Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets™– Immune System (1/2) © Copyright 2024, Booster Prep Inc.

All Rights Reserved.

The Immune System is an organism’s defense system against pathogens

Innate Immune System

The innate immune system is the first line of cellular defense and generates a rapid, nonspecific immune response

External Immunity

Physical and chemical barriers prevent pathogen entry Physical barriers: Chemical barriers:
Bacteria
• Skin – Oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands kill Skin, organ mucosal layers Stomach acid;
lysozymes in eye
microbes. Skin is the first barrier to pathogens and viruses
• Antimicrobial proteins – Lysozyme in saliva and tears Leukocytes
break down microbial cell walls
Cytokines
• Cilia – Lines the lungs and sweeps invaders out
• Gastric juice – Stomach acid kills microbes
Internal Immunity

White Blood Cells Important molecules of the Immune System

All leukocytes come from stem cells in the bone marrow and can differentiate into different types of immune cells • Interferons – Are secreted by infected
cells that stimulate neighboring cells to
Phagocytic leukocytes (Internal non-specific defense) Non-phagocytic leukocytes (Internal specific defense)
produce proteins to defend against viral
Engulf foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells via 1. Mast Cells – Function in an allergic response, infections
phagocytosis inflammatory response, and anaphylaxis • Cytokines – Chemical signaling molecules
1. Neutrophils – Function in the destruction of 2. Eosinophils – Surround and destroy multicellular used in the immune response for cell-cell
pathogens in infected tissues parasites communication
2. Monocytes – Circulate in blood until they move 3. Basophils – Release histamine in the inflammatory • Interleukins – Specific type of cytokine IL-
into tissues via diapedesis where they develop response and recruited to tissues when needed 1 involved in the inflammatory reaction IL-
into macrophages 4. NK Cells – Attack abnormal body cells, either tumors 2 triggers the adaptive immune response
3. Macrophages – In tissues, they phagocytize cell or pathogen-infected cells.
Complement System
debris and pathogens and are derived from
monocytes 💡 Pro-Tip: Relative abundance of the Leukocytes: The complement system contains complement proteins that circulate the body and assist in activating the immune response
4. Dendritic cells – Ingest pathogens and stimulate Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils
Toll-like Receptors
the acquired immune response Triacylated Diacylated
Imidazoquinolones
• Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are critical to innate immunity and they lipoprotein lipoprotein Fagellin CpG DNA ssRNA
dsRNA unknown
LPS
are key proteins that link innate and acquired immunity ?
Neutrophil Monocyte Macrophage Dendritic cell Mast cell Eosinophil Basophil Natural Killer cell
• Innate Immune cells have toll-like receptors that recognize
molecular patterns that many pathogens have
• The mechanism involves recognition of the molecular patterns TLR2 TLR1 TLR2 TLR6 TLR5 TLR9 TLR7 TLR8 TLR4 TLR3 TLR10

present on the surface of pathogens

• If they are deactivated, the immune system would be inhibited
 Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets™– Immune System (2/2) © Copyright 2024, Booster Prep Inc.
All Rights Reserved.

Adaptive Immune System

Adaptive immunity is the specific, third, and last line of immune defense that develops after the body has been attacked. Here, the immune • Antigens – A specific foreign pathogen or molecule that can trigger an immune response
response targets specific antigens. • Epitopes – An epitope is a specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds
• Antibodies – Proteins that bind to a specific antigen they recognize
Lymphocyte

Primary cells of the adaptive immune response & originate in the bone marrow and concentrate in lymphatic tissue such as lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen

B Cells T Cells

• B cells originate and mature in the Clonal Selection • T cells originate in the bone marrow but mature in the
Antigen
bone marrow, and are activated in binding site thymus, and have antigen receptors
response to foreign antigens When a foreign antigen activates a B cell, proliferation (or expansion of the B cell population) occurs, thus
Variable

• Antibodies are glycoproteins

region forming daughter B cells. The two main types of daughter B cells are Plasma Cells and Memory Cells • 4 types of T cells are:
produced by B cells that are Plasma Cells Memory Cells 1.
1 Cytotoxic T cells - killer T cells that destroy by
specific to an antigen and have 5 releasing perforin protein and via lysis
classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM Light chain B cells that circulate in the Long-lived B cells that store memory 2.
2 Helper T cells - stimulate activation of B cells,
Disulfide
• Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins bridge blood and release specific of an antigen they have cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells
with constant and variable regions Constant
region
free antibodies that dispose encountered. They then circulate in 3.
3 Suppressor T cells - play a negative feedback role in
Heavy chain
that are found as receptors or are of antigens by the body, proliferate, and respond the immune system
free-floating (immunoglobulins) agglutination, inactivation, quickly to eliminate subsequent 4.
4 Memory T cells - similar in function to Memory B cells
• The two heavy chains are linked to opsonization, and lysis invasion by the same antigen. This
two light chains by disulfide bonds secondary response is much faster 💡 Pro-Tip: If an individual doesn’t have a functioning
B CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE the primary response thymus, they would not be able to produce T cells

Responses of Adaptive Immune system Major Histocompatibility Complex – MHC Divisions of Adaptive Immunity

Cell-mediated and humoral response are both • MHC is a collection of glycoproteins that exists on membranes of all body cells Active and passive immunity are two divisions of
possible pathways for the adaptive immune • Immune system differentiates between self and non-self by analyzing the antigens adaptive immunity
system to regulate an immune response presented on MHCs, if foreign Ag presented a T cell response is triggered Active Immunity
• Absence of MHCs would decrease ability to produce a T cell response (lack of trigger)
Humoral response (antibody-mediated response) • MHC 1 presents antigens depending on what is on the inside of the cell Acquired after direct exposure to an infection/vaccine:
• MHC 2 presents what is found on the outside of the cell • Natural – Antibodies made after exposure to pathogen
• Humoral response occurs when extracellular • All cells with a nucleus have MHC 1, but only Antigen Presenting Cells have MHC 2 • Artificial – Antibodies made after getting a vaccine
pathogens are recognized in the blood or lymph
• B-cells are then stimulated to produce antibodies Human Supplements to Immunity Passive Immunity
that lead to the destruction of the pathogen
• B-cells are critical to the humoral response Antibiotics Acquired from external sources:
• Natural – Antibodies transferred from mother to baby
Facilitate human immune responses by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. They • Artificial – Antibodies given to you via a serum injection
Cell-Mediated Response are harmful to microorganisms by disrupting their biological mechanisms
• Overuse of antibiotics can lead to vitamin deficiency Antigen Presenting Cells
• Cell-mediated response occurs when an infected
cell is recognized and bound by a T-cell Vaccines The three types of
• The T-cell then activates other T-cells, causing APCs are macrophages,
proliferation that leads to lysis of the infected cell Vaccines build immunity to a specific part of a pathogen by placing a weak end or dead dendritic cells, and B cells
• T-cells are critical to cell-mediated response form of the pathogen via a preventative technique