COMPUTER NETWORKING 4

CHAPTER FOCUSES ON
Computer Networks Internet
Tvpes of Network (LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN) Data, Information and Multimedia
Networking Technology (Wired and Wireless) / Cloud Computing

INTRODUCTION
In earlier chapters we studied about individual/standalone computers. Each computer had its own set of
hardware and software. In our daily life computers are being used in many felds. In an organization, anumber
of people work in different departments and need to share information from each other. For example, in a
school toprint report card of a student, personal details are shared from Administration department and
marks are shared from Evaluation department. This sharing of information is possible by connecting them
through anetwork (computer network).
Tip: A'standalone computer is the one which is not connected to a network.

In this chapter we will learn about different aspects of computer network.

COMPUTER NETWORK
Acomputer network is a system for communication among computers and other peripherals that are
interconnected together to exchange information and devices. The Information includes the sharing of files,
images, and songs and so on from one computer to another.
Advantages of Computer Network
Data Sharing: The data can be easily shared in a network so that
other users can access it when it is needed. Sharing and
transferring fles within networks are very fast. In a standalone
environment to share the data, we need flash memory, CD, DVD or
other secondary storage to put data into it and copy it to other
computer.
Hardware Resource Sharing: We can share/use
peripheral/device of other computer on anetwork. For example,
we use printer for printouts, DVD-Writer to burn a CD/DVD of
other computer on anetwork.
Software Resource Sharing: In a client- server environment,
software is needed to be installed only on server and they can be
used by clients also. It saves because it doesn't need of
installation and updating of software on the client computers and eliminates to buy several copjes of
software for client computers.
61
 Rt atian iu a wwok we an omnot with other people on
hongrahs notes ant txt usingDalls. I Us very last andeheapto send. network
mall and
onn the
hpeetwmputerNetworks exat
The wper netwokcnbeassite nto four major categorles, These are;
Lwal Aiea Netwok(LAN)
AMetan Ava Netwok (MAN)
Wte Area Nelwok(WAN)
Nrnal Area Netwok(AN)
oal Aiea Netwerk(LAN)
AreAviwk (LAN) 0s a computer network that covers a Amall
arna uchaxhome, otMceor ay bullding
Nmall ggraphietange and have They are used within Server
have higherdatatransfervate. lmited teleconn lcation lines, LANs
ALAN IN uetul ko
ajyih atina A LANshartng resources like files, printers, games or other
ntun oten
etenet or other WAN. connects to other LANs, and to the LAN
Moxt local area networks are
(wirnd nedia) huilt with relatively
huta such as inexpensive hardware
Rthenet/co axlal cables, network
ALAN Can be
adapters, and 6

It ik known as set upusing wirelessmedia (infrared, radio waves)

\WLAN (WireleNs LAN),isi also, Ifa LAN 0s set up
etrvpalitan Area using unguided me
A Network (MAN)
Aetiten
a city er
Aret Network
two or more(MAN)Is alarge
does notconnects
extend beyond the local AreaofNetworks network that usually spans
metopolitan area. boundaries the (LANs) in a clty, but
Data
litte slowerthan the transfer rate in tmmedlate city, or
Local Area Network. Metropolltan Areatown,
OWO

Netwotks of
branches of
Network 0s
spread at ditlerent
All types of locationsschools, banks, or
in acity are government
oxamples of aMAN, offlces, etc.
pa MAN. communication media
Wide Area Netwurk
(guided orungulded) are used to set
AWe (WAN)
Area Network
state orcountry Anetwork. (WAN)
(ommunications 0s a
wide
It eovers
large geographlcally Independent
WANS often connect area network may begeoRraphl e area, for example,
hetworks (1.ANN) or naltiple smaller prlvately owned or rented,
Natworks of metrofopolitan area notworks networks, such as local area
spreaddat branches
ditterent schools, hanks, or
the exanples of a locatlons in ditlerent cities
(MANS),
WAN,Best known governmment
0r
example of aWAN stateS0s or oflces, etc,
the countrles are
internet.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
area nelwork (PAN) is a
Apersonal computer network used for ( Smertyhore

mmunication among computer devices (including telephones and

personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices
not,belong to the personin may or may
question. The reach of aPAN is typically afew
ters. PANScan be used for communication among the LAptog

hemselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting personal devices

to a higher
level network andithe Internet. Personal area networkS may be wired with Tatot Pirter

computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A

motwork (WPAN)can also be wireless personal area
made possible with network technologies such as IrDA and
Bluetooth.
Data Communication Devices/Network Devices
Modem: Modem is a device that enables a computer to transfer the data through
stands for Modulator and Demodulator. The data that a system sends is in the formtelephone cables. Modem
of
telephone cables cannot transmit these digital signals. So the modem changes these digitaldigital signals. The
signals that can be transmitted through the telephone cables. signals to analog
Network Interface Card (NIC)/LANcard: ANetwork Interface Card(NIC) is a computer
designed to allow computers to communicate over a network. It is also called a network hardware device
card or network
adapter or LAN adapter.
Repeater: A repeater receives a signal and regenerates it. It then transmits the signal at a
higher level or
higher power onto the other side. So, the signal can cover longer distance without any
change.
Hub:Ahub is a component that duplicates the information and makes the data available to all systems. Ahub
has multiple ports. When adata packet arrives at one port, it is copied to other
systems.
Bridge: Abridge is a device used to connect two local area networks (LANs)or two segments of the same
that usethe same protocol. Itforwards data depending on the destination address in the data LAN
packet.
Switch: ASwitch is a device used to transmit the data received from several input ports to the
specified output
port,which in turn sends data to the receiver's system. It identifies the output ports'
addresses by using the
MAC address in a LANand by using the IP address in a WAN.
Router: Arouter connects multiple networks and forwards the data packets between them. It finds a specific
path to send data packets through networks. It can be used to connect a LAN to a LAN, a WAN to a WAN, or a
LAN to the Internet.
Tip: Datais transmitted through the center wire, while the outer braided layer serves as a line to ground.
Both of these conductors are parallel and share the same axis. This is why the wire is called coaxial.

COMMUNICATION MEDIA
As we know thata network is used to share/transmit data from one computer to other computers. In a
computer network devices are connected through a communication channel which makes it possible to
transmit data. We can establish a communication channel using cables/wires or wireless technologies. On the
basis of conmmunication channel, networks can be divided into two categories:
(a) Wired Networks (b) Wireless Networks

Wired (guided) networking technology

As the name suggests, in wired or guided network technology signals/data is transmitted from one place to
another through a wired/guided/physical media. In other words, this technology uses wires/cables as
Communication channel.
63
 examnple
networking. For

he are
various kinds of cablesor
cable andFiber Opticcable.
wires usedin wired
Ethernet cable
brlded shletd

Co-axial Cable companies to

by cable TV
Coaxial cable is gernerally usedTVsets.
transmit TV Signal from antennato wire
surrounded
fa
of: center
It is atype of cable which consists shield of braided wire the
by insulation and then a grrounded frequency interference).
shield minimizes electrical and radio coversthe braided outer jacketOe
Finally, there is an outer plasticjacket that
used bycable TV
wire. Coaxial cable is the kind of coppercable and user homes Co-axial cable
companies between the community antenna
and businesses.
central office to:
Coaxial cable is sometimes used by telephone companies from their the
corporation Ethernet and
users. It is also widely installed for use in business and
network.
telephone
other types of poles n

Shielded cabletsbett sdss Unshielded

Ethernet Cable (Twisted pair cable) cable916i3eii Connector
An Ethernet cable is one of
the most common forms of network cables used
connect devices like computer system, on wired
Each Ethernet cable, connecting two switches, and modems.
eight pin jack at each end to plug into hardware devices, has an
It is used networks.
devices. network/Ethernet port of the
There are two types of twisted
straight cable. pair cable: crossover cable
A andn
crossover cable is used to connect two
together directly while a straight computer systems
computer toa network switch, hub cable isin used to connect
Optical Fiber Cable orrouter anetwork. r a
Ethernet cable
Optical fiber cable is made up of
glass fiber which is one or more
optical fiber
cladding which coated
in is turn with a layer of acrylate media i.e. thin
more fibers to protect protected by a polymer called
form oflight pulses. them).Optical Jacket[that
fiber surrounds one or
cable transmits data in
Generally, optical fiber cable consists of
fiber)
the
permits data overabundle
bandwidths (data transmitsrsiansmi
onof ssion of glass
longer distancesthreads (optical
communication. It is
butexpensive toinstal.much thinner andrates)
and
than other higher at
lighter than other forms of
metallic wire Optical Fibre Cable
 Fibersthat support many propagation paths or modes are called multi-modeefibers (MMFI), while those that
onlv support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi--modefibers generally have a wider
corediameter,andaare used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power
mustbe ransmitted, Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,050 neters
(3,440).

Advantages of fiber opticalcable

Lower signal loss.
Data security.
Hich bandwidth (data carrying capacity) over long distance
Light weight.
Fast data transmission.
Disadvantages
Expensive than otherwiredmedia.
Higher installation cost.
Fragility.
Wireless (unguided) Networking Technology
Wireless or unguided media uses electromagnetic waves for transmission of data between devices. Wireless
technology does not use any physical medium like cable or wire. Depending upon the distance and speed
different technologies are used like Bluetooth, Infrared and Wi-Fi for transmission of data between the
devices.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is atechnology that uses short-range radio links to connect devices. It uses low powered
frequency and can transmit data over short distance typically up to 30 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth
devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps.
Bluetooth technology is used primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal
consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAS, wireless headsets and printers.
Infrared

Infrared technology allows computing devices to

communicate via short-range wireless signals.
With infrared, computers can transfer files and
other digital data bidirectional. The infrared
transmission technology used in computers is
similar to that used in remote control units of TVs,
VCRs,CD players and Car Locking systems.
Infrared communications span very short
distances. It works for ashort range (1m to Sm).
Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies, infrared
network signals cannot penetrate (come through) walls or other obstructions and work only in the direct'line
of sight.

65
WI-Fi(Wireless Fidelity)
It is the most popular wireless communtcation technology used for high-speed
data transfer connections overa short distance (a few hundred feet),.
AWi-Fi based Local Area Network is also known as WLAN. It also provides
wireless broadband internet access to Wi-Fienabled devices, such as mobiles and
laptops.
Wi-Fi provides its users with the liberty of connecting to the Internet from any
place such as their home, office,education campus or a publicplace without the hassles of
wires. Wi-Fi connections in airports, hotels, bars, coffee shops and more are plugging in
Some Wi-Fihot spots are free and some cost traditionally called hot sne
money.
Disadvantages
Bad weather gives poor signals. One can suffer when youare
in dire need of internet connectivity anA
weather won't allow you to connect.
If your wireless internet connection is not
Spying is aconstant threat if computer is not security-enable, you would suffer iín the form of data loss
firewall protected. bnieT
INTERNET
The Internet, sometimes called 'the
Net' is aworldwide network of
networks, which is accessible to the general public. Internet is such a hugecomputer
of different network
interlinked
and other networks, networks related to the business, academics, government,
therefore internet is known as the network of
Internet is used for various important INTERNET
functions which include the severalnetworks.
communications like the online chat, file
and websites on the www. transfer, electronic mail, sharingmeans
of
of data
ARPANET is commonly thought of as the
the US Department of Defenses predecessor to the Internet and created by
fully operational Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in
packet-switching
ARPA computer terminals (located at network, the ARPANET was designed to 1960s-1970s. The first known
facilitate communication between
different science and technology research
the early 1960s just after the
Russians had climbed the space era with the universities in USA) during
universities also joined the network for academic research. launch of Sputnik. Later all other
Uses of Internet
Internet has been the most useful
butalso our personal and professional technology of the modern times which helps us not only in
lives developments. The internet our daily lives,
E-mail and Chatting- You can send and provides many thingstous.
thíngs such as pictures, videos,songs, receive instant messages (e-mails) using internet.
are delivered instantly to e-cards can be added along with email Various
E-mail is now an essential people anywhere in the messages. Your
world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lotmessages
with family and friends. The communication tools in business. It is also excellent way of of time.
telephone, advantages to email is that it is free (no charge per use) keeping in touci
fax and postal services. We can chat with our friends when
the friends.
using'chat room' and stay incompared
touch wi
0
Newsand Information- The
information regarding variousinternet
topics of
provides facility to read different
our interest such as newspapers online and get u
alsokeeps us updated on science,
current events. The technology, sports, education et
of information on any
topic under the sun Internet
is a virtual
treasure trove
Internet. The ofinformation.
is available on the Any k
'search engines' on
66
 Internet can help youto find data onaany subjectthat you
need.
Services- Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking and
applications, and hotel reservations, railway and air tickets booking, etc. Often these services are not
available off-line or cost more,
Online shopping- The internet is avery effective way to buy and sell products all overthe world. Along
with gettinginfor mation on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are many online stores and
sites that can be used to look for products as well as buv them ucing vourcredit card. Youdo not neeo
leave vourhouse and can do allyour shopping from the convenience
ofyourhome.
Communities- Communities of all types have sprung up on the internet. It's a great wayto meet up with
peopleoffsimilarinterest and discuss commonissues.
Software Downloading- You candownload free games, videos, software,educational information and
musicfrominternet.

Basic Requirements for an Internet Connection

Toconnect your*computer tothe Internet, you needthefollowing things:
AComputer
AModem and Network Interface Card
An account with Internet Service Provider
An Internet Connection
An Internet Browser

Interspace
Information sharing has always been one of the Internet's most popular functions. Within the next decade,
computertechnology willtransfer the internetinto the Interspace.
Using technologies that go beyond searching individual repositories to analyzing and correlating knowledge
across multiple sources and subjects, the Interspace will offer distributed services to transfer concepts across
domains.

Content Technology
Data
Data is a collection of raw facts (unprocessed data) that does not have meaning of itself. Data can be in the
form ofnumbers, symbols, characters, words, images and measurements.
Data can be qualitative (it describes something) or quantitative (numbers) e.g. Name, Address,Age, Weight,
Complex, etc.
Let us consider the following data:
Saumya, G.T.B. Nagar, 5years, 18 KG, Fair
The abovedata has no significance. You cannot take decision using this data. It is needed to be processed and
combined in a meaningful manner.
Information
When data is processed, organized in some way in order to refine and present in a specific context becomes
useful and called information. Information is nothing but the processed form of data which is meaningful to
the individual who receives it. Let us consider the data discussed in previous section. Arrange it in the

67
following way:
Name:Saumya Weight: 18 kg
Address:GTB. Nagar Complexion: Fair
Age:5 years
Let us presentthe above data as shown below:
Saumya isa 5years old girl.
She is 18 kg in weightandfaircomplexion.
She lives at G. T.B Nagar.
The above data gives details of agirl named Saumya. This data has become meaningful and called informati
MULTIMEDIA
VIDEO ANIMATED
GRAPHICS
Multimedia is media and content that utilises a combination of
different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a
medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective D) AUDIO MAPS
describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term
is used in contrast to media which only utilise traditional forms of
printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a TEXT PHOTOGRAPHY
combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video and
interactivity content forms.
Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices
such as computerised and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an
adjective) also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content
Multimedia is similar to traditional mixed media in fine art, but with abroader scope. The term "rich media' is
synonymous with interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia
application.
Modalities of Multimedia
Multimedia involvesmultiple modalities of text,audio, images, drawings, animation and video.
Examples ofhow these modalities are put touse:
1 Video teleconferencing.
2 Distributed lectures for higher education.
3. Tele-medicine.
4. Cooperative work environments.
5. Searching in (very) large video and image databases for target visual objects.
6. Augmented reality: placing real-appearing computer graphics and video objects into scenes.
7. Including audio cues from where video-conference participants are located.
8. Building searchable features into new video, enabling very high to very low-bit-rate use of newant
scalable multimedia products.
9. Making multimedia components editable.
10. Building "inverse-Hollywood" applications that can recreate the process by which avideo was made
11. Using voice-recognitionto build an interactive environment, say akitchen-wall web browser:

68
Categorisatio nofMultimedia
Multimediaa may be broadly divided into linear and
Linear active content progresses without any non-linear categories.
navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema
presentation.
Non-linearr content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with a computer game or used in
self-paced computer-basedtraining..Hypermedia is aan example of non-linear content.
Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. Arecorded presentation may allow interactivity via a
navigation system. Alive multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the
presenterorperformer:
Multimedia represents the convergence of text, pictures, video and sound into a single form. The power of
multimediaandtthe Internet lies in the wayin which
information is linked.
Applications ofMultimedia
Multimediaafinds its application in various areas including, but not limited to,, advertisements, art, education,
entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research and spatial temporal
applications.. Below are the several lexamples as follows:
Creative Industries
Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to
a to journalism, to media and software services provided for anyyof the industries listed below.
commerciallart,
Commercial: Exciting presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising. Industrial, business
tobusiness, and interoffice communications are often developed by creative services firms for advanced
multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell ideas or liven-up training.
Entertainment and Fine Arts : Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially tO
develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software
nrograms available either as CD-ROMs or online.Some video games also use multimedia features.
Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients
ofinformation are called Interactive Multimedia.
Education: In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called
CBTS) and reference books like encyclopaedia and almanacs.
Engineering: Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from
entertainment to training such as military or industrial training.
Industry: In the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as away to help present information to shareholders,
superiors and co-workers.
Mathematical and Scientific Research: In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia are mainly
used for modelling and simulation.
Medicine: In Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how the
human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it.
Components of Multimedia
Now,let us considerthecomponents (Hardware and Software) required for amultimedia system:
Capture Devices:Video Camera, Video Recorder, Audio Microphone, Keyboards, Mice, Graphics tablets, 3D
input devices.

69
Storage Devices: Hard disks, CD-ROMs. Jaz/Zip drives, DVD, etc.
Communication Networks: Ethernet, Intranets, Internets.
Computer Systems: Multimedia Desktop machines, Workstations.
Display Devices: CD-quality Speakers, HDTY, Hi-Res Monitors, Color Printers, etc.
Picture/1mage Files
Picture iles have specific file extensions. Apicture file extension stands for the format of the
standard that was usedto make the computer readable picture. Thefile extension also tells vou picture or the
software you need to view the picture.
Pixel
what kind of
In digital imaging, a pixel (picture element) is the
normally arranged in a regular 2-dimensional grid,smallest piece of information in an image. Pixele
and are often represented using ots, squares
rectangles. Each pixel isa sample of an original image, where more samples
representation of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in colortypically provide a more accu
systems, each pixel has typicalk
thre or four components such as red, green, and
blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow and black.
CODEC
Acodec isa device or program capable of
codec may be a combination of any of encoding and/or decoding a digital data stream or signal. The word
the following: 'compress or
'compression/decompression algorithm'.Compression Quality decompressor, 'coder-decoder', Or
Lossy Codecs: Many of the more popular
reduce quality by some amnountin order to codecs in the software world are lossy, meaning that they
achieve compression.
Lossless Codecs: There are also many lossless codecs
which are typically used for archiving data
compressed form while retaining all of theinformation presentin ina
Bitmap the original stream.
In computer graphics,a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory
digital images. The term bitmap comes organisation or image file format used to store
from the computer programming
bits. In some contexts, the term
multiple bits per pixel. bitmap implies one bit per pixel, whileterminology,is meaning just a map of
pixmap used for images with
Raster Formats
These formats store images as bitmaps (also
most familiar to Internet users. A known as pixmaps). Raster image formats
Raster format breaks the image into a series of (RIFs) should be the
The number of ones and zeros (bits) colored dots called pixels.
used to create each pixel denotes the
images. depth of color you can put into your
The three main Internet formats, GIF
JPEG and Bitmap are allRaster
GIF formats.
GIF stands for Graphic
Interchange Format and it is a standard format for images that
CompuServe to be a device-independent was developed by
graphics to be displayed on avariety ofmethod of storing pictures. GIF allows
graphics hardware and is intended ashigh-quality, high resolutíon
mechanism for graphic images. an exchange and display
GIF is reasonably well matched to
fewer colors)and most old PCs cannot inexpensive computer displays, since it can only store &
bits/pixel (256 0r
with only a few distinct colors, such as linedisplay more than 256 distinct colors at once. GIF does well on images
drawings and simple cartoons. AGIF picture file has an
extension g1.
 Animated GIE:: An animated GIF contains several frames, i.e. asequence of GIFimages, and can be set up
displaytheimages one An animated
GIF
to after another or in aloop, so you can see the images moving.
the
has ssame file
picture extension.gifas astil GIF picture.
Transparentt GIF: ATransparent GIF is a GIF image with atransparent background. ATransparent GIF
file has thesame file extension .gif as aregular GIF format.
PEG
standardisedimage compression Group, the
JPEGis a mechanism. JPEG stands for JointtPhotographic Expertsfull-color or
originalname ofthe committee that wrote the standard. JPEG is designed for compressing either and
gray-scaleimages of natural, real-world scenes. It works well on photographs, naturalistic artwork
similar material; notso
s well on lettering, simple
cartoons or line drawings.
hardware, JPEG
PEGstoresfulll color information-24 bits/pixel(16 million colors)..Therefore, with full-color they
imageslook much better than GIFs on such hardware. JPEG files are much smaller than GIF. Therefore,
to GIFin terms of disk space saving and extension
are superior transmission time. AJPEG picture file has an
JPSJpeg,,jfif.
TIFF

TaggedImage Flle Format (abbreviated TIFF) is afile format for storing images, including photographs
and
line art. TTIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, byvpublishing and page layout
a other applications.
applications, by:scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognitionnand
Eorreally high quality images, TTFFs are used, but cannot be viewed through abrowser.
PNG

PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics. One version of the format, PNG-8, is similar to the GIF formatt
can be saved with a maximum of 256 colors and supports 1-bit transparency. File sizes will be noticeabiy
smaller than the GIF counterpart, as PNGs save their color data more efficiently.
PNG-24 is another flavour of PNG, with 24-bit color support, allowing ranges of color akin to a high color JPG.
PNG-24 is in no way areplacement format forJPG. However, because it is aloss-less compression format. This
means that file sizes can be rather big against a comparable JPG.
BMP
BMP fles are Windows Bitmap files. They are usually 8-bit color images (256 colors) and can be viewed by
many programs including Windows Paintbrush. BMP files can be used as backgrounds for the Windows
desktop.
PCX

APCXisa Zsoft paint file. PCXs are openable by Windows Paintbrush.

Image File Formats to Use
Briefly, the three most common image file formats, the most important for general purposes today, are TIF, JPG
and GIF and the new PNG format too.
Web pages require JPG or GIF or PNG image types, because that is all that browsers can show. On the web, JPG
is the best choice (smallest file) for photo images, and GIF is most common for graphic images.
Other than the web, TIF file format is the undisputed leader when best quality is required, and TIF is very
common in commercial printing or professional environments. High Quality JPG can be pretty good too, but
do not ruín them by making them too small. Try to make them large instead.

71
Vector Formats
As opposedto therasterimage formats above (wherethe data describesthe
Ixel), vectorimage formats contain a geometric description which can be renderedI
display size.
ODG:ODG (Open Document Graphics) is an open standard.
charactersmootisticsholfyeachi
at :

WME: Windows Metafile (WMF) isagraphics file format on Microsoft Windows systems.
PDE: PDF stands for Portable Document Format and is created by Adobe Acrobat.
SWE: The file format SWF (Shockwave Flash pronounced swift) is small
web. enough tor publication
AudioFormats
An audio fileformat is acontainer format for
storing audio data on acomputer system.
Thegeneral approach towards storing digital audio is to
correspond to a certain position of the membrane in asamplespeaker
the audio voltage which, on playback, we.
resolution - thenumber of bitsper sample - in regular intervals of the individual channels with a co
be stored
uncompressed, or (forming thesample rate). This data can th
compressed reduce the file size.
to
Typesof Formats
Itisimportant to distinguish
of between a file format and a codec. A
the raw audio data while the data codec performs the encoding and decodina
itselfis
file formats support only one audio codec, a stored in a file with a specific audio file format. Though most audio
file format may support multiple codecs, as AVIdoes.
There are three major groups ofaudio file
formats:
Uncompressed audio formats, such as WAV.
Formats with lossless compression, such as Apple
Lossless and Lossless Windows Media Audio
Formats with lossy compression, such as MP3, Vorbis, (WMA),
Pulse Code Modulation Lossy Windows Media Audio (WMA) and AAC.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is the
standard form for digital audio in computers and the
format. Itis also standard in digital video. compact disc
Open File Formats
wav: Standard audio file format used
mainly in Windows Pcs.
mp3:The MPEG Layer-3 format is the mostpopular format for
ogg: A free, open source container format downloading and storing music.
the audio codec vorbis. supporting a variety of codecs, the most popular of which is
Proprietary Formats
wma: Thepopular Windows Media Audio format owned by
aac: The Advanced Audio Coding format is
Microsoft.
based on the MPEG4 audio standard owned by Dolby.
VideoCodecs
Avariety of codecs can be
implemented with relative ease on PCs and in consumer electronics
Some widely-used video codecs are listed below,
in international standards. starting with a chronological order list of the onesequipment
specified
H.261: Used primarily in older video conferencing and video
telephony products.
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 standard.
MPEG-1FPart 2:Used for Video CDs, and also sometimes for online video.Includesthe*.mp3
supportit.
Almosteveryycomputerinthe world can play this codec and veryfew DVD playersdo not
formfor SVCDand
MPEG-2Part.2(a common-text standard with H.262): Used on in another
DVD andi
nmost digital video bbroadcasting and cable distribution
usedin
systems.
H.263: Usedprimarilyfoor video conferencing, video telephonyyand internet video.
storage media. It
MPEG-4 Part.2: An MPEG standard that can be used for internet, broadcast and on
improved l quality relative to MPEG-2 and the MPEG-4Part 10(atechnically
offers first version of H.263.
been adoptedinto
alignedstandardiwith H.264 and often also referred to as AVC). ThisSnewstandard has
HD-DVD/Blu-Ray.
7, WMV8, and
WMV(Windows Media Video): Microsoft's family of video codec designs sincluding WMV can be
to HDTV. Files
WMV 9. 1It can do anything from lowresolution video for dial up internet users
hurnt to CD and DVD or outputto any number of devices.
ANIMATION
positionsin order to
Animationis the rapid display of asequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model persistence of
illusion of movement. isIt an optical illusion of motion to
due the phenomenon of
create an presenting
can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways. The most common method of
presentinganimation also
vision, and
animationisasamotion picture or video program, although several other forms of
exist.

2D and 3D Animation
in
two-dimensional space. 3D animation, however, is renderedthe
2D animation, true to its name, is rendered in a "cameras" to "film"
various virtual
a virtual three-dimensional space, using polygons captured by
games to animated films. Most commoniy,
animation. 3D animation hasa variety of applications, from video
live-action films, removing the need tor
3D animation is used to render many of the special effects seen in
scale model sets or staged stunts.
by either frame-by-frame animation or by
While both types of computer animation can be accomplished are drastically different;
mathematical interpolation between key frames, the initial steps prior to animating
the two separate processes also require different software packages.
CLOUD COMPUTING
maintain data and applications. It allows
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the Internet to access and
us to create,configure and customize the application online.
facilities to the user to store and
The term cloud refers to a Network or Internet. Cloud computing provides
the year 1950. The goal of cloud
access the data,as The concept of cloud computing came into existence in
computingis to provide easy access of resources.
network.
Tip: A 'standalone computer' is the one which is not connected to a
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
On demand self service: Computer services such as email, applications, network or server, service can
be provided without requiring human intervention with each service provider. Cloud service providers
providing on demand self services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and
Salesforce.com. New York Times and NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST). Gartner
described this characteristicas service based.
Ubiquitous access: Ubiquitous access represents the ability for a cloud service to be widely accessible.
Establishing ubiquitous access for acloud service can require support forarange of devices, transport
3
 protocols, interfaces and security technologies. To enalble this level ofaccess generalv
cloud service architecture betailoredtothe particular needs of different cloud
service requires
Measured usage: The measured usage characteristic represents the ability of a
track of the usage of its IT resources, primarily by cloud consumers. Based on what cloud
cloud provider can charge a cloud consumer only for the IT resources actually is meaSured.
timefranme during which access to the IT resources was granted. Measured usage
used
coplnsautrfmoerrms.
tracking the statistics for billing purposes. It also covers the general
related usage reporting (for both cloud provider and cloud monitoring of
is not
IT andor
also relevant to clouds that do not
charge for usage.
Sharing of data: Data and applications stored using cloud
other people.
consumers). Therefore,

computing can be shared and

resourCeuss age
measured
an

accessed

Application

Infrastructure
Storage

Types ofClouds Structure of Components in cloud

There are four types of
computing
Public Cloud clouds available as given
below:
In this type of
cloud,data and
Private Cloud information are easily accessible to general
In this type of public over Internet.
cloud, data and
single
organization. It is more information are accessible by a
private nature. secure and reliable
because of its Public Cloud
Private Cloud
Community
Inthis type of
Cloud
of cloud, data and services are Hybrid Cloud
organizationsor accessible
Hybrid Cloud communities having common concerns.group
toa Community Cloud
This type of cloud is a Types of clouds
level of
complexity. combination two (public or private) clouds.
Complex
of
performed using public cloud. activities are performed using private cloud
Services are accessible
according to the
while non- complex
activities are
Advantagesofcloud
of conmputing
ostEfficient
Cloudcomputing probably the most cost efficient method to use, maintain and upgrade. Traditional
desktopsofware costs companies alotin terms of finance. Adding up thelicensinggfees for multiple userscan
oveto be veryexpensive for the establishment concerned. The cloud, ontthe otherhand,isavailable at much
cheaperratesandhence, can: significantlylower the
Almost UnlimitedStorage company's expenses.
IT
intormationin the cloud gives
you almost unlimited storage worry
Storing
gout ofstorage space or
aboutrunningo capacity..Hence, there no is need to
Backupand Recovery
increasingyour current storageespace
: availability.

Since all your data is stored in the cloud, backing it up and restoring the same is relatively much easier than
storing the same on a physical device. Furthermore, most cloud service providers are usually competent
enoughto handle recovery of information. Hence, this makes the entire processsofbackup and recovery much
simplerthanndothertraditional methodssof data storage.
Automatic Software Integration
In thecloud,.software integration is usually something that occurs automatically. This means that you do not
needtotake additional efforts to customise and integrate your applications as per your preferences. This
aspect usually takes care of itself. Not only that, cloud computing allows you to customize your options with
great ease. Hence,you can handpick justthose services and software applications tthat you think willbest suit
yourparticular need.
Easy access to Information
Once you register yourself in the cloud, you can access the information from anywhere,where there is an
Internet connection. This convenient feature lets you move beyond time zone and geographic location issues.
On-demand Self-service

Cloud computing provides on-demand self-service anytime and at anywhere with the use of Internet
connection.

Disadvantages ofcloud computing

Everything in this world had its own pros and cons. Although cloud computing is one of the promising
innovation with various advantages in the world of computing, but it comes with a few risk factors. Some of
the disadvantages of cloud computing are discussed below:
Security and Privacy Concern
It is one of the biggest concern about cloud computing. Since, data management and infrastructure
management are provided by Cloud Service Providers (CSPs), it is of high risk to handover sensitive data to
them. The personnelusing cloud computing service ensures highly secured password, so never communicate
your password with anyone to avoid security breach.
LockIn
Since it is very difficult to switch from one Cloud Service Provider to another, so personnel depends on a
particular CSP for service.

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