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The document covers SQL query optimization techniques, advanced SQL queries, database design principles, stored procedures, triggers, transactions, data warehousing, and big data concepts. Key topics include indexing, execution plans, normalization, ACID vs. BASE, ETL processes, and distributed databases. It provides insights into performance tuning, data handling, and architectural considerations for effective database management.

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Untitled document (1)

The document covers SQL query optimization techniques, advanced SQL queries, database design principles, stored procedures, triggers, transactions, data warehousing, and big data concepts. Key topics include indexing, execution plans, normalization, ACID vs. BASE, ETL processes, and distributed databases. It provides insights into performance tuning, data handling, and architectural considerations for effective database management.

Uploaded by

Songs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

SQL Query Optimization & Performance Tuning

●​ Indexes (Clustered vs. Non-Clustered): Clustered indexes sort and store rows
physically, while non-clustered indexes create a logical order. Both improve search
performance.
●​ Execution Plans & Query Profiling: Use EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN ANALYZE to inspect
query plans, identify bottlenecks, and optimize queries.
●​ Partitioning & Sharding: Partitioning splits a table within a single database; sharding
distributes data across multiple databases for scalability.
●​ Normalization & Denormalization: Denormalization improves read performance by
reducing joins, preferred in analytical workloads.
●​ CTEs vs. Temporary Tables vs. Derived Tables: CTEs improve readability; temporary
tables store intermediate data; derived tables are subqueries used within queries.
●​ Materialized Views vs. Regular Views: Use materialized views for performance when
precomputed results are needed. Regular views are virtual and recomputed on access.
●​ Window Functions & Ranking Queries: ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and
DENSE_RANK() assign ranks to rows based on partitioning and ordering.
●​ Optimizing Joins: Use indexes on join keys, prefer smaller datasets first, and consider
hash joins for large datasets.
●​ Handling Large Data Sets: Use indexing, partitioning, batch processing, and
compression. Avoid full table scans.
●​ Concurrency & Locking: Use proper isolation levels, indexing, and deadlock detection
to prevent performance issues.

2. Advanced SQL Queries

●​ Recursive CTEs: Use WITH RECURSIVE to traverse hierarchical data like organization
trees.
●​ Pivot & Unpivot: PIVOT converts rows to columns; UNPIVOT does the opposite.
●​ JSON & XML Handling: Use JSON_VALUE(), JSON_QUERY(), or OPENXML() to query
and manipulate structured data.
●​ Dynamic SQL: Construct and execute queries dynamically using EXEC or
sp_executesql.
●​ LEAD(), LAG(), FIRST_VALUE(), LAST_VALUE(): Used for accessing previous, next,
or first/last values in analytic queries.
●​ ROLLUP & CUBE: ROLLUP creates hierarchical aggregations; CUBE computes all
possible aggregations.
●​ String Manipulation & Regex: Use LIKE, CHARINDEX(), PATINDEX(), and regex
functions for text processing.

3. Database Design & Architecture


●​ ACID vs. BASE: ACID ensures strong consistency; BASE offers high availability with
eventual consistency.
●​ OLTP vs. OLAP: OLTP is for transactional systems with frequent writes; OLAP is for
analytical queries on large datasets.
●​ Star Schema vs. Snowflake Schema: Star schema simplifies queries; snowflake
normalizes dimensions for storage efficiency.
●​ CAP Theorem: Databases can only achieve two of three—Consistency, Availability,
Partition tolerance.
●​ NoSQL vs. SQL: NoSQL offers flexibility and scalability; SQL ensures strong
consistency and structured querying.
●​ Indexes & B-Trees: Indexes use B-Trees for fast lookups and range queries.
●​ Foreign Key Constraints & Referential Integrity: Ensures data consistency but may
impact insert/update performance.

4. Stored Procedures, Triggers & Transactions

●​ Stored Procedures vs. Functions: Procedures perform actions; functions return values
and can be used in queries.
●​ Triggers: Use sparingly for audit logging and enforcing business rules; can impact
performance.
●​ Transactions & Isolation Levels: Controls concurrency issues—READ UNCOMMITTED
(fastest), SERIALIZABLE (strictest).
●​ Optimistic vs. Pessimistic Locking: Optimistic is for high-read, low-conflict scenarios;
pessimistic prevents conflicts by locking.
●​ Savepoints & Rollback: Savepoints allow partial rollbacks within a transaction.

5. Data Warehousing & ETL

●​ ETL vs. ELT: ETL transforms data before loading; ELT loads first and then transforms
within the database.
●​ Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCDs): Type 1 (overwrite), Type 2 (historical tracking),
Type 3 (limited history).
●​ Fact vs. Dimension Tables: Fact tables store transactional data; dimension tables store
descriptive attributes.
●​ Change Data Capture (CDC): Tracks changes using log-based, trigger-based, or
timestamp-based methods.

6. Big Data & Distributed Databases

●​ SQL on Big Data: Use distributed engines like Spark SQL, Hive, or BigQuery for
large-scale data querying.
●​ Columnar Databases: Store data by columns for fast analytical queries (e.g., Redshift,
ClickHouse).
●​ Horizontal vs. Vertical Scaling: Horizontal scaling adds more machines; vertical
scaling upgrades a single machine.

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