TELECOMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS
 Telephones
Telephone System
TOPICS Facsimile
Paging Systems
Internet Telephony
 The telephone system is the largest and most
complex electronic communication system in
the world.

TELEPHONES The primary purpose of the telephone

system is to provide voice communication.

It is also widely used for many other

purposes including facsimile transmission, TV
transmission, and computer data
transmission.
DIGITAL DATA
TRANSMISSION

• Digital data transmission is the

process of sending information
using digital or binary signals
• A fundamental part of modern
communication systems like the
internet, cellular networks, and
digital broadcasting
HOW DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
WORKS
1. Data Encoding: Information (text, voice, video, etc.) is
first converted into binary format (0s and 1s).
2. Signal Transmission: The binary data is then transmitted
over a communication channel like a wire, fiber optic
cable, or wireless medium. The binary data is represented
as discrete signal levels, such as:
• Two voltage levels relative to ground
• Presence/absence of current in a wire
• Presence/absence of light - conversion of binary
data to a two-state signal is done by a baseband
encoder.
3. Error Detection and Correction: Digital transmission
often includes mechanisms to detect and correct errors
that may occur during transmission.
 OPTICAL
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A FIBER-OPTIC

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
ERROR DETECTION AND
CORRECTION
• Errors:
• When bits are transmitted over the computer
network, they are subject to get corrupted
due to interference and network problems.
• The corrupted bits leads to spurious data
being received by the destination and are
called errors.
• Error Detection Techniques
• Parity Check, Checksum, and Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC).
• Error Correction Techniques
• Backward Error Correction (Retransmission
• Forward Error Correction
PARITY CHECKS
• Parity Check: The parity check is done by
adding an extra bit, called parity bit to the
data to make a number of 1s either even in
case of even parity or odd in case of odd
parity.
• In case of even parity: If a number of 1s
is even then parity bit value is 0. If the
number of 1s is odd then parity bit value
is 1.
• In case of odd parity: If a number of 1s
is odd then parity bit value is 0. If a
number of 1s is even then parity bit
value is 1.
 The original telephone system was designed for full-
duplex analog communication of voice signals.

Today, this system is still primarily used for voice, but

it employs mostly digital techniques, not only in signal
transmission but also in control operations.
TELEPHONES
The telephone system permits any telephone to
connect with any other telephone in the world.

Each telephone must have a unique identification

code—the 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13-digit telephone
number assigned to each telephone.
TELEPHONES
TELEPHONES
The Local Loop
• Standard telephones are connected to the
telephone system by way of a two-wire,
twisted-pair cable that terminates at the
local exchange or central office.
• As many as 40,000 (or more) telephone
lines can be connected to a single central
office.
• The two-wire, twisted-pair connection
between the telephone and central office is
referred to as the local loop or subscriber
loop.
• The circuits in the telephone and at the
central office form a complete electric
circuit, or loop.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM

BORSCHT functions in the subscriber line interface at the central office.

TELEPHONES
Line Interface
• Most telephones are connected by
way of a thin multiwire cable to a
wall jack.
• An RJ-11 modular connector plugs
into the matching wall jack.
• The wall jack is connected by wiring
inside the walls to a central wiring
point called the subscriber
interface. It is also known as the
wiring block or modular interface.
• The subscriber interface is a small
plastic housing containing all the
wiring that connects the line from
the telephone company to all the
telephone wires in the house.
Subscriber interface.
TELEPHONES
Telephone Set
• A basic telephone or telephone set is an analog baseband transceiver.
• It has a handset which contains a microphone and a speaker, better
known as a transmitter and a receiver.
• It also contains a ringer and a dialing mechanism.
• The ringer is either a bell or an electronic oscillator connected to a
speaker.
• A switch hook is a double-pole mechanical switch that is usually
controlled by a mechanism actuated by the telephone handset.
• When the handset is “on the hook,” the hook switch is open, thereby
isolating all the telephone circuitry from the central office local loop.
• When a call is to be made or to be received, the handset is taken off
the hook, closing the switch and connecting the telephone circuitry to
the local loop.
• The dialing circuits provide a way for entering the telephone number
to be called.
• Most telephones use the dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) system.
• The handset contains a microphone for the transmitter and a speaker
or receiver.
• The hybrid circuit is a special transformer used to convert signals from
the four wires from the transmitter and receiver into a signal suitable
for a single two-line pair to the local loop.
TELEPHONES
 Standard Telephone and Local Loop
• The central office applies a −48 V dc over the twisted-pair line to the telephone.
• When a subscriber picks up the telephone, the switch hook closes, connecting the
circuitry to the telephone line.
• The frequency response of the local loop is approximately 300 to 3400 Hz.
• Telephone wires are usually color coded: The tip wire is green and usually connected to
ground, and the ring wire is red.
Ringer
• The ringer in most older telephones is an electromechanical bell.

TELEPHONES • The ringing voltage supplied by the central office is a sine wave of approximately 90 Vrms
at a frequency of about 20 Hz.
• In US telephones, the ringing voltage occurs for 1 s followed by a 3-s interval.
TELEPHONES
Transmitter
• The transmitter is the microphone into which
you speak during a telephone call.
• In a standard telephone, this microphone uses
a carbon element that effectively translates
acoustical vibrations into resistance changes.
• The transmitter element is in series with the
telephone circuit, which includes the 48-V
central office battery and the speaker in the
remote handset.
Receiver
• The receiver, or earpiece, is basically a small
permanent magnet speaker.
• A diaphragm is physically attached to a coil
which rests inside a permanent magnet.
• Whenever a voice signal comes down a
telephone line, it develops a current in the
receiver coil.
• The coil produces a magnetic field that
interacts with the permanent-magnet field.
• The result is vibration of the diaphragm which
converts electrical energy into acoustic energy
that supplies the voice to the ear.
 TELEPHONES
Cordless Telephones: Cordless Telephone Concepts
• A cordless telephone is a full-duplex, two-way
radio system made up of two units, the portable
unit or handset and the base unit.
• The base unit is wired to the telephone line by way
of a modular connector.
• It receives its power from the ac line.
• The base unit is a complete transceiver. It contains
a transmitter that sends the received audio signal
to the portable unit, and receives signals
transmitted by the portable unit and retransmits
them on the telephone line.
• The base unit contains a battery charger that
General block diagram of a cordless telephone. rejuvenates the battery in the handheld unit.
• The portable unit is also a battery-powered
transceiver.
• Both units have an antenna.
• The transceivers in both the portable and the base
units use full-duplex operation.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Telephone Hierarchy
• Whenever you make a telephone call, your voice
is connected through your local exchange to the
telephone system.
• From there it passes through at least one other
local exchange, which is connected to the
telephone you are calling.
• Several other facilities may provide switching,
multiplexing, and other services required to
transmit your voice.
• The telephone system is referred to as the public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
• The central office or local exchange is the facility to
which your telephone is directly connected by a
twisted-pair cable.
• Regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs), also
called local exchange carriers (LECs), provide local
telephone service. Independent phone companies
provide local service in rural areas not served by
RBOCs.
• The LECs provide telephone services to designated
geographical areas referred to as local access and
transport areas (LATAs).
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Private Telephone System: Private Branch Exchange
• A private branch exchange, or PBX, is a private
telephone system for larger organizations.
• Most PBXs are set up to handle 50 or more
telephone interconnections.
• They can handle thousands of individual
telephones within an organization.
• These systems may also be referred to as
private automatic branch exchanges (PABXs)
or computer branch exchanges (CPXs).
• PBX provides baseband interconnections to
all the telephones in an organization.
• The PBX offers the advantages of efficiency
and cost reduction when many telephones
are required.
• The modern PBX is usually fully automated
by computer control.
• An alternative to PBX is Centrex. This service
performs the function of a PBX but uses
special equipment and special trunk lines.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
 • Facsimile, or fax, is an electronic system for transmitting graphic information by
wire or radio.
• Facsimile is used to send printed material by scanning it and converting it into
electronic signals that modulate a carrier to be transmitted over the telephone
lines.
• Since modulation is involved, fax transmission can also take place by radio.
• With facsimile, documents such as letters, photographs, line drawings, or any
printed information can be converted into an electrical signal and transmitted.
FACSIMILE • Facsimile uses scanning techniques that are similar to those used in TV.
• A scanning process is used to break a printed document up into many horizontal
scan lines which can be transmitted and reproduced serially.
FACSIMILE

Block diagram of modem fax machine.