1.

For AAC-50 conductor type

To obtain the impedances of the feeder for AAC-50 conductor type, the same process and
equations are used as in AAC-95. The following equation gives the positive sequence
impedance (z+) of AAC-50.
Z+ ¿ Zs−Zm /km (3.11)
Z+ ¿ Zs−Zm /km
= (0.627848+j0.797149) –(0.049348+j0.450140) ¿ km
= 0.5785+j0.3470 ¿ km
The line segments positive sequence impedances are determined by multiplying the impedance
per kilometer by its length and the result is calculated and tabulated in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Line data for the selected feeder
L/N Sending end Receiving end Conductor type Length( Km) Resistance () Reactance ()
1 0 1 AAC-95 7.7 2.375 2.498
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
2 1 2 AAC-95 0.15 0.0463 0.0487
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
3 2 3 AAC-95 0.65 0.2 0.21
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
4 3 4 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
5 4 5 AAC-95 0.1 0.031 0.0324
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
6 5 6 AAC-95 0.5 0.1543 0.1622
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
7 6 7 AAC-95 0.5 0.1543 0.1622
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
8 7 8 AAC-95 0.5 0.1543 0.1622
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
9 8 9 AAC-95 0.3 0.0926 0.0973
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
10 9 10 AAC-95 0.1 0.031 0.0324
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
11 10 11 AAC-95 0.3 0.0926 0.0973
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
12 11 12 AAC-95 0.35 0.1079 0.1135
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
13 12 13 AAC-95 0.15 0.0463 0.0487
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
14 13 14 AAC-95 0.1 0.031 0.0324
 (mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
15 14 15 AAC-95 0.1 0.031 0.0324
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
16 15 16 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
17 16 17 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
18 17 18 AAC-95 0.1 0.031 0.0324
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
19 18 20 AAC-95 0.25 0.0771 0.0811
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
20 20 21 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
21 21 22 AAC-95 0.35 0.1079 0.1135
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
22 22 23 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
23 23 24 AAC-95 0.15 0.0463 0.0487
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
24 24 25 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
25 25 26 AAC-95 0.05 0.0154 0.0162
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
26 26 27 AAC-95 0.15 0.0463 0.0487
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
27 27 28 AAC-95 0.7 0.216 0.2271
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
28 1 29 AAC-50 0.3 0.1736 0.1041
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
29 4 30 AAC-50 0.45 0.26 0.156
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
30 5 42 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
31 42 43 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
32 42 44 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
33 44 45 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
34 45 46 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
35 46 47 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
 (mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
36 47 48 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
37 48 49 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
38 48 50 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
39 50 51 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
40 50 52 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
41 52 53 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
42 52 54 AAC-50 0.3 0.1736 0.1041
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
43 54 55 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
44 54 56 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
45 6 31 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
46 7 57 AAC-50 0.3 0.1736 0.1041
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
47 57 58 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
48 59 60 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
49 59 61 AAC-50 0.4 0.2314 0.1388
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
50 61 62 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
51 61 63 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
52 63 64 AAC-50 0.3 0.1736 0.1041
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
53 64 65 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
54 65 66 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
55 65 67 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
56 67 68 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
 (mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
57 68 69 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
58 68 70 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
59 70 71 AAC-50 0.4 0.2314 0.1388
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
60 71 72 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
61 64 73 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
62 73 74 AAC-50 0.4 0.2314 0.1388
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
63 74 75 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
64 75 76 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
65 76 77 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
66 76 78 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
67 75 79 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
68 79 80 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
69 79 81 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
70 81 82 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
71 82 83 AAC-50 0.5 0.2893 0.1735
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
72 83 84 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
73 83 85 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
74 85 86 AAC-50 0.55 0.3182 0.191
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
75 85 88 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
76 85 89 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
77 86 87 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
 (mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
78 10 33 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
79 12 34 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
80 13 92 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
81 92 93 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
82 92 94 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
83 94 95 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
84 94 96 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
85 15 35 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
86 17 36 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
87 18 19 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
88 19 37 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
89 19 38 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
90 20 39 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
91 21 97 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
92 97 98 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
93 98 99 AAC-50 0.3 0.1736 0.1041
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
94 22 100 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
95 100 101 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
96 101 102 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
97 102 103 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
98 103 104 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
 (mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
99 103 105 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
100 105 106 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
101 106 107 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
102 106 108 AAC-50 0.5 0.2893 0.1735
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
103 101 109 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
104 109 110 AAC-50 0.4 0.2314 0.1388
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
105 110 111 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
106 111 112 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
107 111 113 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
108 113 114 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
109 114 115 AAC-50 0.45 0.2603 0.1562
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
110 115 116 AAC-50 0.4 0.2314 0.1388
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
111 110 117 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
112 117 118 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
113 118 119 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
114 23 120 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
115 120 121 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
116 121 122 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
117 26 40 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
118 28 41 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
119 28 123 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
 (mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
120 123 124 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
121 124 125 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
122 125 126 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
123 126 127 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
124 127 129 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
125 126 128 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
126 125 130 AAC-50 0.45 0.2603 0.1562
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
127 130 131 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
128 130 132 AAC-50 0.1 0.05785 0.0347
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
129 132 133 AAC-50 0.35 0.2025 0.1215
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
130 132 134 AAC-50 0.25 0.1446 0.0868
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
131 134 135 AAC-50 0.05 0.0289 0.0174
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
132 134 136 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
133 136 137 AAC-50 0.5 0.2893 0.1735
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
134 136 138 AAC-50 0.15 0.0868 0.0521
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿
135 138 139 AAC-50 0.2 0.116 0.069
(mm¿ ¿ 2)¿

One basic parameters for design of the existing system using ETAP software is length of the
line, resistance and reactance of the transmission line. The total length of the selected feeder has
been segmented based on tap points and transformers locations. All successive lines were
connected by nodes: B1 to B135.
3.2.2 Causes for Power Interruption in the Hormat Distribution Networks
Earth faults, and short circuits are the most common major faults in Hormat substation II.
Additionally, scheduled interruptions occur for maintenance and operational reasons. The main
faults that are present can be either momentary or sustained in nature. Permanent (Sustained)
interruptions are long-duration interruptions that last longer than 5 minutes unlike momentary
(temporary) interruptions, which last less than 5 minutes. Animal contact, trees, and weather
conditions are the primary causes of many distribution issues, which are also transient. They are
easily solvable with little to no systemic intervention. Afterward, the system will be re-energized
by merely reclosing. Sustained faults, however, cannot be fixed by simply re-energizing.
Sustained faults can be caused by Equipment malfunction, cable failure, down line or persistent
tree contact.
There are two types of interruptions: planned and unplanned interruptions. Construction,
preventative maintenance, and repairs are the main reasons for planned interruptions (also
known as operational outages). When an interruption is planned, it happens at a less disruptive
time for the customers and they are informed in advance. Unplanned interruptions can occur for
a variety of reasons, such as the clearing of faults, unintended operation of the protection
system, or unintentional human initiation of the opening operation of a switching device.
Sustained interruptions are the results of the following faults.

Distribution Earth fault

A conducting connection between an electric conductor and a material that is grounded or has
the potential to become grounded results distribution earth fault. In a ground fault, electricity
travels to the ground along a path that was not intended for it, like through a person's body.
The earth fault is a plant engineering issue that results from insulation loss between a live
conductor and an exposed conductive part. It may result total damage.
Distribution Short Circuit
The most frequent description of a power outage's root cause is short circuit. It happens when an
electrical current flows through a circuit in a different direction than it was intended to. This
results in an excessive electric current that can damage circuits and cause fires and explosions.
In actuality, short circuits are among the main reasons for electrical fires all over the world.
Additionally, it happens when the wiring's insulation fails.
Water can cause power outages and short circuits. Water is conductive, so current can easily
pass through it. The easiest path is always taken by current. The current will flow from positive
to negative (or vice versa) through the water, and causing short circuit, because there is little
resistance in water.

3.2.3 Power Interruption Data

Most of the time, interruptions happen as the system responds to a fault. Ambo distribution
system are faced by earth faults and short circuits. These faults can be divided into two
categories: temporary faults and permanent faults. The majority of faults in distribution systems
are temporary. Temporary faults can be easily fixed with little or no intervention. Permanent
faults are those that cannot be corrected by closing action or self-clearing. Permanent faults can
also be caused by equipment malfunction, cable failure, downed lines, or persistent tree contact.
(Arram et al., 2015). As shown in Tables 3.8 below, the collected interruption data are
condensed for two years' of annual power outages with full frequency and duration interruption.

Table 3. 8 Interruption frequency and duration of different faults of feeders

Feeder Reason, frequency and duration of interruption (Hormat Total

Year

Name Substation II) interruption

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP (Forced+op)
F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H)
Ambo
2021

water
2 17.55 36 68.13 6 1.89 24 13.58 43 68.06 111 169.31
Ambo
17 27.32 78 108.76 17 21.05 98 33.36 113 89.43
town 323 279.92

Guder 20 41.32 95 130.48 15 13.29 79 13.69 78 74.58 287 263.36

 Ambo 17 32.41 28 51.11 4 0.25 17 4.65 86 136.31 152 224.73
water
2022

Ambo 33 71.03 119 143.84 35 31.85 76 39.17 124 108.08 387 393.97
town
Guder 64 95.16 162 221.12 17 1.53 34 2.63 78 56.84 355 377.28

Ambo 9. 24.98 32 59.62 5 1.07 20. 9.115 64.5 102.18 131. 197.02
Av. 2021 and 2022

5 5 5 5
water
Ambo 25 49.17 98.5 126.3 26 26.45 87 36.26 118. 98.755 355 336.94
5 5 5 5
town
Guder 42 68.24 128. 175.8 16 7.41 56. 8.16 78 65.71 321 320.32
25 5

According to table 3.8 above, the frequency and duration of interruptions for Ambo mineral
water and Guder Town feeders are less frequent and shorter than Ambo town feeder. In other
words, Ambo town feeder is more frequent and longer duration interruptions than others.

Due to the time and its complexity, the study is restricted on one feeder. Out of the mentioned
feeders above, Ambo town feeder has been chosen for my study of reliability evaluation in this
thesis. Because this feeder service many government, and non-government universities,
Hospitals, factories, and different commercial centers in addition to domestic customers. And
also this feeder has high frequency and duration of interruptions when I compare with other
feeders of the substation. Table 3.9 below shows the duration and frequency of different types of
faults in the distribution system.

Table 3. 9 Interruption frequency and duration of different faults of Ambo feeder in year 2021

Feeder Total
Year

Name Reason, frequency and duration of interruption for Ambo town feeder interruption
(Forced+op)
DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP
F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H)
Ambo
17 27.32 78 108.76 17 21.05 98 33.36 113 89.43
town 323 279.92
2
0
2
1

According to Table 3.9, the main causes of interruptions in the distribution system are short
circuit faults and operational needs. Earth faults and short circuit faults are the major types of
faults that frequently happen in this distribution system. Among the cases short circuit took
greatest contribution of the interruption in Ambo town distribution system.

2021 Frequency and duration of interruptions

113
108.76
110
98
89.43
90
78
70

50
33.36
30 27.32
21.05
17 17
10

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP

F 17 78 17 98 113
D 27.32 108.76 21.05 33.36 89.43

F D

Figure 3. 4 Frequency and duration of interruption of Ambo town feeder for the year 2021

Table 3.10 Interruption frequency and duration of different faults of Ambo feeder in year 2022

Feeder Total
Year

Name Reason, frequency and duration of interruption for Ambo town feeder interruption
(Forced+op)
DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP
F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H)
2 Ambo 33 71.03 119 143.84 35 31.85 76 39.17 124 108.08 387 393.97
0 town
2
2

According to table 3.10, the frequency and duration of interruptions in the Ambo town feeder
were high in 2022. The duration and frequency of interruptions were relatively lower in 2021.

Interuption frequency and duration of faults for Ambo feeder in 2022

143.84

124
119
108.08

76
71.03

39.17
33 35 31.85

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP

Frequency 33 119 35 76 124
Duration 71.03 143.84 31.85 39.17 108.08

Frequency Duration

Figure 3.5 Frequency and duration of interruption of Ambo town feeder for the year 2022

From Table 3.9 and Table 3.10 we can calculate the average interruption duration and frequency
of the two years’ period by taking the contribution of each type of faults.

Table 3. 11 Average interruption frequency and duration of Ambo feeder in year 2021 and 2022

Feeder Total
Year

Name Reason, frequency and duration of interruption for Ambo town feeder interruption
 DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP (Forced+op)
Av. 2021& 2022
F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H)
Ambo
25 49.17 98.5 126.3 26 26.45 87 36.265 118.5 98.755 355 336.94
town 5 5

From Table 3.11 we can calculate the percentage of contribution that each type of interruptions
on duration and frequency over the two years’ period, and tabulated as Table 3.12, and Table
3.13 below.

Table 3.12 Percentage contribution of each type of outages in frequency and duration

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP

F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H) F D(H)
%
frequency
& 7.0423 14.6 27.75 37.484 7.32 7.85 24.51 10.763 33.38 29.31

duration

Table 3.12 Shows that the types of outages due to short circuits (both permanent and
temporary), and operation is taking larger percentage when compared to earth faults.

Table 3.13 Percentage of outages in terms of frequency in two years

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP

% frequency
7.0423 27.75 7.32 24.51 33.38
 Percentage of frequency interuption over two years

0.07
DPEF
0.33 DPSC
0.28
DTEF
DTSC
OP
0.07 0.25

Figure 3.6 Percentage contribution of interruption on frequency over two years

As we can see from the pie chart, 52% (28% + 25%) Int. /year of the interruption frequency is
due the short circuit (both temporary and permanent),33% is due to operation, and 14% due to
earth fault.

Table 3.14 Percentage of outages in terms of duration over two years

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP

%
14.6 37.484 7.85 10.763 29.31
duration

Percentage of duration interruption over two years

15%
29%
DPEF
DPSC
DTEF
DTSC
OP
11% 37%

8%

Figure 3.7 Percentage contribution of interruption on duration over two years

As we can see from the above pie chart, 48% (Hr. /year) of the interruption duration is due the
short circuit, 29% is due to operation, and 23% due to earth fault.