Learning Activity Sheet for Week 10_CHS 9

Sir Aldrin E. Alfon

Example Networks
2 Example Networks The Internet
Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM Ethernet Wireless LANs:
802:11

3 The Internet The Internet is not a network at all, but a vast collection of different
networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services. It is
an unusual system in that it was not planned by anyone and is not controlled by anyone
ARPHANET - the DoD wanted a command-and-control network that could survive a
nuclear war. At that time, all military communications used the public telephone
network, which was considered vulnerable Around 1960-ties Paul Baran from RAND
Corporation proposed using digital packet-switching technology throughout the system
but when the Pentagon asked AT&T to build a prototype, they dismissed the idea

4 The Internet - ARPANETUS created a single defense research organization, ARPA, the
Advanced Research Projects Agency – it had no scientists or laboratories but did its work
by issuing grants and contracts to universities and companies whose ideas looked
promising to itIn 1967 a conference paper described a system for packet-switched
subnet that consists of minicomputers called IMPs (Interface Message Processors)
connected by 65-Kbps transmission linesThe software was split into two parts: subnet
and host. The subnet software consisted of the IMP end of the host-IMP connection, the
IMP-IMP protocol, and a source IMP to destination IMP protocol designed to improve
reliability.

5 The ARPANET (a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.

6 The original ARPANET design

7 The ARPANET (3) Growth of the ARPANET (a) December (b) July 1970.(c) March (d)
April (e) September 1972.

8 ARPANET, DNS During the 1980s, additional networks, especially LANs, were
connected to the ARPANET. As the scale increased, finding hosts became increasingly
expensive, so DNS (Domain Name System) was created to organize machines into
domains and map host names onto IP addresses DNS has become a generalized,
distributed database system for storing a variety of information related to naming

9 NSFNET In 1970s, NSF (the U.S. National Science Foundation) saw the enormous
impact the ARPANET and went for design of a successor to the ARPANET that would be
open to all university research groups NSF decided to build a backbone network to
connect its six supercomputer centers, in San Diego, Boulder, Champaign, Pittsburgh,
Ithaca, and Princeton NSF also funded some (eventually about 20) regional networks that
connected to the backbone to allow users at thousands of universities, research labs,
libraries, and museums to access any of the supercomputers and to communicate with
one another - the complete network was called NSFNET

10 NSFNET The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

Learning Activity Sheet for Week 10_CHS 9
Sir Aldrin E. Alfon
NSFNETNSF awarded contracts to four different network operators to establish a NAP
(Network Access Point) – went from governmental to commercial financing During the
1990s, many other countries and regions also built national research networks, often
patterned on the ARPANET and NSFNET. These included EuropaNET and EBONE in
Europe, which started out with 2-Mbps lines and then upgraded to 34-Mbps lines.
Eventually, the network infrastructure in Europe was handed over to industry as well

12 Internet The number of networks, machines, and users connected to the ARPANET
grew rapidly after TCP/IP became the only official protocol on January 1, 1983When
NSFNET and the ARPANET were interconnected, the growth became exponential. Many
regional networks joined up, and connections were made to networks in Canada, Europe,
and the Pacific The glue that holds the Internet together is the TCP/IP reference model
and TCP/IP protocol stack To be on the Internet - a machine is on the Internet if it runs
the TCP/IP protocol stack, has an IP address, and can send IP packets to all the other
machines on the Internet

13 Internet Up until the early 1990s, the Internet was largely populated by academic,
government, and industrial researchers WWW (World Wide Web) changed all that and
brought millions of new, nonacademic users to the net Much of this growth during the
1990s was fueled by companies called ISPs (Internet Service Providers). These are
companies that offer individual users at home the ability to call up one of their machines
and connect to the Internet

Architecture of the Internet

15 Internet ISP have POP (Point of Presence), where converted digital signals from the
computer to analog signals (by modem) are removed from the telephone system and
injected into the ISP’s regional network, from this point on, the system is fully digital and
packet switchedThe ISP's regional network consists of interconnected routers in the
various cities the ISP serves. If the packet is destined for a host served directly by the
ISP, the packet is delivered to the host. Otherwise, it is handed over to the ISP's
backbone operatorAt the top of the chain are the backbone operators (big companies
like AT&T, Sprint, etc). They operate large international backbone networks, with
thousands of routers connected by high-bandwidth fiber optics

16 Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM

first example of a connection-oriented network is X.25, which was the first public data
network, deployed in the 1970s at a time when telephone service was a monopoly In the
1980s, X.25 networks were largely replaced by a new kind of network called frame relay.
The essence of frame relay is that it is a connection-oriented network with no error
control and no flow control ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) - merging voice, data,
cable television, telex, telegraph, etc into a single integrated system that could do
everything for everyone (did not actually happen)

17 ATM Virtual Circuits A virtual circuit.

18 ATM Virtual Circuits (2)

The basic idea behind ATM is to transmit all information in small, fixed-size packets
called cells - an ATM cell.
Learning Activity Sheet for Week 10_CHS 9
Sir Aldrin E. Alfon
19 The ATM Reference Model

20 The ATM Reference Model (2)

The ATM layers and sub layers and their functions.

Thernet Both the Internet and ATM were designed for wide area networking The most
popular LAN is Ethernet Up to 256 machines could be attached to the system via
transceivers screwed onto the cable. A cable with multiple machines attached to it in
parallel is called a multidrop cable A computer first listened to the cable to see if
someone else was already transmitting, if so, the computer held back until the current
transmission finished

22 Ethernet Architecture of the original Ethernet.

23 Ethernet If two or more computers start transmitting at once - each computer listens
during its own transmission and if it detects interference, jam the ether to alert all
sendersThen the station/computer backs off and waits a random time before retryingIf a
second collision happens, the random waiting time is doubled, and so on, to spread out
the competing transmissions and give one of them a chance to go first In 1978 Xerox
drew the 10-Mbps Ethernet standard – became IEEE standard in 1983

24 Wireless LANs:IEEE committee that standardized the wired LANs was given the task
of drawing up a wireless LAN standard – result Common known as WiFi The proposed
standard had to work in two modes:In the presence of a base station In the absence of a
base station In the first case, all communication go through the base station, called an
access point In the second case, the computers would just send to one another directly -
ad hoc networking. A typical example is two or more people sitting down together in a
room not equipped with a wireless LAN and having their computers just communicate
directly

25 Wireless LANs (a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.

Wireless LANs Ethernet had already come to dominate local area networking, so the
committee decided to make compatible with Ethernet above the data link layer Possible
to send an IP packet over the wireless LAN the same way a wired computer sent an IP
packet over Ethernet But unlike in Ethernet, where computer listens before transmitting,
for wireless a computer may be out of the radio range of another computer that is
transmitting

27 Wireless LANs The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.

28 Wireless LANs another problem that had to be solved is that a radio signal can be
reflected off solid objects, so it may be received multiple times (along multiple paths).
This interference results in what is called multipath fading Next problem is if a notebook
computer is moved away from the ceiling-mounted base station it is using and into the
range of a different base station, some way of handing it off is needed the network
envisioned consists of multiple cells, each with its own base station, but with the base
stations connected by Ethernet.
Learning Activity Sheet for Week 10_CHS 9
Sir Aldrin E. Alfon

NAME:____________________________________ Year and Section: ______________ LAS

No.:____

Direction: In an essay type, answer the following questions in not less than 500 words.

1. What is Network?

2. Discuss and trace the following:

A. ARPANET,

B. NSFNET,

C. ETHERNET, and

D. INTERENET