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Superposition (8.4)

The document discusses the principles of single slit diffraction and Young's double slit interference, detailing the equations and parameters involved. It explains the effects of diffraction gratings, including how increasing the number of slits sharpens the interference pattern and produces distinct spectra from white light. The document also outlines the relationship between slit spacing, wavelength, and diffraction angles.

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10 views20 pages

Superposition (8.4)

The document discusses the principles of single slit diffraction and Young's double slit interference, detailing the equations and parameters involved. It explains the effects of diffraction gratings, including how increasing the number of slits sharpens the interference pattern and produces distinct spectra from white light. The document also outlines the relationship between slit spacing, wavelength, and diffraction angles.

Uploaded by

bluepeony14
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Recall: single slit diffraction

intensity

𝜽𝟐
𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐧𝛌
𝜽𝟏 2𝜃1
𝑎
𝜃: diffraction or spread angle from
the centre to a maxima, 𝑛
𝑛: order of maxima
𝑎: width of slit
𝜆: wavelength of wave
Recall: Young’s double slits interference

𝑛λ𝐷
𝑥𝑛 =
a 𝑎
𝐷 : distance of double slits to screen
𝑎 : slits spacing (from their centres)
λ : wavelength of wave
𝑛 : fringe order relative to the centre
𝑥𝑛 : fringe width
Diffraction grating: effect
❑ We have seen that two narrow slits produce an
interference pattern of equally spaced bright
and dark fringes. The fringes themselves are
not very sharp, fading gradually from brightness
to darkness. The effect of bringing the two
slits closer is an increase in the spacing of
fringes but also makes them appear thicker and
even less sharper.
❑ If we increase the number of parallel slits from
two to three, to five, to ten and so on, but
keeping the separation of adjacent slits the
same, it has the effect of making the bright
fringes sharper without changing their spacing.
Diffraction grating: spacing, 𝐝

A (transmission) diffraction grating is


an arrangement of identical and
equally spaced parallel lines ruled on
glass.
It is used to produce optical spectra.
A typical diffraction grating will have
something like 600 lines per
millimetre.
❑ Then, what is its line spacing, 𝒅? 600mm-1
Diffraction grating: interference
❑ A diffraction grating is so called because each of
its thousands of very narrow slits diffract light
waves, spreading them out over a very wide
angle. The waves from each of the many slits
then overlap and interference occurs in the same
way as it did with only two slits.
❑ The interference fringes produced by the grating
with thousands of slits are different in several
ways from those formed by only two slits:
❑ The increase in the number of slits from 2 to
several thousand makes the bright fringes
extremely sharp; they are now called “lines”.
Diffraction grating: path difference
❑ The squeezing of the slits closer and closer
together opens out the angle between the
bright fringes or lines so that they appear as
sharp lines with wide dark spaces between
them.
❑ The slits themselves, being very narrow,
cause the light waves to be spread by
diffraction over a very wide angle. This
makes the bright fringes or lines visible over
almost the full 180° angle (90° on either
side of the straight-through direction).
Diffraction grating: spectrum
The spectrum produced by a diffraction grating from a
source of white light is shown in the figure. We can see
several spectra symmetrically arranged on each side of
a central white fringe or line.
The outer spectra may overlap each other, but
otherwise there is darkness between the edges of the
spectra. We notice that red light of the longest
wavelength is deviated most, which is the opposite
result to the deviation produced by a prism.
The dispersion (separation of the colours) produced by
the diffraction grating is also much greater than by a
prism.
Diffraction grating: formula
𝑛=2

𝜽𝟐 𝑛=1
monochromatic
light
𝑑 𝜽𝟏
𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒏𝝀
𝑛 =0

𝜃: angle diffraction
𝑛: order diffraction
𝑑: grating spacing
𝜆: wavelength of a wave
MJ09 P01 Q25
ON09 P11 Q26
MJ11 P11 Q27
MJ12 P11 Q30
ON12 P11 Q29
MJ10 P21 Q4(a)
MJ10 P21 Q4(b)
MJ10 P21 Q4(b)
MJ10 P21 Q4(c)
MJ10 P21 Q4(d)
MJ10 P21 Q4 – solutions

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