PHYSICS 107TH adomjeecoaching.blogspot.com PHYSICS 10TH - Solved Exercise = ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM CHAPTER# 12 ADAMJEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM SECTION ‘A’; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose the correct answer from the following chaices, o1. 02, 03. 0s. ‘The waves that have maximum penetrating power to treat tumours are: (a) ultraviolet radiation (b) microwaves (c)¥_ gamma-rays (d) radio waves The electromagnetic rays used in radiotherapy to destroy cancer cells are: (a) infrared rays (b) visible rays (Vv. xrays (d) ultraviolet rays The velocity of light in a diamond is: (whereas the refractive index of a diamond with respect to vacuum is 2.5) (a)Vv_ 1.2% 10° m/s (b) 5x 10* m/s (c) 1.2% 10! m/s (4) 2.510% m/s The group containing only electromagnetic waves is: (a)V_ Light waves, radio waves, Microwaves (b) Light waves, Radio waves, Sound waves (d) Radio waves, Sound waves, Microwaves (c) Light waves, Sound waves, Microwaves The list that shaws electromagnetic waves in order of increasing wavelength is: (a) Microwaves, X-rays, Gamma-rays (b) Microwaves, Gamma-rays, X-rays (c) X-rays, Gamma-rays, Microwaves (d)V_ Gamma-rays, X-rays, Microwaves ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ~ Solved Exercises PaogetlPHYSICS 10TH adomjeecoaching.blogspot.com 06. 1a) Ans: The type of electromagnetic wave used in security scanners at night is: (a) V_ infra-red (b) microwaves (c) radio waves (4) X-ray A narrow beam of white light passes from air into the glass and is refracted. The wave characteristic remains unchanged in its: (a) direction (b) Vv frequency (c) speed (d) wavelength The type of waves that are used in the television remote controllers: (a) Radio waves (b) ¥_ Infrared waves (c) Ultraviolet waves (4) Visible tight The colour that is least deviated by a prism: (a) Violet ray (b) Green ray (c)v¥ Red ray (d) Yellowray The optical phenomenon in which the splitting of white light into seven distinct colours occur is called: (a) refraction (b) reflection (c)¥_ dispersion (d) diffraction ___ SECTION ‘B': STRUCTURED QUESTIONS Define dispersion of light. Dispersion of Light: Splitting white light into its constituent colours when it passes through a glass prism is called dispersion of white light. White light is not a single colour but a mixture of all the spectrum colours. The prism retracts each colour differently depending on its refractive index.PHYSICS 10TH adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com 1.(b) Describe the dispersion of light when passing through a glass prism. Ans: The Spectrum of White Light: When a narrow beam of white light splits, the colour sequence produced in the spectrum is indicated by the acronym VIB G ¥ OR, which stands for Violet, Indigo, ? Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red. The speed and direction of white light vary SS raise depending on the wavelength. The red nite tigh opis colour has a maximum speed in the glass ‘into seven colours prism, with the slightest deviation. In contrast, the violet colour has minimum speed, which with most deviation because colour has its own refracted path in the air and becomes distinct on the spectrum. The colour pattern produced in the dispersion is called a spectrum of light. Explain how the rainbow is produced on a rainy day? Dispersion of Light through water droplet on rainy day:- The rainbow is one of nature's most beautiful creations. [crn When a rainbow appears, it serves as an excellent |sunlight Rays travel at different angles, demonstration of light dispersion and further evidence that visible light has spectrum of wavelengths, each of which is associated with a distinct colour. Refraction here At an angle of approximately 40 degrees above ground level, we must look into an area of atmosphere with suspended droplets of water, or even a light mist, to see a rainbow in the sky. Every droplet of water acts as a tiny prism, dispersing and Refricrit gat ee reflecting light to our eyes. When we look at the sky, droplets emit wavelengths of light associated with a colour. There are several ways sun rays can enter through a drop. The bending toward and away from the normal is a defining characteristic of each path. The path of light as it enters the droplet, internally reflects, and then refracts out of the droplet is an important consideration when discussing rainbows. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ~ Solved Exercise Pogel3PHYSICS 10TH adoumjeecoaching.blogspot.com 2.(b) Explain how the colors are related to distinct frequency or wavelength? Ans: Colors Related to Distinct Frequency: Color is the frequency of visible light, and it ranges from 430 trillion Hertz (which is red) to 750 trillion Hertz (which is violet). Wave frequency is related to wave energy. Since all that waves are travelling energy, the more energy in a wave, the higher its frequency. The lower the frequency the less energy in the wave. When it comes to light waves, violet is the highest energy colour and red is the lowest energy colour. Related to the energy and frequency is the wavelength or the distance between corresponding points on subsequent waves. We can measure wavelength from peak to peak or from trough to trough. Shorter waves move faster and have more energy, and longer waves travel more slowly and have less energy. What are electromagnetic waves? Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. It is electric and magnetic fields that are oscillating, not material. Thus, they can travel through a vacuum or space. Electromagnetic waves are radiated out Y when charged particles oscillate. For example, vibrating atoms in a hot, glowing bulb filament emit infrared and visible light in the house. An oscillating electric current sends out radio waves from a radio station. The other types of EM radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum are microwaves, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays that radiate out from their respective sources. When we listen to the radio, watch TV or make food in a microwave oven, we use electromagnetic waves. Fleetrie fel Electromagnetic waves can travel through a transparent medium a different speeds according to their respective refractive index. Speed of Electromagnetic Waves: Like all other waves, it obeys the equation Speed = frequency x wavelength All electromagnetic waves travel through space or vacuum at the same speed of 300000 kilometers per sec or 3 x 10° m/s. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ~ Solved Exercise PogeldPHYSICS 10TH adomjeecoaching.blogspot.com 3.(b) List the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum in decreasing order of their wavelengths. Ans: Main Components of the Electromagnetic Spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum has a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and energies. The spectrum covers the range of all electromagnetic radiation and consists of many sub-ranges that are generally referred to as components, such as visible light or ultraviolet radiation. There are no precise accepted boundaries between these continuous portions, so the ranges may tend to overlap. The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire distribution of electromagnetic waves according to their frequencies or wavelengths. From the lowest to the highest frequency or longest to shortest wavelength, the entire electromagnetic spectrum contains all radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Radio Waves have the longest wavelength, and gamma rays have the shortest wavelength. Deane Eyal eed Electromagnetic Spectrum Brel car) Radio and Tv | Accelerating point charges | Communications, remote control devices, 8 Bs Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) , Accelerating point charges | Communications, microwave ovens Microwaves and thermal agitation and radar iitesied Thermal agitations and Heating, Heat therapy, Thermal electronic transitions imaging. sntbka lah Thermal agitations and All pervasive, optical fiber, Human electronic transitions vision, Photosynthesis ‘i Thermal agitations and | Cancer Control, Sterilization Sunbeds. Ultraviolet i aie r *, ‘ electronic transitions Vitamin D production Inner electronic transitions | Imaging, Cancer therapy, Medical X-rays : and fast collisions diagnosis ain. Nuclear decay Nuclear medicine, Radiography, Cancer therapy 3.(c)_ Ultraviolet rays have a higher frequency than radio waves. Can UV rays travel faster in a Ans: vacuum? All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the speed of light. All forms of light (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, etc.) travel at the same speed in a vacuum, regardless of their wavelengths.PHYSICS 10TH adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com 4 Ans: 5.(a) Ans: 5.(b) Ans: Ans: Compare the properties of ultraviolet rays and radio signals. (a) Which one travels at a faster speed? (b) Which wave has a greater frequency? (c) Which wave has a greater wavelength? (a) All forms of light (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, etc.) travel at the same speed in a vacuum, regardless of their wavelengths. {b) Ultraviolet rays have a greater frequency than radio signals, (c) Radio signals have greater wavelengths than ultraviolet rays. What are the main sources of radio waves? Radio waves are produced by accelerating charges in conductors. These waves are in the range of 500 kHz to 1000 MHz. Stars are natural transmitters of radio waves. Key sources of RF fields include mobile phones, cordless phones, local wireless networks and radio transmission towers. They are also used by medical scanners, radar systems and microwave ovens, What is the main advantage of using radio waves in communication? Radio waves are transmitted easily through the air. They do not cause damage if absorbed by the human body, and they can be reflected and refracted to change their direction. They move at the speed of light, are inexpensive to create since they are the lowest energy electromagnetic waves, are not absorbed by interstellar clouds, pass directly through planetary atmospheres, and, most significantly, can be manipulated to carry data. These properties make them ideal for communications. Why are microwaves preferred in satellite communication? Microwaves - Satellite Television and Telephone: Microwaves have a shorter wavelength in the micrometer range and a higher frequency than all radio waves. These are usually generated inside the specialized oven by an electron tube. Satellite phones use microwaves for communication, and satellite television uses microwaves to receive satellite television programs. Microwaves can penetrate haze, light rain, clouds, and smoke as they have a higher frequency of all ranges of radio waves. However, because these waves are highly directional, the satellite dish and related components must be aligned appropriately, without any obstruction between the transmitted satellite signals and receiving satellite dish.PHYSICS 10TH adamjeecoaching.blagspot.com 7.(a) Ans: 7.(b) Ans: 740) Ans: 8.(a) Ans: What type of radiation is commonly used in remote controllers for household appliances? Infra-red wireless remote controllers control various household electrical appliances that send invisible signals to an infrared receiver on a device such as televisions, video recorders, or hi-fi (High fidelity) systems. How do the molecules emit infrared radiations? Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when changing rotational- vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. How intruder alarms help security personnel visualize the thermal images The human body gives out infrared radiations because of the rotational vibrational motion of its atoms or molecules that motion sensors can detect. Intruder alarms use these motional sensors that detect the changing pattern of infrared radiations emitted by a warm body of an approaching person. This characteristic of infrared waves has been used for security purposes, particularly in military technology. On what principle do optical fibers work? Optical fibre uses the optical principle of "total internal reflection" to capture the light transmitted in optical fibre and confine the light to the core of the fibre. An optical fibre is comprised of a light-carrying core in the centre, surrounded by a cladding that acts to trap light in the core. Reference the daily life applications of optical fibers in; (i) telecommunication (ii) medical industry? : (i) Telecommunication: In the communication system, telecommunication has major uses of optical fibre cables. for transmitting and receiving purposes. It is used in various networking fields and even increases the speed and accuracy of the transmission data. Compared to copper wires, fibre optics cables are lighter, more flexible and carry more data. Fibre optics are used for data transmission in high-level data security fields of military and aerospace applications. These are used in wirings in aircraft, hydrophones for SONARs and Seismics applications. These cables are used to transmit high-definition television signals which have greater bandwidth and speed. Optical Fibre is cheaper compared to the same quantity of copper wires. Broadcasting companies use optical fibres for wiring HDTV, CATV, video-on-demand and many applications.PHYSICS 10TH adamjeeccaching.blogspot.com (ii) Medical industry: Because of its extremely thin and flexible nature, it is used in various instruments to view internal body parts by inserted into hollow spaces in the body. It is used as lasers during surgeries, endoscopy, microscopy and biomedical research. 9.(a) Exposure to sunlight can damage the skin. Exposure to sunlight does not damage the Ans: skin. State the possible reason. Everybody needs some sun exposure to produce vitamin D (which helps calcium absorption for stronger and healthier bones). But unprotected exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause damage to the skin, eyes, and immune system. It can also cause cancer. There are other contributing factors such as heredity and environment. But sunburn and excessive UV light exposure do damage the skin. This damage can lead to skin cancer or premature skin ageing. Why are ultraviolet rays used under medically supervised control in sunbeds? Medically Supervised Control in Sunbeds: Ultraviolet lamps that emit UVA and UVB radiation are used in sunbeds for artificial tanning. It is popular in countries with long periods of limited sunlight. Under medically controlled supervision, sunbeds beautify, provide the body with vitamin D, and treat certain skin conditions. 10.(a) Explain fluorescence. Ans: Fluorescent: When absorbed in ultraviolet, same materials convert their energy into light and glow. This phenomenon is called fluorescence. In fluorescent lamps, the inside of the tube is coated with white powder (fluoresce), which gives off light when it absorbs ultraviolet. They are commonly used in lighting houses, shops, and offices for decorating purposes. 10.(b) Describe sterilization. Ans: Sterilization: As ultraviolet kills harmful bacteria, strong UVB and UVC radiations are used to ste food and medical equipment in hospitals.PHYSICS 10TH odamjeecoaching.blogspot.cam 21. X-rays are used to detect cracks in metals. Explain how? Ans: Industrial Radiography Process: Industrial radiography is a technique of inspecting materials to detect inside defects by using high-frequency x-rays. In this method, a beam of x-rays points at the tested item. A detector is aligned with the beam on the other side of the item. The detector records x- rays that pass through the material. The thicker the material, the fewer x-rays can pass through. More rays move through that region because the material is thinner with a crack or flaw. The detector computes a picture from the rays that pass through, which shows cracks or flaws in that material. 12.{a) Where do gamma rays come from? Ans: Applications of Gamma Rays: Gamma rays come from radioactive materials. They are produced when the nuclei of unstable atoms decay into a stable nucleus or lose energy. They tend to have high energy than x-rays. Gamma rays are used to treat cancer. These high energy rays are directed at the cancerous tumour to kill cancer cells in oncology. 12.(b) How are gamma radiations used in radiosurgery for destroying cancerous cells? Ans: The Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Itis a medical procedure that uses gamma rays to destroy small tumours in the brain with less damage to surrounding cells. 12.(c) Explain the applications of gamma rays used in hospitals for medical imaging. Ans: Positron Emission Tomography (PET): It is a functional medical imaging method. In a PET scan, a short lived positron-emitting radioactive sampling taken suitable for a particular function (e.g., brain function) is injected into the body. Radiated positrons quickly fuse with nearby electrons and lead to two gamma rays of 511 keV travelling in oppasite directions. After detecting the gamma rays, a computer generates an image that highlights the location of the biological process being examined. Gamma rays are highly penetrating and can pass through metals; because of their extreme power, gamma rays are used to radiograph holes and defects in metal castings and other structural parts.PHYSICS 10TH adamjeecoaching.blogspat.com SECTION ‘C’ : NUMERICAL OF THE TEXTBOOK Electromagnetic radiation having a 15.0 um wavelength is classified as infrared radiation. What is its frequency? Given that the speed of light is 3 x 10° m/s. Solution; Given Data: A= 15.0 um=15 «10%m v=3x 10° m/s f=? Calculation: We know that therefore 20,000,000,000,000 What is the frequency of the 193 nm ultraviolet radiation used in laser eye surgery? Solution: Given Data: A= 193mm =1.93* 10m v=3x 108 m/s f=? Calculation: We know that Therefore ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ~ Solved Exercises Poge liaPHYSICS 10TH 3, Calculate the wavelength of 100 MHZ radio waves used in an MRI unit, Solution: Given Data: f= 100 MHz = 1x 10° Hz v=3x 10° m/s A=? Calculation: We know that vet Therefore ae - = 3x10" 10° "1x10" 4. radiated from the sun takes to reach the earth? Solution: Given Data: $= 0.49 x 10"! meters = 3x 10° m/s t=? Calculation: Weknowthat = S=vt Therefore t= s v 1.49x10" 3x10° The distance from the earth to the sun is 1.49 x 1011 meters. How long a radio pulse adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com [3m] AnsPHYSICS 10TH 5. Whatis the frequency of green light with a wavelength of 5.5 x 107 m? Solution: Given Data: A=5,5%10'm v=3x 10° m/s fe? Calculation: Weknowthat v= fA v Therefore f= z oe Beit 5.5x10’ f=|5.454 Hz) Ans. 6 A typical household microwave oven operates at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. What is the wavelength of this radiation? Solution: Given Data: f=2.45GHz = 2.45*10° Hz v=3x 108 m/s A=? Calculation: We know that v=fa Therefore A ; _ 3x10 © 2ASx10 adomjeecoaching.blogspot.com 0.1224m OR 122.4mm) Ans