CHAPTER The French Revolution

Important Terms
Livres : Unit of currency in France, discontinued Bastille :It was a fort in the eastern part of Paris,
in 1794. and was used as a prison. It was broken on 14th
Clergy : Group of persons invested with special July, 1789 by the angry mob.
functions in the church. Rousseau :He was a great philosopher and writer
Tithe : Atax levied by the chrch, comprising one of the book, "The Social Contract'.
tenth of the agricultural produce. Abbe' Sieye's : He was a leader of the National
Taille : Tax to be paid directly to the state. Assembly which was created in 1789. He wrote
an influential pamphlet called "What is the Third
Chateau (pl. Chateaux): Castle or stately
Estate."
residence belonging to a king or a nobleman.
Manor : An estate consisting of the lord's lands Marseillaise : National song of France.
and his mansion. Jacobin :A political club of people which was
Subsistence crisis :An extreme situation where formed to discuss the government policies.
the basic means of livelihood are endangered. Maximilian Robespierre : Political leader of
Jacobins and ruled over France from 1793 to 1794.
Anonymous : One whose name remains
unknown. Important Years
Convent : Building belonging to a community 1774 :Louis XVI became the king of France, faced
devoted to a religious life. empty treasury, and the growing discontent within
the society of the Old Regime.
Negroes :A term used for the indigenous people
of Africa, south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory 1789 :Convocation of Estates General, The Third
term not in common use any longer. Estate formed National Assembly, theBastille was
stormed, peasants revolted in the countryside.
Emancipation : The act of freeing.
1791 : A constitution was framed to limit the
Napoleon : He was a dictator of France who
powers of the king and to guarantee the basic rights
Crowned himself the Emperor of France in 1804. to all human beings.
Montesquieu :Agreat philosopher and writer of 1792-93 : France became a Republic, the king
the book, "The Spirit of Laws.' was beheaded. Overthrow of the Jacobin Republic,
Louis XVI : Ruler of France during the French a Directory rules France.
Revolution.
1804 : Napoleon became the emperor of France,
Directory : It was an executive made up of five annexed large parts of Europe.
members. 1815 :Napoleon defeated at Waterloo.
Estates : The French society was divided into 1848 : Slavery was abolished in French colonies.
three classes which were known as "Three Estates."
1946: Women in France won the right to vote.
11-H
 Objective Type
Questions)
(1 Mark each)
(c) 1793 to1794 (d) 1794 tol7%
(A) Multiple Choice Questions :
Ans. (c)
Select the Correct Answer from the given Whose rule in the history of France is
Q.8.
options.
as Relgn of Terror ?
When did French Revolution occur? (a) John Locke
Or (b) Jacques Rousseau
In the context of France the fall of Bastille (c) Maximilian Robespierre
took place on (CBSE Sept. 2010]
(d) Roget de Isle
(a) 14th July 1780 (b) 14th July 1789
Ans. (c)
(c) 15th August 1789 (d) 14th July 1796 Q.9. Napoleon was finally defeated at
Ans. (b) in 1815.
Q.2. What was tithes ? (CBSE Sept. 2011) (a) Waterloo (b) Paris
(a) A tax levied by the Church (c) Tokyo (d) Israel
(b) Atax levied by the King Ans. (a)
(c) Unit of currency in France Q.10. The ideas of and

(d) None of these were the most important legacy of

French Revolution. [CBSE Sept. 20
Ans. a

Q.3. Tax from peasants to church was called : (a) Liberty, democratic rights
(b) Livres (b) Economicequality, Voting rights
(a) Tithes
(c) Liberty, social rights
(c) Taille (d) Manor
Ans. (a)
(d) Liberty, equality
Ans. (a)
Q.4. Who wrote Two Treaties of Government?
Q.11. What did the red cap worn by Sans Culo
(a) John Locke (b) Jacques Rousseau
in France symbolise?
(c) Voltaire (d) George Danton (b) Brotherhood
(a) Liberty
Ans. (a) (c) Love (d) Equality
Q.5. Who wrote The Spirit of Laus? Ans. (a)
[CBSE Sept. 2012] Q.12. What was the literal meaning of S:
(a) John Locke (b) Jacques Rousseau Culottes ? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 20
(c) Voltaire (d) Montesquieu (a) Those without knee breeches
Ans. (d) (b) Those who wear the RED
Q.6. Who wrote The Social Contract ? (c) Female figure of liberty
(a) John Locke (b) Jacques Rousseau (d) The aristocrates
(c) Voltaire (d) George Danton Ans. (a)
Ans. (b) Q.13. In the context of France, what was Tail
Q.7. Which period in the history of France is known (a) An Indirect tax (b) Direct tax
as "Reign of Terror" ? (c) Custom duties (d) None of these
(a) 1793 to1798 (b) 1793 to1799 Ans. (b)
12-H
EVERGREEN Self-Study in SocialScier
 o14. In the context of France, the 'Tennis Court Q.21. Which of the following is "TRUE' with
Oath' took place on : [CBSE Sept. 2010) respect to the French society of 18h century?
(a) 14th July 1789 (b) 20th June 1789 (0) The members of the first two Estates,
(c) 4th August 1789 (d) Sth May 1789 that is, the clergy and the nobility.
Ans. (b)
o15. Who wrote an influential pamphlet called enjoyed certain privileges by birth.
"What is the Third Estate' ? () The nobles further enjoyed feudal
[CBSE Sept. 2011) privileges.
(a) Abbe Sieyes (b) Rousseau (a) Only (i) (b) Only (i)
(c) Mirabeau (d) None of these (c) Both (i) and (i) (d) Neither (i) Nor (i)
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
a.t6. Who among the following enjoyed certain Q.22. The Spirlt of the Laws, Montesquieu
privileges by birth in France during the proposed a division of power within the
Jate 18th century ? [CBSE Sept. 2012] government between the legislative, the
(a) Big business men and merchants executive and the judiciary. This model
(b) Peasants and artisans of government was put into force in the
(c) Clergy and Nobles after the thirteen colonies
(d) Court officials and lawyers
Ans. (c) declared their independence from Britain.
(a) France (b) USA
Q17. Based on the French Constitution of 1791,
who were known as 'active citizens' ? (c) India (d) Italy
(o) Only men above 25 years of age Ans. (b)
(b) The highest bracket of tax payers Q.23. On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an
(c) Those who were elected by the people assembly of the Estates General to.....
(d) Those who were entitled to vote (a) Pass proposals for new taxes.
Ans. (d)
(b) Pass new Constitution.
o.18. Which of the following is not corect about
French society of 18th century ?
(c) Grant political equality to all.
(a) It was divided into three Estates. (d) Declare war on Britain.
(b) The members of the first two Estates enjoyed Ans. (a)
some privileges by birth. Q.24. The representatives of Third Estate
(c) People of all the Estates were paying taxes. assembled in the grounds of Versailles on
(d) Peasants were part of the Third Estate. 20th June 1789 to
Ans. (c) (a) Pass proposals for new taxes.
a.19. In the context of France the fall of Bastille (b) Pass new Constitution.
took place on : (c) Grant political equality to all.
(a) 14th July 1780 (b) 14th July 1789
(d) Declare war on Britain.
(c) 15th August 1789 (d) 14th July 1796
Ans. (b) Ans. (b)
Q.20. was one of the most important of Q.25. On the night of 4th August 1789, The
the politically active women in revolutionary National Assembly of France passed a
France. She protested against the decree. Which of the following is TRUE with
Constitution and the Declaration of Rights respect to the decree ?
of Man and Citizen as they excluded women ()The feudal system was abolished.
from basic rights that each human being was Members of the clergy too were forced
entitled to.
togive up their privileges.
(a) Olympe de Gouges (b) Mericourt () Tithes were abolished and lands owned
(c) Charlottee Goday (d) Madame Tallin
ns. (a)
by the Church were confiscated.

/ERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9 13-H NL

 bread
() Meat and were rationed
la) Onty () (b) Only (ii) (a) Only () (b) Only (i)
() Neither () Nor (ii) (c) Both (i) and
(i) (d)
Ans.
(c) Both (i) and (i)
(c) Ans. (c)
Neither () No
the draft
Q.26. The National Assembly completed
Which of the
of the constitution in 1791.
Q.31. In 1804,
Emperor of France. Crowned hi.
following is TRUE with respect to that? (a) Robespierre (b)Napoleon
the powers (d) Locke
() Its main object was to limit
(c) Louis XVI
of the monarch.
the Ans. (b)
power
(i) The to make laws
Constitution in thevested
of 1791 National 0.32. Which of the following was not undertak
by Napoleon?
Assembly, which was indirectly elected. () Abolishing slavery.
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (i) () Uniform system of weights
(c) Both (i) and (i) (d) Neither (i) Nor (i) () Protection of private propertu
Ans. (c) (lo) Attacking neighbouring
Q.27. Which of the following
is TRUE' with
France? (a) Only (i) (b) Onlycount
(i) ries.
respect the contribution of 1791 of (c) Only (i) & (iti) (d) Only (i) &(iv)
() It provided political equality. Ans. (a)
(i) The Constitution began with a
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Q.33. Complete the box by choosing the core
option.
Citizen.
(b) Only (i)
1774 Louis XVI
(a) Only (i)
(c) Both (i) and (ü) (d) Neither (i) Nor (i) 1804 ?

Ans. (b) (a) Robespierre (b) Napoleon

continued to be
Q.28. The situation in France (d) Locke
(c) Louis XVI
after 1791. Although Louis XVI had
tense
into Ans. (b)
signed the Constitution, he entered 0.34. ldentify the ruler of France.
secret negotiationswith the
(a) King of Prussia (b) King of Russia
(c) King of Great Britain (d) King of Austria
Ans. (a)
Q.29. The members of the
belonged mainly to the less prosperous
sections of society. They included small
shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers,
pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as
well as servants and daily-wage workers.
Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
(a) National Assembly (b) Third Estate
(c) Jacobin club (d) Directory
Ans. (c)
(a) Robespierre (b) Napoleon
D.30. Which of the following steps was taken by (d) Locke
Robespierre's Government? (c) Louis XVI

() It issued laws placing a maximum Ans. (b)

ceiling on wages and prices.

-H 2aS EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science

 (B) Assertion & Reasoning Based (D) Match the following items in
Questions : column A with those in column B
For question numbers 1 to 4 two statements are and choose the correct answer
oiven - one labelled Assertion (A) and the other from the options given below :
labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to Q.1.
these questions from the codes (), (), (un and Column A ColumnB
(tc) as givenbelow:
() Louis XVI ascended the (a) 1789
() Both A andR are true and R is correct
throne of France
explanation of the assertion. (i) Storming of Bastille (b) 1815
) Both A and R are true but R is not the corect (i) Napoleon was defeated at (c) 1774
explanation of the assertion. Waterloo.
(it) A is true but R is false.
(ic) A is false but R is true. (A) (1)-(a) (i) - (c) (ii) - (b)
Q.f. Assertion:Upon his accession Louis XVIfound (B) (1) - (c) (ii) - (a) (ii) - (b)
an empty treasure. (C) () -(b) (ii) - (a) (ii) - (c)
Reason : Long years of famine had drained the Ans. (B)
financial resources. Q.2.
Ans. ()
Column A ColumnB
Q2. Assertion : The members of the first two Estates
enjoyed certain privileges by birth. () Napoleon crowned (a) 1793
Reason: They were respected by the society. (i) Execution of Louis XVI (b) 1791
Ans. (ii) (ii) National Assembly completed (c) 1804
Q.3. Assertion: The representatives of the First Estate the drafting of the Constitution.
viewed themselves as spokesmen of the whole
French nation. (A) (i)-(a) (i)-(c) (ii) - (6)
Reason:They enjoyed certain privileges by birth. (B) ()-(c) () - (a) (ii) (b)
Ans. (iu) (C) ()- (b) (i)- (a) (ii) - (c)
Q4. Assertion: The period from 1793 to 1794 is Ans. (B)
referred as the Reign of Terror.
Reason: The members of the Jacobian club (E) Correct the following statements
and rewrite :
belonged to the less prosperous society.
Ans. (ii) Q.1. Taille was a kind of tax levied by the
church.
(C) Arrange the following in correct Ans. Tithe was a kind of tax levied by the church.
sequence : Q.2. In Tuo Treatises of Government Montesquieu
proposed a division of power between the
Q.1. () Reign of Terror legislative, executive and judiciary.
() Bastille attack Ans. In The Spirit of Laws Montesquieu proposed a
(ii) National Assembly completed the draft division of power between the legislative, executive
of the Constitution. and judiciary.
Ans. (ii), (ii), () Q.3. The Constitution framed by the National
Assembly in 1791 vested the powers to
0.2. () Reign of Terror make laws to the king or the monarch.
() Louis XVI executed Ans. The Constitution framed by the National Assembly
(ii) Directory rules France in 1791 vested the powers to make laws to the
Ans. (i), (), (ii) National Assembly.

EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9 15-H

 Louis XVl reintroduced slavery In 1804 In Q.5. The Natlonal Assembly
France. draft of the Constitution incompleted
1791 and
Ans. Napoleon reintroduced slavery in 1804 in France. main object was to limit the powere
O5. The idea of socialism and conservatlon were the..
the most important legacy of the French Ans. Monarch
Revolution. a.6. The members of the
.clu
Ans. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the belonged mainly to the less prosperou
most important legacy of the French Revolution. sectlons of the society.
Ans. Jacobin
(F) Fill in the blanks :
a.1. In his Too Treatises of Government, (G) Read the information and write
sought to refute the doctrine single term:
of the divine and absolute right of the
a.1. Atax levied by the church,
monarch. comprising one
tenth of the agricultural produce.
Ans. Locke.
Ans. Tithe
Q.2. In his book Montesquieu Q.2. Group of persons invested
with specia
proposed a division of power within the functions in the church.
government between the legislative, the Ans. Clergy
executive and the judiciary. Q.3. Unit of currency in France, discontinued ir
Ans. The Spirit of the Laws. 1794.
Q3. On September 1792 the convention
Ans. Liure
abolished the monarchy and declared Q.4. A direct tax levied on member of the Thir
France
Estate to be paid directly to the state.
Ans. Republic. Ans. Taille
Q.4. In Napoleon Bonaparte crowned Q.5. An extreme situation where the basic means
himself Emperor of France.
of livelihood are endangered.
Ans. 1804.
Ans. Subsistence crisis

0|UESTION?
BANK

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 0R 2 MARKS EACH)

Q.1. What was Bastille ? Q.5. Mention any two privileges of the First
Ans. It was one of the largest jail of France. It was Estate people of France.
broken by an angry nob on 14th July, 1789. Ans. (0) They were exempted from paying taxes to the
Q.2. When did the French Revolutlon occur ? State.
Ans. 14th July, 1789. () The nobles also enjoyed feudal privileges.
Q.3. Why was Bastille hated by the French Q.6. What was tithes ? (CBSE 2014]
people ? Ans. It was a tax levied by the church, comprising
Ans. Bastille was hated because it stood for the one-tenth of the agricultural produce.
despotic power of the king. Q.7. What was talle ?
Q.4. What was feudal system ? Ans. It was a direct tax to be paid to the State levied
Ans. It was a system under which land was granted to on the members of the Third Estate.
landlords in return for military or labour services.
16-H
EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science -9
 Q.3. What was the theme of the book Two Ans. () These clubs were created to discuss political,
Treaties of Government' ? economic and other issues.
Ans. In his book Two Treaties of Government Locke (ii) To put forward the demands of women.
sought to refute the doctrine and absolute right 019. What was the most revolutionary social
of the monarch. reform of the Jacobins ?
Q.9. What was the theme of the book The Ans. One of the most revolutionary social reform of
Spirt of the Laus' written by Montesquieu ? the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery
Ans. Montesquieu proposed a division of power within in the French colonies.
the government between the legislature, the Q.20. Which was the most important legacy of
executive and the judiciary. the French Revolution ?
Q10. What was the slogan of the French Ans. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights
revolutionaries ?
were the most important legacy of the French
Ans. Liberty, Fraternity and Equality. Revolution.
o.11. Who was the ruler of France during the Q.21. Who was Napoleon ?
revolution ? Ans. He was the Commissioner-in-Chief of the French
Ans. Louis XVI of the Bourbon family was the ruler of Forces. The political instability of the Directory
France. paved the way for his rise as a dictator. In 1804,
o.12. Who abolished slavery in France ? he crowned himself as the Emperor of France.
[CBSE 2015] Q.22. Give two examples of individuals (Indian)
Ans. The Jacobin Clubs. who responded to the ideas coming from
revolutionary France.
0.13. What was the main object of the
Ans. Tipu Sultan and Ram Mohan Roy.
Constitution of France drafted by the
National Assembly ? Q.23. Which Battle sealed the fate of France in
1815 ? [CBSE 2015)
Ans. The main object of the new Constitution was to
limit the powers of the monarch. Ans. Battle of Waterloo.
Q.14. Who were the leaders of the National Q.24. Name the most popular political club started
Assembly of France which was formed in by the French Women. [CBSE 2015)
the Versailles ? Ans. Society of Revolutionary Republican Women.
Ans. (i) Mirabeau Q.25. Who were the members of the Third
Estate?
(i) Abbe Sieyes
O.15. Who wrote What is the Third Estate' an Ans. Big businessman, merchants, court official,
influential pamphlet ? lawyers etc.
Ans. Abbe Sieyes. Peasants and artisans

Q.16. Who was Maximilian Robespierre ? " Small peasants, landless labour, servants.
Ans. Maximilian Robespierre was one of the most Q.26. "Peasants, artisans and women were
important leaders of the Jacobins. He ruled denied entry to the assembly." What can
over France from 1792 to 1793. He followed you conclude about their position in the
the policy of severe control and punishment. His society?
reign is known as the Reign of Terror. Ans. (i) They were not given any political right.
Q.17. Name any two women clubs of France. (i) Peasants made up about 90 per cent of the
population. However, only a small number
Ans. ()The Society of Revolutionary of them owned the land they cultivated.
() The Republican Women About 60 per cent of the land was owned
Q.18. What was the main motive of women clubs by nobles, the Church and other richer
of France ? members of the third estate.

EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9 17-H

 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 OR 4 MARKSEACH)
Q.1. Trace the event which led to the fall of government offices or universities the state u:
Bastille. [CBSE 2014] forced to increase taxes.
Ans. () On 20th June, the representatives of the Third () Extravagant Court : France under vario
Estate assembled in the hall. kings had a extravagant court at the immens
(i) While the National Assembly was busy at palace of Versailles.
Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of Q.4. What is subsistence crisis ? Mention an
France secthed with turmoil. A severe winter
two factors responsible for this in
had meant a bad harvest: the price of bread [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011
France
rose, bakers exploited the situation and
hoarded supplies. Ans, It is an extreme situation where the basic mean:
of livelihood are endangered.
(ii) After spending hours in long queues at the Factors :
bakery, crOwds of angry women stormed into
the shops. At the same time, the kingordered o The population of France rose from abou
troops to move into Paris. 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789
(iv) On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and This led to a rapid increase in the demand fon
destroyed the Bastille. foodgrains.
Q.2. Evaluate the role of Church in the French o Production of grains could not keep pace
Revolution. with the demand.
Ans. () About 60% of the land was owned by nobles, " So the price of bread, which was the staple
the Church and other richer members of the diet of the majority rose rapidly.
Third Estate. Most workers were employed as labourers in
(i) The Church was exempted from paying tax to workshops whose owners fixed their wages.
the government. But wages did not keep pace with the rise in
(üi) The members of the Church were placed prices. So the gap between the poor and the
in First Estate and they enjoyed certain rich widened.
privileges by birth. The drought or hail were also responsible for
(iu) The Church was allowed to collect tithes, the subsistence crisis.
special kind of tax, levied to the farmers. Q.5. What were the Jacobin clubs ? Who was
Q.3. What were the causes for the empty treasure their leader ? [CBSE Sept. 2011]
of France under Louis XVI? Assess any three Ans. Jacobins were political clubs of the people.
causeS. (CBSE Sept. 2010] These became an important rallying point
Or for people, who wished to discuss the
What compelled Louis XVIto raise taxes in government policies and plans, and their own
form of action.
France ? [CBSE 2013]
" Maximilian Robespierre was their leader.
Ans. () Wars and Economic Crisis : The Seven Q.6. State the events that led to the formation
Years War (1756-1763) and the Revolutionary of the National Assembly. [CBSE 2013]
War in America under Louis XVI added more
Ans. () The Estates General was a political body of
than a billion livres to a debt that had already France to which the three Estates sent their
risen to more than 2 billion llvres. representatives. The voting in it had been
(i1) Debt Trap : Due to rising debt the French conducted according to the principle that
government was obliged to spend an increasing each estate had one vote.
percentage of its budget on interest payments () When in 1789, Louis XVI calleda meeting of
alone. To meet its regular expenses, such as the the Estates General, he decided to continue
cost of maintaining an army, the court, running the same old practice.

18-H EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9

 (ii) But the members of the Third Estate () The members declared themselves as the
demanded that voting now be conducted on National Assembly and swore not to disperse
the democratic principle of one person, one till they had drafted a Constitution for France
vote. that would limit the powers of the monarch.
(ii) The National Assembly drafted the new
(iu) When the king rejected this proposal., the Constitution which laid the foundation of
members of the Third Estate walked out of
the assembly in protest. Republic of France.
Q.10. How did France become a Constitutional
(u) They assembled on 20th June, 1789 in the
Monarchy ?
hall of an indoor tennis court in Versailles.
(CBSE Sept. 2011]
Ans. () The National Assembly completed the draft of
These representatives of the Third Estate
the Constitution in 1791. Its main object was
viewed themselves as spokesmen for whole
French nation. They declared themselves a to limit the powers of the monarch.
(iü) These powers, instead of being concentrated
National Assembly.
07. Mention any three changes that were in the hands of one person, were now
separated and assigned to different institutions
brought by the National Assembly which the legislature, executive and judiciary. This
was recognised by the King Louis XVI
in 1789. made France a constitutional monarchy.
Ans. () Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to (ii) The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to
make laws in the National Assembly, which
the National Assembly and accepted the was indirectly elected.
principle that his powers would from now on
a.11. Discuss the impact of abolition of
be checked by a Constitution. censorship in France. [CBSE Sept. 2010]
(ii) On the night of 4th August 1789, the
Assembly passed a decree abolishing the Or
feudal system of obligations and taxes. Describe the effects of abolition of law of
(ii) Members of the clergy too were forced censorship on France.
to give up their privileges. Tithes were [CBSE Sept. 2011]
abolished and lands owned by the Church Ans. () France before censorship: In the Old
were confiscated. Regime all written material and cultural
activities, books, newspapers, plays could be
0.8. Who were given the right to vote under published or performed only after they had
the new Constitution of France adopted in been approved by the censors of the king.
1791 ? Explain.
Ans. (i) Not all citizens, however, had the right to () Freedom of speech : Now the Declaration
of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed
vote. freedom of speech and expression to be a
(i) Only men above 25 years of age who paid natural right. Newspapers, pamphlets, books
taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourers and printed pictures flooded the towns of
wage were given the status of active citizens, France from where they travelled rapidly
that is, they were entitled to vote. The into the countryside. They all described and
remaining men and all women were classed discussed the events and changes taking place
as passive citizens. in France.
(iii) To qualify as an elector and then as a () Debate and discussion : Freedom of
member of the Assembly, a man had to the press also meant that opposing views of
belong to the highest bracket of taxpayers. events could be expressed. Each side sought
Q.9, What was the significance of The Tennis to convince the others of its position through
Court Oath' in the French Revolution ? the medium of print. Printed tracts and
newspapers not only spread the new ideas,
[CBSE Sept. 2010]
but they shaped the nature of debate. Plays,
Ans. () The Tennis Court Oath was a significant event songs and festive processions attracted large
in the French revolution. The Oath was taken
numbers of people. This was one way they
on 20th June in the hall of an indoor court in
could grasp and identify with ideas such as
the grounds of Versailles. liberty or justice.

EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9 19-H

 Q.12. Explain the impact of fall of Jacobin Convention. He followed the policy of seven
government of Robespierre. control and punishment.
Ans. (i) The fall of the Jacobin government allowed O.14, "Ideas of liberty and democratic right.
the wealthier middle classes to seize power.
were the most important legacy of the
(i) A new Constitution was introduced which French Revolution". Explain the statemen
denied the vote to non-propertied sections of in the light of French Revolution.
society.
(ii) The new Constitutions adopted a Directory [CBSE 2015)
Ans. From Answer Refer NCERT Q.No. 3.
System.
(iv) This was meant as a safequard against Q.15. Explain the impact of the French
the concentration of power in a one-man
Revolution on the life of people ol
executive as under the Jacobins.
France. [CBSE 2015])
Ans. () Divorce was made legal, and could be appliet
(u) However, the Directors often clashed with by both women and men. Women could be
the legislative councils, who then sought to nowtrained for jobs, could become artists o
dismiss them. The political instability of the run small businesses.
Directory paved the way for the rise of a
(i) The Constitution of 1791 began with a
military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
Q.13. What was the Convention ? Describe its Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
role in France. (CBSE 2015)
It proclaimed that Freedom of speech and
Ans. The elected assembly fomed in France in 1792 opinion and equality before law were natural
was called Convention. rights of each human being by birth. These
Role in rance :
could not be taken away.
(i) It abolished the monarchy and declared (ii) Newspapers, pamphlets and printed
pictures appeared steadily in the towns of
France arepublic.
(ii) Hereditary monarch Louis XVI and his France. From there, they travelled into the
wife were sentenced to death Robespierre countryside. These publications described and
was elected President of the National discussed the events and changes taking place
in the country.

LONG ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS (4 OR 5 MARKS EACH)

Q.1. 'Social disparity was one of the major (b) The Second Estate : It consisted of
causes of the French Revolution.' Justify landlords, men of noble birth and aristocrats.
by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2011] (c) The Third Estate : It consisted of the
Or vast majority of the common masses, the
"The inequality that existed in the French landless peasants, servants, etc.
society in the Old Regime became the (i1) Heavy burden of taxes on the Third
cause of French Revolution". Justify Estate : The members of the first two Estates
the statement by giving three suitable were exempted from paying taxes to the state.
examples. [CBSE 2012) So all the taxes were paid by the people of
Or the Third Estate.
How was the French society organized ? (li) Wide gap between people of different
What privileges did certain sections of the Estates : Most of the people of the Third
society enjoy ? Describe. [CBSE 2013] Estate were employed as labourers in
Ans. () Division of the society into three workshops with fixed wages. The wages
Estates: failed to keep pace with the rise in prices.
So the gap between the poor and the rich
(a) The First Estate : It consisted of the
widened.
clergymen and church-fathers.

20-H U EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science9

 (io) No political rights : Out of the total Q.3. Analyse the role of thinkers and
population, the First and the Second Estates philosophers in the French Revolution.
had share of 2%. The remaining people [CBSE Sept. 2012]
belonged to the Third Estate. Although the Ans. () Influence of the Philosophers and
upper two classes made up only a small Writers: There were many French
fraction of the total population, yet they were philosophers and thinkers like John Locke,
the people who controlled the political and Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire and
economic system of the nation. They enjoyed Mirabeau, who exposed the evils prevailing
all the rights and privileges. The entire in the system. They infused people with the
machinery of the government was designed idea of liberty. equality and fraternity.
to protect their interests and privileges. (i) Charles Montesquieu (1689-1775)
A nobleman by birth, he became a lawyer
(v) Unequal distribution of wealth: In and a judge. In his book, "The Spirit of
the French society, peasants made up about Laws", he criticised autocracy and praised
90% of the population. However, only a the democratic republic.
small number of them owned the land they
cultivated. About 60% of the land was (it) Francis Aronet Voltaire (1694-1778)
Voltaire was another outstanding philosopher
owned by nobles, the church and other richer of the Revolution. He wanted the people to
members of the Third Estate.
think about their material life on earth, and
"The rise of middle class played a very the
Q.2. forget about heaven. He condemned
important role in the rise of French Church which supported the privileged class,
Revolution". Analyse the statement. and ignored the poo.
witnessed the (1712-1778):
Ans. (i) The eighteenth century termed the
(iv) Jean Jacques Rousseau architect of
emergence of social groups, Rousseau is regarded as the
middle class. In addition to merchants
and
the French Revolution. He gave the slogan
in
manufacturers, the middle class included "Man was born free, yet he is everywhere
Social
professions such as lawyers or administrative chains". In the famous book, "The
officials. Contract", he proved that the government
contract between
and believed that was the result of a social
(ii) Allof these were educated and ruler on the
be privileged by the people on the one hand, the contract,
no group in society should position must other. So if the ruler did not fulfil
birth. Rather, a person's social withdraw their
the people had the right to
depend on his merit. loyalty to him, and bring down the
tyranny of
society based on
(ii) They wanted to build a the ruler, by revolting.
freedom and equal laws. also a great political
voting in the General (v) John Locke : He was Treatises of
(iu) They demanded the under the
thinker. He wrote 'Two
refute
Assembly should be conducted Government' in which he sought toabsolute
vote. When the divine and the
principle of one person one they the doctrine of
by the king
this proposal was rejected Assembly. right of the monarch.
decided to form the National circumstances under which
Q.4. Explain the recognition to
representatives of the third estate Louis XVI finally accorded
(u) The spokesmen for the the National Assembly.
viewed themselves as June they
20
whole French nation. On indoor tennis Or
assembled in the hall of an led to the insurT
Explain the events that
Versailles. They [CBSE 2015]
court in the grounds of Assembly and ection of 1792 in France.
Assembly of the Estates:
declared themselves a National Ans. (i) Protest in the
had drafted a whenLouis XVI called
swore not to disperse till they On 5th May 1789 Estates, members
would limit the
constitution for France that together an Assembly of the
powers of the monarch.
21-H

Science-g
GREEN Self-Studyin Social
 (i) On 20 June, the representatives of the Th
of Third Estate demanded to conduct voting Estates assembledinthe hall of an indoor ten
by the Assembly as a whole. where each court in the grounds of Versailles and th
member would have one vote but this was
declared themselves a National Assembl,
rejected by the king. The members of the (ii) On 14 July. the agitated crowd stormed ay
Third Estate walked out of the Assembly.
destroyed the Bastille.
(i) National Assembly : After this incident
members of the Third Estate assembled in the (iv) On the night of 1789, the Assembly passe
a decree abolishing the feudal system
hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds
of Versailles. They declared themselves a obligations and taxes.
National Assembly, and swore not to 1804 : In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crown
disperse till they had drafted a constitution himself Emperor of France. He set os
for France that would limit the powers of the
monarch. They were led by Mirabeau and conquer neighbouring European countries
Abbe' Sieye's. Q.6. What was the role of Jacobins durino t
(ii) Turmoil in France : While the National French Revolution ?
[CBSE 2012
Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting Or
the Constitution, the rest of France seethed
with turmoil due to bad harvest. Caught in Analyse the role of Jacobins in the Fr
a frenzy of fear, peasants started attacking Revolution. [CBSE 2011
nobles. Under all these circumstances, Louis Ans. () Middle Class : The members of the Jacnh
XVI finally accorded recognition to the club belonged mainly to the less prospero
National Assembly. sections of society. They included small shor
(iv) Storming the Bastille : On the morning of keepers, artisans such as shoemakers, past
14th July 1789, the agitated crowd stormed
and destroyed the Bastille. Under all these cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as se
circumstances, Louis XVI finally accorded vants and daily-wage workers. Their lead
recognition to the National Assembly. was Maximilian Robespierre.
(v) France became a Republic : In 1792, the () Different Clothes : A large group amon
Jacobins held the king hostage and declared the Jacobins decided to start wearing lon
to form a new government. The newly elected striped trousers similar to those worn by doc
Assernbly was called the Convention. On 21st workers. This was to set themselves apa
September 1792, it abolished the monarchy from the fashionable sections of societ
and declared France as a republic. especially nobles, who wore knee breeches
Q.5. Evaluate the importance of the following Sansculottes men wore in addition the e
years in concern with the French
cap that symbolised liberty.
Revolution : 1774, 1791, 1815, 1789,
1804. (CBSE 2013) (HI) Carrying the Revolution : They were th
Ans. 1774 : In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon
people who believed that the revolution ha
family of kings ascended the throne of France. to be carried further, as the Constitution o
1791 : The National Assernbiy completed the 1791 gave political rights only to the rich
sections of society.
draft of the Constitution to limit the powers of
the king and to guarantee basic rights to all (lv) Storming the King's palace : In the sun
hurman beings. mer of 1792, the Jacobins planned an insur
1815 : In 1815, Napoleon was finally defeated rection of a large number of Parisians wh
at Waterloo. were angered by the short supplies and hi
1789 : () On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called prices of food. On the morning of Augu
an assembly of the Estates General to pass 10, they stormed the Palace of the Tuilee
proposals for new taxes. massacred the king's quards and held the kir
22-H GTStea EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social scieno
 himself as hostage for several hours. Later the Q.8. Which period in French history is known
Assembly voted to imprison the royal family. as the Reign of Terror ? Give reasons.
(o) France became a republic : Elections were Ans. The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred as the
Reign of Terror.
held. From now on all men of 21 years and () Strict policies of Robespierre :
above, regardless of wealth, got the right to Robespierre followed a policy of severe
vote. The newly elected assembly was called control and punishment. All those whom he
the Convention. On 21 September 1792, it saw as being enemies of the republic were
abolished the monarchy and declared France arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a
arepublic. revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them
guilty they were guillotined.
Q.7. Compare the political, economic and
social conditions of France before and
(i) Economic controls : Robespierre
government issued laws placing a maximum
after the revolution.
ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread
were rationed. Peasants were forced to
Ans Before Revolution After Revolution
transport their grain to the cities and sell it at
Political Conditions :
) France was
prices fixed by the government.
(i) France became a (tit) Principle of Equality: Equality was also
under the rule
of a monarch, Republic. sought to be practised through forms of
Louis XVI. speech and address. Instead of the traditional
(i) All the political Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all
powerS were
(iü) Political powers French men and women were henceforth
in the hands were given to the Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).
of the first two Third Estate.
(iv) Control over Churches : Churches were
Estates. shut down and their buildings converted into
Economic Conditions : barracks or offices. Robespierre pursued his
(i) AII the taxes () Taxes were levied policies so relentlessly that even his supporters
were paid by according to the began to demand moderation.
income and wealth.
the people of Q.9. Evaluate the condition of women in France
the Third Estate. The right to vote before and after the Revolution.
was linked to
The members
of the first two taxes. Ans. (i) Most women of the Third Estate had to work
Estates were for a living. They worked as seamstresses or
exempted from laundreses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables
all the taxes. at the market, or were employed as domestic
(ii) The qovernment (i) The economic servants in the houses of prosperous people.
was under heavy condition of the () Most women did not have access to education
debt. govern ment im or job training. Only daughters of nobles or
proved. wealthier members of the Third Estate could
Social Conditions: study at aconvent, after which their families
() People of Third () All were given equal arranged a marriage for them.
Estate were rights irespective of (i) Working women had also to care for their
discriminated. the Estate.
families, that is, cook, fetch water, queue up
(i) All the written (i) The censorship on for bread, and look after the children.
m aterials written materials (iv) Their wages were lower than those of men.
and cultural and cultural
activities could activities was lifted.
(u) In order to discuss and voice their interests,
women started their own political clubs and
be published Now all were free newspapers, About 60 women's clubs came
or performed to write and speak. up in different French cities.
only after an
approval from Note : For the condition of women after
the king. Revolution refer Q.No. 10. Long Answer Type.

RGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9 m 23-H Y

 Q.10. Why were women Ans. (i) The Estates General was divided
Constitution of 1791disappointed
in France ? by the Estates.
into thrCA
(CBSE Sept. 2011] (i)) The First and the Second Estates had the
Ans. (i) Passive citizens : Women were representatives of catholics, landlords
disappointed
that the Constitution of 1791 reduced the nobility. Whereas the Third Estat.
them to
passive citizens i.e., they were not entitled to representated peasants, workers and
vote.
people.
Common
(i) Region of terror and the (iü) Voting in the Estates General was
women : conducted
Women's struggle for equal political rights, according to the principle that each estate had
however, continued. During the Reign of one vote.
Terror, the new government issued laws
(iv) The Third Estate viewed themselves
ordering closure of women's clubs and spokesmen for the whole French nation. S
banning their political activities. Many they demanded that the voting should be
prominent women were arrested and a
number of them executed. It was finally in conducted by the assembly as a whole, where
1946 that women in France won the right to each member would have one vote.
vote. (u) The representatives of the Third Estate
(iü) No political office: Under the new were disappointed because voting was
not conducted on the basis of democratic
Constitution women did not have the right to
hold political office. principles.
Q.11. Explain how the new political Q.13. Explain triangular slave trade carried on
system during 18th and 19th century.
of Constitutional monarchy in France
worked. [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011] [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Or Ans. (i) The triangular slave trade was carried
Analyse any five features of the between Europe, Africa and the Americas.
Constitution drafted in 1791 in France. (i) The slave trade began in the seventeenth
Ans. (i) The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to century. French merchants sailed from the
make laws in the National Assembly, which ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African
was indirectly elected. coast, where they bought slaves from local
(ii) With the new Constitution the chieftains.
powers to
govern the country were assigned to different (ii) Branded and shackled, the slaves were
institutions, i.e., the legislature, executive and packed tightly into ships for the three-month
the judiciary. long voyage across the Atlantic to the
(ii) The judiciary and the legislature were elected Caribbean. There they were sold to plantation
by the people. Only men above 25 years of OWners.
age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days (iv) The exploitation of slave labour nmade it
of a labourer's wage were given the status of possible to meet the growing demand in
active citizens, that is, they were entitled to European markets for sugar, coffee, and
vote.
indigo.
(iv) Under this system the powers of the monarch (o) Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed
were limited. Most of the powers were in the their economic prosperity to the flourishing
hands of legislatures. slave trade.
(u) The ministers were also answerable to Q.14. How was slavery abolished in France ?
the legislature. The king enjoyed the veto [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011)
power. Ans. (i) One of the most revolutionary social reforms
Q.12. Why were the representatives of the Third of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of
Estate disappointed with the pattern of slavery in the French colonies.
voting in the 'Estates General' ? Explain. (i) Throughout the eighteenth century there
[CBSE Sept. 2010] was litle criticism of slavery in France. The
24-H
EVERGREENSelf-Study in Social Science.g9
 National Assembly held long debates about Q.15. Explain the role of Mirabeau and Abbe'
Sieye's in the French Revolution.
whether the rights of man should be extended
[CBSE 2010]
to all French subjects including those in the
colonies. But it did not pass any laws, fearing Ans. (0) Both Mirabeau and Abbe' Sieye's were great
opposition from businessmen whose incomes political thinkers.
depended on the slave trade. (iü) They were the leaders of the National
(ii) It was finally the Convention which in 1794 Assembly which was formed in 1789 after the
legislated to free all slaves in the French failure of the meeting of the Estate General.
Overseas possessions. (ii) Mirabeau was born in a noble family but was
(iv) This, however, turned out to be a short convinced of the need to do away with a
term measure : ten years later, Napoleon society of feudal privilege.
reintroduced slavery. (iv) He brought out a journal, and delivered
(u) Plantation owners understood their freedom powerful speeches to the crowds assembled
as including the right to enslave African at Versailles.
Negroes in pursuit of their economic interests. (u) Abbe' Sieye's, originally a priest, wrote an
Slavery was finally abolished in French influential pamphlet called, "What is the
colonies in 1848. Third Estate?"

NCERT EXERCISE
Describe the circumstances leading to of the Middle Class. It was the class of
Q.1.
the outbreak of revolutionary protest in businessmen, traders, bankers, manufacturers,
France. [CBSE Sept. 2011] scholars, etc. The Middle Class people
became the leaders of the Revolution.
Or
Discuss the causes of the French (iv) Influence of the Philosophers and
Revolution of 1789. Writers There were many French
the First philosophers and thinkers like Montesquieu,
Ans. (i) Unjust Taxation : The members of Rousseau, Voltaire and Mirabeau, who
and Second Estates were exempted from
exposed the evils prevailing in the system.
paying axes to the state. All the taxes were
They infused people with the idea of liberty,
paid by the members of the Third Estate. equality and fraternity.
(i1) Social Disparity : In the 17th century, the
French society was divided into three groups, (u) Wide gap between rich and poor:
called the Estates : Production of food grains failed to keep
(i) The First Estate :Clergy pace with demand so price of staple diet
rose rapidly. This caused a widespread anger
(ii) The Second Estate : Nobility among the masses.
(ii) The Third Estate : Common people. Q.2. Which groups of the French society
Although the upper two classes made-up benefited from the Revolution? Which
only a small fraction of the total population, groups were forced to relinquish power ?
yet they were the people who controlled
the Which sections of the society would have
political and economic system of the nation. been disappointed with the outcome of the
They enjoyed all the rights and privileges. Revolution
did
The people belonging to the Third Estate Ans. Groups of the French Society which
not enjoy any political right. benefited from the Revolution: People of
(iii) The Rise of the Middle Class : The spread the Third Estate benefited the most from the
of industrial revolution led to the emergence revolution. These groups included peasants,
25-H
yEVERGREEN Self-Studv in Social Science.g
 (ii) The frequent clashes between these two opinion and equality betore law were natural
government bodies created political instablity rights of each human being by birth. The
could not be taken away.
of the Directory. This led to the rise of a
military director, Napoleon Bonaparte who (ii) Newspapers, pamphlets and towns printed
pictures appeared steadily in the of
soon became the Emperor of France. into tho
France. From there, they travelled
Q.4. How did the laws introduced by the
revolutionary government help to improve countryside. These publications described and
the lives of women in France ? Explain. discussed the events and changes taking place
(CBSE 2015] the country.
Or (iv) The Freedom of Press (or print) allowed
What laws were introduced by the expression of the opposing views of events
Each side could now try to convince other
revolutionary government to improve the
lives of women in France? of its stand on any event or problem.
(u) Much use was made of plays, songs and
[CBSE Sept. 2010) festive processions which attracted large
Ans. (i) Together with the creation of state schools, number of people. This was one way to make
schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
the people understand the ideas of liberty
(iü) Their fathers could no longer force them into equality or justice. The political philosophers
marriage against their will. had already written much about such ideas or
(iii) Marriage was made into a contract entered ideals.
into freely and registered under civil law. Q.6. Describe the importance of the declaration
(iv) Divorce was made legal, and could be of the Rights of Man in France.
applied for by both women and men. [CBSE Sept. 2010])
Women could be now trained for jobs, could Ans. () Rights such as the right to life, freedom
become artists or run small businesses.
of speech, freedom of opinion, equality
Q.5. What changes people witnessed in before law, were established as 'natural and
everyday life after the revolution of 1789
in France ? [CBSE 2013]
inalienable rights, that is, they belonged to
each human being by birth and could not be
Ans. (i) Soon after the storming of the Bastille in taken away.
1789, one important law that it passed, was (i) It was the duty of the state to protect each
the abolition of censorship. citizen's natural rights.
(ii) The Constitution of 1791 began with a (i) This laid the foundation for human rights al
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. over the world.
It procaimed that Freedom of speech and

SKILL/PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS

0.1. Look at the given picture carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Who sketched the given painting?

Ans. Louis David

28-H u EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Scienc9

 depicted? Q.2.
2. Which incident is being
Court Oath.
Ans. The Tennis
circumstances under which the
3. State the
assembled?
members of the Third Estate
political body of
Ans. () The Estates General was aEstates sent their
France to which the three
representatives. The voting in it had been
conducted according to the principle that
each estate had one vote.
meeting of
(ü) When in 1789 Louis XVI called a
the Estates General, he decided to continue 1. Identify the incident.
the Bastille - France.
the same old practice. Ans. Storming and destroying of responsible
which were
Estate 2. State any two reasons
(iü) But the members of the Third for the incident.
demanded that voting now be conducted on
taxes on the Third
the democratic principle of one person, one Ans. (i) Heavy burden of Estates
Estate : The members of the first two
vote. to the state.
were exempted from paying taxes
(w) When the king rejected this proposal, the So, all the taxes were paid by the people of
members of the Third Estate walked out of the Third Estate.
different
the assembly in protest. () Wide gap between people of
in the Estates: Most of the people of the Third
(u) They assembled on 20th June, 1789
hall of an indoor tennis court in Versailles. Estate were employed as labourers in
These representatives of the Third Estate workshops with fixed wages. The wages
viewed themselves as spokesmen for whole failed to keep pace with the rise in prices.
French nation. They declared themselves a So, the gap between the poor and the rich
National Assembly. widened.

SOURCE/EXTRACT/CASE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

Read the extracts/sources carefully and answer (ii) Under this one-sixth of the agricultural
produce had to be given to the Church.
the following questions or choose the correct
option : 2. What do you mean by word 'Estate' in
EXTRACT- 1 the given extract ?
Ans. French society of the 18th century was divided
The Church too extracted its share of taxes
called tithes from the peasants, and finally, all into various groups based on their social,
members of the third estate had to pay taxes to economic, political and religious status known
the state. These included a direct tax, called taille, as estates. French society was divided into three
and a number of indirect taxes which were levied estates.
on articles of everyday consumption like salt or 3. The given extract is related to
tobacco. The burden of financing activities of the
Revolution.
state through taxes was borne by the third estate
alone. (a) Russian (b) French
1. What was tithes ? (c) American (d) Chinese
Ans. (i) It was a tax levied by the Church on the Ans. (b)
farmers.

EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science9 29-H

 ENTRACT-2 EXTRACT -3
On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an To establish and consolidate democracy, to
asscmbly of the Estates General to pass proposals achieve the peaceful rule of constitutional laws, we
for new taxes. A resplendent hall in Versailles must first finish the war of liberty against tyranny
uas prepared to host the delegates. The first and ....We must annihilate the enemies of the republic
second estates sent 300 representatives each, who at home andabroad, or else we shall perish. In
were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, time of Revolution a democratic government may
while the 600 members of the third estate had to rely on terror. Terror is nothing but justice, swift.
stand at the back. The third estate was represented severe andinflexible; ... and is used to meet the
most urgent needs of the fatherland. To curb the
by its mnore prosperous and educated members.
Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry enemies of Liberty through terror is the right of
to the assembly. However, their grievances and the founder of the Republic.'
dermands were listed in some 40,000 letters which 1. Who is the speaker?
the representatives had brought with them. Ans. Robespierre
1. Why did Louis XVI propose to levy new 2. Who were the enemies of the republic?
taxes? Ans. Ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political
Ans. Long years of war drained the financial parties, even members of Robespierre own
resources of France. party who did not agree with his methods.
2. The French society was not fair and equal. 3. State any two steps which were taken by
Evaluate the statement by giving two the speaker to curb the enemies of liberty.
examples. Ans. All those whom Robespierre saw as being
Ans. () The representatives of the First and Second 'enemies' of the republic - ex-nobles and
Estates were seated in rows facing each clergy, members of other political parties,
other on two sides, while the 600 members even members of his own party who did
of the Third estate had to stand at the back.
not agree with his methods - were arrested.
(ii)Peasants, artisans and wormen were denied imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary
entry to the assenbly. tribunal. If the court found them 'guilty' they
were guillotined.
3. What was the Estates General?
Ans. The Estates General was a political body to
which the three estates sent their representatives,

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H EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9

 Concept Map
France-Fom Monarchy to Republic
Soclal Setup In France

2nd Estate 3rd Estate

Ist Estate

Clergy Nobility Small peasants

" Big businessmen " Peasants
" Merchants " Artisans " Landless labour
" Court officials " Servants
" Enjoyed feudual privilleges
Enjoyed Privileges by bith " Exempted from paying taxes " Lawyers
"Exempted from paying taxes " Collected Feudal dues from
Extracted taxes called tithes the peasants
Burden of taxes borne by the Third Estate

The struggle to Survive

Drought further Outbreak of

Rapid Increase in Wages could not
Rapid Increase in demand for food made the situation subsistence crisis
population match rising prices Worse
grains and resultant
increase in prices

Growing míddle.class envisages.an end to privilleges

Responsibility fell . New ideas of freedom and equality sprang up

Peasants and workers " Locke in his book 'Two Treatises of
on prosperous and
lacked resOurces to educated members Government sought to refute the doctrine
bring change in social of the divine and absolute right of the Monarch.
of the newly emerged
and economic order middle class " Montesquieu in 'The spirit of the Laws'
proposed division of power with in the
government.
Revolution
General to pass the proposal
" Monarch (Louis XVI) could not impose taxes at his will, he needed approval of Estate
" He called Estate General to pass lax prop0sals
" Voting used to be conducted on the basis of one Estate, one vote
the Third estate walked out when the demand of one member, one vote was denied
drafted a Constitution for France
of Third estate metatan indoor tennis court in Versalles and founded NatlonalAssembly and
made the situation worse in France
Outbreak Severe winter, bad harvest, price rise, hoarding of supples July 1789
King's order to suppress agitating crowd led to the storming of Bastille on 14th
Peasants attacked residences of nobles and landlords
his powers to be checked by a
Monarch sensing the tensed situation recognised National Assembly and accepted
The Constitution
confiscated.
Feudal obligations, taxes, privileges were abolished and land owned by church was

EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Science-9 31-H

 MonarchyConstitution
Constltutlonal
France
Becomes
a completed
in
1971

French Power divided among legislature, executive and judiciary

Not all citizens had the right to vote
Decaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
of " Duty of state to protect citizen's natural rights
Drafting

and " Louis XVIentered into secret negotiations with Prussia

France and set to prevent reforms
Monarchy " Neighbouring countries got worried about developments in Prussia and Austria, against kings and
aRepubllc " Before they could do so National Assembly
Becomos voted war against
aristocracies all over Europe
" Revolutionary wars caused loss and economic difficulties
Abolishos
actions
Political clubs like Jacobin club sprang up to discuss government policies and plan their
Jacobin cdub belonged to less prosperous section of the society, grew in popularity.
France Maximilian Robespierre led the club
" An Insurrection was planned by Jacobins. King's palace was stomed in 1792, royal
guards were massacred and king w:
held as hostage
voting rights
Assembly voted to imprison the royal family and held elections with men above 21 years enjoying
monarchy and declaring France as Republic
" Newly elected Assembly called Convention was set up abolishing
" Later king and the Queen were executed

2-H EVERGREEN Self-Study in Social Scien