
2. It is the process of increasing fish life either by natural or artificial means
of reproduction.
3. It is raising of fish under controlled or semi-controlled condition.
4. It is undertaken in net enclosures in shallow protected areas of inland
waters.
5. It is also undertaken in inland bodies of water, preferably in flowing ones.
6. It is done in bays, coastal lagoons and similar environments.
7. It is the most widely used method. Fry or fingerlings of one or more
species are stocked and reared in pond up to harvest time.
II. Enumeration. Classification of Fish Culture
Direction: Enumerate each item.
1. According to purpose.
2. According to design.
3. According to state of water.
4. According to salinity.
5. According to temperature.
6. According to species raised.
7. According to extent of financial investment.

LESSON 6: DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGIES USED IN FISH CULTURE

I. Objectives:
1.Identify the different terminologists used in fish culture;
2. Appreciate the importance of these terms.

II. Preliminary Activity:

Diagnostic Test:
I. Identification. Identify the following given statements.
1. It is the total weight of the animal in the given environment.
2. It is the process of producing young in great numbers.
3. It is the hydrogen ion-concentration of water.
 4. It is the number of eggs laid by a female fish in one spawning.
5. It is the biological association of minute plants and animals which are
found growing on the surface of the water.

III. Lecture/Discussion:
In every area of specialization, there are terminologies used to give a specific
meaning for a matter. This will served as a common idea to the professionals in their
respective fields. So as is in this area, there are scientific terminologies. In this
lesson, it will tackle about various common terminologies used in fish culture.
Terminologies Used in the Study of Fish Culture
1. Anadromous - are species of fish that go upstream from salt water to
freshwater to spawn. ex: bangus
2. Biomass - is the total weight of the animal in the given
environment.
3. Cannibalistic - are species of fish that feed on their own kind.
4. Carnivorous - are species of fish that feed on other animals.
5. Catadromous - are species of fish that go down from freshwater to
saltwater to spawn. ex: eels
6. Competition - is the rivalry for food, space and oxygen inside the
fishpond.
7. Endemic or - is native to the locality
indigenous
8. Exotic or - is introduced by other countries
digenous
9. Fecundity - is the number of eggs laid by a female fish in one
spawning.
10. Food chain -is the linear relationship of undergoing the process of
eating and being eaten.
11. Habitat - is the place where plants and animals grow and naturally
 live.
12. Herbivorous - are species of fish that feed on plants and vegetables only
13. Lab-lab - is the vernacular term for all the greenish, brownish or
yellowish crust
of micro benthic fauna and flora, which are found growing
in matrix or mat at the pond floor.
14. Milt - is the male reproductive gland of fishes.
15. Omnivorous - are species of fish that feed on both plants and animals
16. Oviparous - are species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and
developed outside the body. ex: tilapia
17. Ovoviviparous - are species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and
developed within the body but the young when born alive
do not receive nourishment from the mother fish. ex: Rays
and Sharks
18. pH - is the hydrogen ion-concentration of water.
19. Photosynthesis - is the process by which plants manufacture their food
with the aid of sunlight.
20. Plankton -is the biological association of minute plants and animals
which are found growing on the surface of the water.
21. Predators - are species of fish feeding on other fishes specially the
cultivable ones.
22. Prolific - is the process of producing young in great numbers
23. Sabalo - is the bangus breeder or spawner
24. Salinity - is the degree of freshness and saltiness of water.
25. Scavenger -are species of fish that feed on decaying organic matter.
26. Spat - is the larvae of oyster and mussel which are free
 swimming in water.
27. Standing crop - is the total number of fish stocked at a given area at a
given time.
28. Temperature - is the degree of coldness and hotness of water.
29. Tide - is the periodic rise and fall of seawater.
30. Viviparous - are species of fish that bring forth living young which
during their early development receive nourishment from
their mother fish.

IV. Exercises/Activity:
TEST YOUR FISH CULTURE VOCABULARY
I. Identification. Identify the following given statements.
6. It is the total weight of the animal in the given environment.
7. It is the process of producing young in great numbers.
8. It is the hydrogen ion-concentration of water.
9. It is the number of eggs laid by a female fish in one spawning.
10. It is the biological association of minute plants and animals which are
found growing on the surface of the water.
Lesson 7. CULTIVABLE FISH AND CRUSTACEAN SPECIES
I. Objectives:
1. Identify the different kinds of fish and crustacean species.
2. Name the different enemies of fish and crustacean species.

II. Preliminary Activity:

Answer the questions below:
1.What is your favorite fish/crustacean species?
2. Are they cultured or just being captured in the sea?

III. Lecture/Discussion:

There are vast species of aquatic animals with

their unique characteristics around the globe in
freshwaters, brackish waters and saltwater yet not
all of them are edible to consume by human for
food because of health issues if eaten and the threat
of extinction to their race which are protected by
local governments. So, there are only specific
species of fish for food and legally to produce and
commerce. In this lesson, it will discuss about the Philippine common species of
cultivable fish and crustaceans in fish facilities, their characteristics and natural
food according to their water habitats.
Common Cultivable Fish Species:
 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a tropical species that prefers to live in
shallow water. The lower and upper lethal temperatures for Nile
Tilapia are 12˚C and 42˚C, respectively, while the preferred temperature ranges
from 31˚C to 36˚C. It is an omnivorous grazer that feeds on phytoplankton,
periphyton aquatic plants, small invertebrates, benthic fauna, dentitus and bacterial
films associated with detritus. Nile Tilapia can live longer than 10 years and reach
an exceeding weight of 5 kg.

Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis

mossambicus) is a freshwater and brackish
water inhabitant. It lives in warm, weedy pools
of sluggish stream, canals and ponds. Is mainly
diurnal, occurs at temoeratures ranging from 8˚C
to 42˚C. Omnivorous, feeds on almost anything
from algae to insects but also crustaceans and fishes. Mozambique Tilapia reaches a
maximum size to 36 cm.

Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) is live in the

middle and lower streams of rivers, in inundated areas,
and shallow confined waters such as lakes and water
reservoirs. Carps are mainly bottom dwellers but
search for food in the middle and upper layers of water
body. Best growth is obtained when water temperature
ranges between 23˚C and 30˚C. The fish can survive cold winter periods. It is
omnivorous, with a high tendency towards the consumption of animal food such as
water insects, larvae of insects, worms, molluscs, and zooplanktons. Common carps
can reach 0.6 to 1 kg body weight within one season in the polycultural fish ponds
of tropical and subtropical areas.

Bighead Carp (Hypopthalmichthys nobilis) is a

eurythermic fish, being to tolerate water
temperatures of 0.5˚C to 38˚C. It inhabits lakes,
rivers and reservoirs. Bighead carp normally dwell
in the upper layer of the water column and prefers
high fertility water with abundant natural food.
Basically, it is a zooplankton eater throughout its life under natural conditions yet
also consumes artificial feed in culture ponds. Bighead Carp are fast growing and
become very large in size reaching a maximum weight of 40 kg.
 Philippine Catfish (Clarias batrachus) is an air
breathing fish inhabit in lowland streams, swamps,
ponds, ditches, rice paddies and pools left in low spots
after flood. It can walk and leave the water to migrate
to another water bodies using its auxiliary breathing
organs. It usually confined to stagnant, muddy water
and tolerates temperature from 10˚C to 28˚C. Omnivorous that feed on insect
larvae, earthworms, shell, shrimps, small fishes, aquatic plants and debris.
Approximately, its maximum length is 47 cm and maximum weight of 1.2 kg.

Bighead Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) is an

air breathing fish lives in lowland wetland and
rivers. Occurs in shallow, open water and is
capable of lying buried mud for lengthy period in
the time of ponds and lakes evaporate during dry
seasons. It can also extend its fins to move out of the water. Found in medium to
large-sized rivers, stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and
flooded fields. It can tolerate temperatures from 10˚C to 28˚. Omnivorous that feed
on aquatic insect, young shrimps, small fishes and aquatic plants. Its maximum
length is 120 cm and maximum weight is 45 kg.
North African Catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) is found in lakes, streams, rivers,
swamps and floodplains, many of which are
subject to seasonal drying. The most common
habitats are floodplain swamps and pools
where they can survive during the dry season(s) due to their accessory air breathing
organs. It undertake lateral migrations from the larger water bodies, in which they
feed on aquatic insects, worms, gastropods, small crustaceans, small fishes, aquatic
plants, terrestrial seeds and berries, small birds and small mammal as being an
omnivorous. It can live in the temperature of 10˚C to 28˚C. The record individual
from Country of Malawi was 16.1 in kg and the max length is 150 cm.

Snakehead Murrel (Channa striata)

is a ray-finned fish that perchlike in form
and its head is like of a snake. It is a fresh
and brackish water inhabitant such as ponds,
streams, rivers, stagnant and muddy plains.
Found mainly in swamps but also occurs in
lowland rivers. It can survive in dry season by burrowing in bottom mud of lakes,
canals and swamps as long as skin and breathing apparatus remain moist and
subsists on the stored fat. Feed on fish, frogs, snakes, insects, earthworms, tadpoles
and small crustaceans as being a carnivore. Snakehead murrel can live in
temperature of 23˚C to 27˚C. Its maximum length is 100cm and weight of 3kg.

Giant Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a laterally compressed

(compressiform) fish. It has the ability to breath
air through a specific organ called labyrinth (a
much-folded suprabranchial accessory breathing
organ), which appears in juviniles about 30 days
after hatching and become functional around 40 days. This fish is omnivorous but
with a strong vegetarian tendency, it can ingest various aquatic and terrestrial
plants, although it can also eat a wide range of other food resources such as frogs,
tadpoles, snails, small fishes and other small aquatic animals. Giant gourami prefers
calm fresh waters especially slow-moving areas such as lakes and large rivers. They
are also found in flood plains and irrigation canals. It lives in tropical temperature
of water. It can reach a remarkable size but normally the maximum size is 45-50
cm. Growth rate is quite slow and may reach commercial size of 500 to 750 g
within 9-14 months of growout. To achieve larger sizes 1 to 2 kg, an extended
period of growout rearing is required, generally compromising 25 to 35 months in
total.

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is also

known as seabass, it inhabit freshwater,
brackish water and marine habitats
including streams, lakes, billabongs,
estuaries and coastal waters. Barramundi are
opportunistic predators; crustaceans and fish predominate in the diet of adults. It is
highly fecund; a single female (120 cm) may produce 30-40 million eggs.
Consequently, only small numbers of broodstock are necessary to provide adequate
numbers of larvae for large-scale hatchery production. Larvae recruit into estuarine
nursery swamps where they remain for several months before they move out into
the freshwater reaches of coastal rivers and creeks considering them as a
diadromous fish. They usually occur at a temperature range of 26˚C to 29˚C and
between 10 to 40 m deep. Its size is commonly between at 25 to 100 cm.
 Orange-spotted Grouper (Epinephelus
coioides) has body elongated, not very
compressed, light greyish brown dorsally, shading
to whitish on side and ventrally, with numerous
brownish orange or brownish yellow spots on the
size of pupil or smaller on head and body. It
inhabits turbid coastal reefs and is often found in brackish water over mud and
rubble. Juveniles are common in the shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud,
gravels and among mangroves. It feeds on small fishes, shrimp and crabs. It is
generally cultured in floating net cages or earthen pond, but cage culture is more
common in Southeast Asia. Most of the brooders are collected from wild and reared
for 1 to 7 years using seawater at a constant temperature of 27˚C to 28˚C. The fish
are fed with frozen sardines, mackerels, cuttlefish, squids and top-shell clams
because these foods have high contents of cholesterol, phospholipids and
polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Malabar Grouper (Epinephelus

malabaricus) is a ray-finned fish and has perch-
like body. It has light grey to yellowish brown
color; five slightly oblique dark brown bars that
bifurcate ventrally; numerous small black spots
and blotches in head and body. It inhabits in
marine, brackish, reef-associated waters such as coral and rocky reefs, tide pools,
estuaries, mangrove swamps and sandy or mud bottom from shore to depths of 150
m. It feed primarily on fishes and crustaceans. Malabar grouper can tolerate water
temperature from 26˚C to 29˚C. Its common maximum length is 234 cm and
maximum weight of 150 kg.

Orange-spotted Spinefoot (Siganus guttatus)

is also known as rabbit fish by the similarity
of the nose. It is a ray-finned fish with
perch-like body. It has a bright yellow
spot adjacent to last few rays of dorsal fin,
head with lines and spots. Its spine is stout, pungent and venomous. Inhabits in
marine and brackish water to include turbid inshore reefs among mangroves;
tolerates or even prefers low salinities. Fry settlers in seagrass beds around river
mouths and adults enter and leave rivers with tides but also found on drop-offs of
inshore fringing reefs down to 6 m. It feeds on benthic algae. Unlike other siganids,
this species is reported to be active at night as being a nocturnal fish. It can tolerate
water temperature from 24˚C to 28˚C. Its common maximum length is 42 cm.
Vermiculated Spinefoot (Siganus
vermiculatus) is is also known as rabbit fish by
the similarity of the nose. It is a ray-finned fish
with perch-like bluish white body, head brown
to brownish or golden yellow with irregular
lines. Its spine is stout, blunt or pungent and
venomous. It inhabits in marine and brackish
water, juveniles live among mangroves then move out to lagoon and coastal reefs as
they mature. It feeds on algae growing on seagrass, mangrove roots and rocks.
Adult congregate inshore in groups of several hundreds to spawn in summer. Adults
on coastal reefs are subject to strong currents. The species has a high fecundity of
350,000 per spawning season. It can tolerate water temperature from 19˚C to 38˚C.
Its common maximum length is 45 cm.

Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus) is a ray-

finned fish with perch-like quadrangular body
shape. Juveniles with a few large roundish
blotches, about size of eye, dorsal head profile is
steep. Eye moderately large and snout is
rounded. It inhabits in fresh, brackish and marine waters such as harbors, natural
embayments, brackish estuaries and lower reaches of freshwater streams, frequently
occurring among mangroves. It feeds on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant
matters. The dorsal, anal and pelvic spines are believed by Philippine fishers to be
venomous and capable of inflicting wounds. It can live in the water temperature
from 20˚C to 28˚C and usually its maximum length is 38 cm.

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is a fusiform,

elongated, moderately compressed, and smooth
streamline body fish. It has body color silvery on
belly and sides grading olive-green or blue on
back, transparent tissue covers eye. It is the only
species in the Family Chanidae. Its distribution is
restricted to either low latitude tropics or the
subtropical northern hemisphere along continental shelves and around islands,
where temperatures are greater than 20˚C. Milkfish only spawn in saline waters.
Spawning takes place near coral reefs during the warm month of the year. Juveniles
and adults eat a wide variety of relative soft and small food items, from microbial
mats to detritus, epiphytes and zooplankton. It attains typical length of 1m but may
reach maximum length of 1.8m.
Common Cultivable Prawn/Shrimp Species:

Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon)

is similar to all penaeid shrimp, the rostrum
well developed and toothed dorsally and
ventrally. Its carapace has without
longitudinal or transverse sutures.
Depending on substratum, fees and water
turbidity, body colors vary from green, brown, red, grey, blue and transverse band
colors on abdomen and carapace are alternated between blue or black and yellow.
Penaeus monodon was originally harvested together with other shrimp species from
traditional trapping-growing ponds or as a significant by-product of extensive
milkfish ponds. It is mature and breeds only in tropical marine habitats and spends
their larval, juvenile, adolescent and sub-adult stages in coastal estuaries, lagoons or
mangrove areas. In the wild, they show marked nocturnal activity, burrowing into
bottom substratum during day and emerging at night to search for food as benthic
feeder. Under natural conditions, the giant tiger prawn is more of a predator than an
omnivorous scavenger or detritus feeder than other penaeid shrimp. Adults are often
found over muddy sand or sandy bottoms at 20 to 50 m depth in offshore waters.
The females are highly fecund with gravid females producing as many as 500,000
to 750,000 eggs. Hatching occurs 12 to 15 hours after fertilization. It feeds on
benthic detritus, polychaete worms and small crustaceans. Healthy adult females
can grow 25 to 30cm and weighted of 200 to 320g while healthy adult males can
grow 20 to 25cm and weighted of 100 to 170g.
Indian White Prawn (Penaeus indicus) is
similar to all penaeid shrimp, carapace rather
smooth, lacking gastro frontal and hepatic crest,
ad rostral crest extending as far as or just before
epigastric tooth, rostrum slightly curve at tip and
sigmoidal-shaped, usually bearing 7 to 9 upper
teeth (including those on carapace) and 3 to 6 lower teeth, rostral crest generally
slightly elevated in large specimen including adult females. Its body color is
semitranslucent, somewhat yellowish white (small specimens) or greyish green and
covered with numerous minute dark brown dots, eyes light brown mesh-like stripes,
rostral and abdominal dorsal crests reddish brown to dark brown. The methods of
brackish water aquaculture are applied whether in cultures practices followed such
as traditional, extensive, modified extensive, semi-intensive or intensive. It inhabits
the coast of East and South Africa, Southwest and East coast of India, Bangladesh,
Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Southern China and Northern coast of
Australia. Penaeus indicus is nonburrowing, active both day and night, and prefers a
sandy mud bottom. Adults are normally found at depths less than 30m but have also
been caught from 90m. The shrimp mature and breed mostly in marine habitats and
spend the juvenile and sub-adult stages of 30 to 120 mm total in length (TL) in
coastal estuaries, backwaters or lagoons. Juveniles can tolerate a much wider range
of salinity (5-40%) than asults. On the southwest coast of India the juveniles
support a good commercial fishery in the backwaters and paddy fields. It is also
highly fecund, ranging from 68,000 to 1,254,200 eggs from females of 140200mm
TL. Depending upon the temperature, hatching takes place within 8-12 hours after
spawning. The postlarvae migrate into the estuaries, settle and feed on benthic
detritus, polychaete worms and small crustaceans, and remain there until they attain
110-120 mm TL. These sub-adults then return to the sea and get recruited into the
fishery. The size of Penaeus indicus used for broodstock development should
preferably be above 145mm TL (20g) for females and 140mm (17g) for males.

Banana Prawn (Fenneropenaeus

merguinsis) is widely distributed in the
Indo-West Pacific region in both tropical and
subtropical waters. To include from Persian Gulf to
Thailand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Indonesia, New
Guinea, New Caledonia and North Australia.
It inhabits in the bottom mud, estuarine and marine about 10 to 45 m in depths. Its
usually maximum total length is 240 mm (female). It has been cultured in extensive
ponds with natural seeding for a long time in Asia and recently in semi-intensive
and intensive ponds. Supplementary feeding occurred only later in improved
extensive farming, with usually stocked with wild caught or hatchery-produced
postlarvae. Although F. merguinsis does not grow as fast as P. monodon, their
ability to mature and spawn in captivity and their short life cycle ensure a consistent
production of postlarvae and a great opportunity to domesticate the species. This
would eliminate the reliance of the prawn farming industry on wild broodstock and
more importantly, allows the development of fast growing or pathogen-free stocks
through selective breeding. Such low cost of broodstock, ease in larvae rearing and
potentially low feed cost.
 Greasyback Prawn (Metapenaeus ensis) is
commonly called mud prawn, sand prawn in
catering trade. It is popular due to its rich-
tasting nutritious flesh. Cahracteristics of M.
ensis include a wide distribution, strong
adaptability, omnivorous feeding habit, fast growth and high commercial value. It
breeds in seawater or brackish water but it can also be bred in freshwater after
domestication. After 100 days in cultivation with a favourable environment and
abundant food, juveniles will grow into adult commercial shrimps of 10cm in
length.

Giant Freshwater Prawn

(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is the
largest Macrobrachium species. The
maximum recorded size for males and
females are 33cm and 29cm in length.
Mature male prawns are larger than
females. The head of the male is also
proportionately larger and the abdomen is narrower. M. rosenbergii is nocturnal,
bottom dwelling and sluggish in nature and is territorial. During the day they
remain half buried in sediments and prefers shallow, detritus rich and vegetated
areas. In temperature regions, the breeding season is summer while in tropical
regions it is to the onset of the rainy season.
Its spawning occurs two or more times per season.

Common Cultivable Crab Species:

Swamp Crab (Scylla serrata) is a crab with

smooth carapace and strong transversal ridges.
Its gastric zone is on the carapace with deep
Hshaped groove. Front with 4 broad lobes, all
more or less in line with each other, 9 broad
teeth on each anterolateral margin, all of them
with similar size and projecting obliquely
outwards. It has a strong chelipeds with well
developed spines on the outer surface of carpus and on the anterior and posterior
dorsal parts of propodus. Its carapace color is green to almost black with legs that
may be marbled. The three other Scylla species prefer less saline water. Farming of
this species has developed from low density pond polyculture with fish and shrimp,
using wild seeds introduces tidally or intentionally, to monoculture in ponds and
pens. Typically associated with mangroves in estuaries and sheltered coastal
habitats, they are found in soft muddy bottoms where they dig deep burrows. Their
courtship and mating occur in estuaries. Mature S. serrate migrates offshore (up to
50km) to spawn. They may spawn at any time during the year. The number of eggs
produces may range from 1 to 6 million in a single spawning with at least 3 batches.
Males can grow up to 3kg with 28cm carapace width. Mature females have wide
and dark abdomens and dark orange ovaries that fill the cavity under the carapace.

Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) is a crab with

a carapace usually green to light green, plam green
to greenish blue with lower surface and base of
fingers usually pale yellow to yellowish orange. Its
carapace common width is between 15 and 18cm.
Inhabits rock areas, near reef and mangroves.
Members of the order Decapoda are mostly gonochronic. Mating behaviour:
Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues);
usually indirect sperm transfer. Its recorded maximum carapace length is 20cm.

Common Cultivable Lobster Species:

Ornate Spiny Lobster (Panulirus ornatus) is

a lobster under the family of Palinuridae. It has
maximum total body length of 50cm but
usually much smaller (30 to 35cm). It is found
in shallow, sometimes slightly turbid coastal
waters from 1 to 8m depth, with a record of
50m deep. It inhabits sandy and muddy
substrates, sometimes on rocky bottom, often near the mouth of rivers but also on
coral reefs. Juveniles occur in holes and crevices which are partially covered by
seagrass or macroalgae. It is solitary, may live in pairs and has been found in larger
concentrations. It is an omnivore species. Members of the order Decapoda are
mostly gonochronic. Mating behaviour: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common
(through olfactory and tactile cues); it is also indirect sperm transfer. It can found in
the Indo-West Pacific region.

Common Cultivable Mollusk Species:

Sl ipper Cupped Oyster (Crassostrea
iredalei) is a shell medium sized, very
variable in shape but generally higher than
long, roughly rounded, oblique triangular or
elongate ovate in outline. It’s left (lover)
valve rather thick but light weighted, more
convex and larger than right (upper) valve. The color of outside shell is dirty white,
often flushed with pale greyish brown. The right valve is frequently with a few
darker purplish grey radial bands in early stages of growth. The interior of valves
are whitish and shiny, often with irregular areas of chalky white, deep puple-brown
on posterior adductor scar. Its geographical distribution is restricted to the
Philippine Archipelago and Malaysia. C. iredalei attached
to hard objects or growing in bunches, on various soft
bottoms, especially in bays and estuaries with somewhat
reduced salinity, intertidal and shallow subtidal water, and
suspension-feeding. This brackish water species is noted
for its tasty creamy flesh and its culture required a salinity range of 15 to 25ppt. Its
recorded maximum shell height is 15cm and commonly 8cm in length.

Donkey’s Ear Abalone (Haliotis asinina) is actively collected in the Southeast

Asian countries for its shell and large fleshy animal. It is common but not
aggregating in dense populations. The depth where they are usually found is at 0 to
10m. In life, the exceptionally large green mantle almost covers the shell which is
them devoid of encrusting marine growths, unlike of the other species. It is active at
night, feeds on epilithic algae by grazing. Found in intertidal, on coral reefs. H.
asinine is mostly gonochronic and broadcast spawners. Life cycle: Embryos
develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before
becoming fully grown adults. Its recorded maximum length is 12cm and its
common size is 9cm.

Green Mussel (Perna viridis) is an economically

important mussel, a bivalve belonging to the family
of Mytilidae. It is harvested in the wild and grown
in aquaculture facilities in its native area. The shell
tapers to a sharp, downturned beak and has a
smooth surface covered with a periostracum. The
ventral margin of the shell is straight or weakly
concave. The ridge which supports the ligament
connecting the two shell valves is finely pitted. The beak has interlocking teeth; one
in the right valve and two in the left. The wavy posterior end of the paleal line and
the large kidney-shaped adductor muscle are diagnostic features of this species.
Periostracum can be vivid green to dark brownish-green near the outer edge and
olive-green near the attachment point. The interior of the shell valves is shiny and
pale bluish green. It can usually found up to 10m depth and forms dense population
(up to 35,000 individuals per square meter). This species in an efficient filter feeder,
feeding on small zooplankton, phytoplankton and other suspended fine organic
material. Sexes are separate and fertilisation is external. Spawning generally occurs
twice a year between early spring and late autumn, however, in the Philippines and
Malaysia spawning occurs year round. Sexual maturity occurs at 15 to 30mm shell
length. Life span is about 3 years. It is found in estuarine habitats with salinities
ranging from 18 to 33 ppt and temperatures from 11˚C to 32˚C. It can reach
150mm.
Common Enemies of Fish and Crustacean
1. Predator - fish and other animals that prey on the cultured species of fish
and crustacean
2. Competitors - fish and other animals that compete with the cultured species
in terms of food, space and oxygen
3. Nuisances - crustaceans and other animals that do a lot of damage to the
food and in the habitat of fish

Characteristics of Fish and Crustacean that are Suitable for Pond Culture
1. Fish should be palatable and good tasting – the fish must have a delicate
flavour.
2. Fish must be a fast grower – the fish must be able to grow rapidly or can
give a possibility of four or more harvests a year.
3. Fish should be resistant to pests, diseases and parasites – the fish should not
succumb to abrupt changes in temperature or salinity and can tolerate such
conditions in all its existence.
4. Fish should be a universal feeder – the culture fish require food which can
be grown easily and abundantly under favourable conditions.
5. Fish should have high market demand – the fish must command a high
price to recover the expenses incurred.
6. Fish should not be destructive in confinement, either to its kind or to other
species or to its environment – the fish should be prolific which means that
reproduce very often to have a continuous supply of fry or stocks.
IV. Exercises/Activity:
Direction: Identify the common names of the aquatic species in the ff:
1. Oreochromis mossambicus 9. Scatophagus argus
2. Hypopthalmichthys nobilis 10. Chanos chanos
3. Clarias batrachus 11. Metapenaeus ensis
4. Channa striata 12. Scylla paramamosain
5. Osphronemus gouramy 13. Panulirus ornatus
6. Lates calcarifer 14. Crassostrea iredalei
7. Epinephelus malabaricus 15. Haliotis asinine
8. Siganus vermiculatus
SUMMATIVE TEST:
Test I. Multiple choice Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is the rearing of fish under controlled or semi-controlled condition.
a. Fish Culture c. Fish Propagation
b. Fish Cultivation d. Fish Conservation
2. It is the process of increasing fish life either by natural or artificial means of
reproduction.
a. Fish Culture c. Fish Propagation
b. Fish Cultivation d. Fish Conservation
3. It is the scientific means of utilizing fish and other aquatic products/
resources.
a. Fish Culture c. Fish Propagation
b. Fish Cultivation d. Fish Conservation
4. What is the fish culture classification according to its purpose?
a. Intensive c. Natural or Artificial
b. Recreation d. Extensive
5. What is fish culture method under taken in net closures in shallow protected
areas of inland waters?
a. Fish Pond c. Fish Cage
b. Fish Pen d. Fish tank
6. It is the degree of water freshness and saltiness.
a. Freshness c. pH
b. Saltiness d. Salinity
7. It refers to fish species that go upstream from saltwater to freshwater to
spawn.
a. Anadromous c. Endemic
b. Catadromous d. Exotic
8. It refers to the fish species that go downstream from freshwater to saltwater to
spawn.
a. Anadromous b. Catadromous
 c. Endemic d. Exotic
9. What is the rivalry for food, space and oxygen inside the fish pond?
a. Competition c. Survival
b. Cannibalism d. Fighting
10. What is the linear relationship of undergoing the process of eating and being
eaten?
a. Food Web c. Food System
b. Food Chain d. Food Cycle
11. It is the smallest and cleanest compartment of fish pond.
a. Fingerlings Pond c. Nursery Pond
b. Fry Pond d. Delivery Pond
12. What is an area that serves as water reservoir where water is stored before
going to other pond compartment?
a. Main Pond c. First Pond
b. Head Pond d. Primary Pond
13. It is the dike that surrounds the smallest compartment.
a. Least Dike c. Tertiary Dike
b. Small Dike d. Third Dike
14. What is the gate in fish pond that can be found in the largest compartment?
a. Main Dike c. First Dike
b. Head Dike d. Primary Dike
15. A small unframed net enclosure with entire upper opened is called ___.
a. Fish Tank c. Hapa
b. Fish Pen d. Payaw
16. What is the common name of Oreochromis niloticus?
a.Nile Tilapia b. Red Tilapia
a. Mozambique Tilapia c. Domestic Tilapia
17. What is the common name of Penaeus monodon?
a. Giant Tiger Prawn c. Indian White Prawn
b. Giant Freshwater Prawn d. Banana Prawn
18. What is the common name of Scylla serrata?
a. Swamp Crab c. Sand Crab
b. Mud Crab d. Hermit Crab
19. What is the common name of Panulirus ornatus?
a. Ornate Spiny Lobster c. Ornate Red Lobster
b. Ornate Greasy Lobster d. Ornate Tiger Lobster
20. What is the common name of Perna viridis?
a. Green Mussel c. Grey Mussel
b. Black Mussel d. Yellow green Mussel
Fish capture

Test I. Multiple choice

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer before the number.
1. It is the fishing method that is composed of simplest forms of gathering
aquatic resources. What is it?
a. Active Gear
b. Passive Gear
c. Alternative Gear
d. Basic Gear
2. This grappling instrument is locally known as panilo. What is the common
name for panilo?
a. Traps
b. Snares
c. Dredges
d. Hidden Holes
3. Which gear is used by man to catch fish from distance by throwing sharp
objects?
a. Throwing Gear
b. Wounding Gear
c. Distance Gear
d. Scratching Gear
4. This kind of gear is leading the fish into a enclosure from which it cannot
escape. What is this gear?
a. Dredges
b. Traps
c. Snares
d. Net Enclosure
5. What method of fishing is with hooks and baits?
a. Fishing with Nylon
b. Fishing with Line
c. Competitive Fishing
d. Traditional Fishing