CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

This chapter presents the introduction,

Introduction

Plastic pollution caused by traditional plastic is one of the many

environmental problems we are facing these days and in the past few years.

Plastic are synthetic materials made from non-renewable resources, such as

petroleum, coal, or natural gas, and are produced through a process known as

polymerization. Unlike other materials, plastic does not biodegrade. Plastics take

many years to break down, so when it is discarded, it builds up in the

environment, and this is where plastic pollution begins.

Based on the Center for Biological Diversity, the world uses 5 trillion

plastic bags a year. It can takes 1,000 years for a plastic bag to degrade in a

landfill. Unfortunately, the bags don't break down completely but instead

photodegrade, becoming microplastics that absorb toxins and continue to pollute

the environment. (According to Roja et al. 2019; Brahney et al. 2020), the current

accumulation of plastic waste is estimated at 4.8 to 12.7 million tons annually,

coupled with a projected 11 billion tons by 2025. That's why transitioning from

traditional non-biodegradable plastics to biodegradable plastics like the bioplastic

in the next few years would be a big help for our environment and the animals

living in it.

This is why using bioplastics is important in our environment and our

health. Bioplastics are plastics are made from a renewable resource that can be
broken down naturally. As society seeks for more convenient alternatives for the

traditional plastics, making a bioplastic made out of green algae can be a

candidate for the replacement to the traditional plastic we have. Green algae is a

common and rapidly expanding aquatic organism that shows great potential for

the creation of bioplastics. Algae-based bioplastics offer a sustainable and

biodegradable substitute for plastic waste, which might greatly lessen its negative

environmental effects. (According to Zanchetta et al. 2021). Algae biomass,

characterized by long-chain hydrocarbons and a low percentage of lignin, makes

it a favorable feedstock for bioplastics production. Algae are gaining importance

in the framework of bioeconomy as a source of biobased plastics, and more

research is focused on the application of algae as a new sustainable alternative

to alternative plastics for our daily activities. Using more bioplastic than the

traditional plastic is a must for our environment and for our own health as well.

Background of the Study

The extensive use of plastics in the past years up until today has

developed challenges environmentally due to its nature. Plastics are synthetic

materials made from non-renewable resources and produced through a process

known as polymerization. Unlike other materials, plastics take many years to

break down. Moreover, the accumulation of plastic in our environment presents a

threat to human health and wildlife. This crisis caused by plastic needs urgent

action, and the exploration for a sustainable replacement is a must.

One of the sustainable replacements for traditional plastics is the use of

bioplastic. Bioplastics are a form of plastic made from renewable biomass

resources, such as starch and algae. Bioplastics are biodegradable, meaning the
material returns to its natural state when buried in the ground. These

characteristics made environmentally friendly alternatives for reducing plastic

pollution.

A world Bank report estimated that the Philippines produces

approximately 2.7 million tons of plastics each year. These number are alarming,

especially when 20 percent of these plastic make their way to the ocean. That's

why bioplastic are a need, especially in our country. However, challenges such

as production cost and infrastructure remain a big hurdle to the production of

bioplastic. Moreover, using algae and other feedstock into bioplastic production

presents a big help in achieving sustainability in our environment.

This study investigates the potential of bioplastic as an alternative

replacement for the traditional plastics we have. Focusing on its benefits in our

environment, by emphasizing the importance of finding alternative and suitable

materials, the study provides a growing debate on the global crisis caused by

plastic pollution and presents a more sustainable and eco-friendly future.

Theoretical Framework

A variety of underlying theories were presented, which help this study to

achieve effective and meaningful results. Educational theories are foundations of

the researches. These provide researchers with the various ideas, concepts, and

subjects to check.

This study is anchored in a theory. The lubricity theory by Kirkpatrick,

Clark and Houwink (1950) suggests that plasticizers improve the lubrication

between the polymer chains in the rubber compound, which allows for easier

movement and greater flexibility. According to this theory, the plasticizer

molecules are inserted between the polymer chains and act as a lubricant,

reducing the friction between the chains and allowing them to slide past one

another more easily. This results in a softer and more pliable material.

The lubricity theory implies that plasticizers increase the lubricant between

the rubber compound's polymer chains, allowing easier motion and increased

flexibility. This idea states that the plasticizer molecules are injected in between

the polymer chains and function as a lubricant, lowering friction and making it

easier for the chains to pass one another. The material becomes softer and more

pliable as a result.

However, Aikens (1944) Free Gel Theory, on the other hand, proposes

that plasticizers dissolve some of the polymer chains in the rubber compound,

creating a “free gel” of individual polymer molecules that are able to move

independently of one another. This free gel is then able to flow more easily,

resulting in increased flexibility and workability. According to this theory, the

amount of plasticizer added to the rubber compound determines the size of the

free gel and therefore the degree of plasticization.

Free Gel Theory suggests that plasticizer break down a portion of the

rubber compound's polymer chains to produce a "free gel" of separate,

independently moving polymer molecules. Increased flexibility and workability

follow from the easier flow of this free gel. The theory states that the size of the

free gel and, consequently, the degree of plasticization are determined by the

amount of plasticizer supplied to the rubber compound.

According to the Free Volume Theory by Wong and Pui (2020), the

movement and flexibility of polymer chains in rubber is limited by the amount of

free volume between them. When a plasticizer is added to the rubber, it

decreases the intermolecular forces between the polymer chains, creating more

free volume. This increased free volume allows the polymer chains to move more

freely, resulting in greater flexibility and workability.

The Free Volume Theory suggests the amount of free volume produced

by the plasticizer determines the degree of plasticization. Depending on their

molecular makeup and how they interact with the polymer chains, different

plasticizers can have different impacts on a rubber compound's free volume.

All things considered, the free volume theory offers a helpful foundation for

comprehending the function of plasticizers in rubber compounds and how they

affect the material's mechanical characteristics. the same process that produces

bio-algae plastics. Rubber is made softer and flexible by adding plasticizers.

Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
1. Fill a clear container with
water.
2. Add nutrients (nutrient
solution, pond water,
 Green Algae aquatic animals).
 Starch 3. Place the container in a
 Vinegar sunny spot.
 Glycerin 5. Blend the green algae.
 Water 6. Combine water, vinegar, Green Algae
glycerin, cornstarch, and Bioplastic
algae in a pan.
7. Heat the mixture on low.
8. Pour it into a pan and
spread it out.
9. Mold the dried mixture
into bioplastic.
10.Let it dry.

Figure 1. The Research Paradigm of the Study

 Figure 1 presents the research paradigm of the study entitled Eco-Friendly

Alternatives: Suitability of Green Algae as a Sustainable Bioplastic. It shows the

input, process and output of the study. The inputs are green algae, starch,

vinegar, glycerin, and water. Moreover, in order to create the green algae

bioplastic, the researchers will blend the green algae. mix the right amount of

water, vinegar, glycerin, cornstarch, and green algae in a pan, mix and heat the

mixture in a low temperature, pour the mixture into a pan, spread out the mixture,

and let it dry, and mold the mixture to make the bioplastic.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to determine the suitability of Green Algae as an

alternative in making a bioplastic.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Develop an Eco-Friendly Alternatives of Bioplastic from Green Algae.

2. Test the properties of the bioplastic in terms of:

2.1. Flexibility

2.2. Durability

2.3. Transparency

3. Compare the algae-based plastic and traditional plastics in terms of:

3.1. Texture

3.2. Quality

3.3. Sturdiness

4. Test the usefulness of Green-algae in terms of:

4.1. Suitability

4.2. Reliability
 4.3. Practicality

Significance of the Study

This study aims to provide information and knowledge regarding to the

chosen topic. The result of this study will merit the following:

Future Researchers. The result of the study could serve as an evidence

and reference for their studies.

Students. This study may enhance their knowledge about the use of

plastic. This study can also be their reference in their studies.

Parents. This study aims to help the parents to have understanding on the

use of plastics.

Teachers. This study may help the teachers to teach their students about

biodegradable plastics to lessen the pollution.

ACTS Computer College. The result of the study serves as evidence or

support of students in ACTS Computer College.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research will be limited to utilizing green algae as a raw material in

making bioplastics; it is restricted to certain species of green algae that are

available and abundant in certain ecosystems such as freshwater or other marine

environments given. Gathering their useful components such as cellulose or

starch and turning them into plastic-like substances. The bioplastics are put into

tests for strength, flexibility, and degrading.

Therefore, this study seeks to identify possible applications of this

bioplastic in common products like packaging and disposable products. The main

point of emphasis is looking at how maximizing the use of green algae could
reduce the negative impacts associated with conventional plastics on the

environment.

The study covers mainly green algae and does not include red and brown

algae; this study focuses on small-scale production while not attempting to

address the challenges of mass production. The study only used algae

specifically from string algae, so the results might not apply to other types of

algae.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally to help the readers better

understand the study:

Sturdiness. This term explains the characteristic of something that helps

make the thing stronger physically and also to prevent it from being damaged

immediately when it is done.

Suitability. This term helps people identify the appropriate and compatible

person to use product and to know who should avoid and use them.

Reliability. It refers to a quality that identifies what a person can trust and

use properly.

Practicality. refers to the quality of being sustainable for every situation

and being able to be done.

Flexibility. This refers to the ability of an object to be stretched and bent

without being damaged.

Durability. This term refers to the strength of the plastic to carry different

weights to test its function; it also tests the reliability of the bioplastic.
 Transparency. As used in this study, this refers to the physical quality of

the plastic to be transparent to easily detect or see the things placed on the

plastic.

Texture. This term refers to the quality of the plastic that can be felt when

the plastic is being touched, such as smoothness, roughness, softness, and

hardness.

Quality. In this study, this refers to the overall function and characteristics

of the plastic where it tests the workability of the bioplastic.

Alternative. This term refers to the possibility of using something else or

having another choice to use.

Eco-friendly. In this study, this term refers to the good benefits or non-

harmful effects of the bioplastic on the environment.

Biodegradable. Ability of being broken down and decomposed.

Plastic Pollution. These are different types of plastic objects that affect

people, the environment, animals, and their habitat.

Renewable. It refers to this as a resource that can continue to be used; it

can be replaced, and you have and will get an eternal supply.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of literature and studies that serve as the

foundation and basis of this study.

Related Literature

Flexibility

Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass

sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust,

recycled food waste, etc. Some bioplastics are obtained by processing directly

from natural biopolymers including polysaccharides and proteins, while others

are chemically synthesised from sugar derivatives and lipids from either plants or

animals, or biologically generated by fermentation of sugars or lipids. In contrast,

common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics are derived from petroleum or

natural gas.

Bioplastics are materials that are being researched as a possible

replacement for petroleum-based traditional plastics to make them more

environmentally friendly. They are made from renewable resources and may be

naturally recycled through biological processes, conserving natural resources

and reducing CO2 emissions.

Bioplastics, which are types of plastics that are made from plant sources

and/or can be decomposed by microbial activity, are a challenging set of

materials not only because of their variety, but also because of the multitude of

industries, actors and socio-technical arrangements involved in their making.

People are making different types of bioplastics to see what the differences are

between them, such as the development of bioplastics using plants, animals, and

others, using them to see the different properties of each possible bioplastic.

Because of that, they can see how the strength and flexibility of a bioplastic can

be applied using them. The relationship between the three is that all bioplastics

are self-made. It is applied with flexibility, and there are different materials that

are made to achieve it. It has a lot of relationship with the research in the

production of bioplastic using green algae because it is also applied with

flexibility and testing the flexibility of a bioplastic.

Durability

Biopolymers Reuse, Recycling and Disposal is the first book covering all

aspects of biopolymer waste management and post-usage scenarios, embracing

existing technologies, applications, and the behavior of biopolymers in various

waste streams. The book investigates the benefits and weaknesses, social,

economic and environmental impacts, and regulatory aspects of each

technology. It covers different types of recycling and degradation, as well as life

cycle analysis, all supported by case studies, literature references, and detailed

information about global patents.

Biopolymer-Based Metal Nanoparticles in such important areas as

catalysis, environmental science, biosensing, and energy.-Provides an overview

of biopolymer-based metal nanoparticles for a wide range of applications-

Provides technological details on the synthesis of natural polymer-based metal

nanoparticles-Explores the role of biopolymer-based metal nanoparticles for

more sustainable catalytic processes

 The book provides plastics engineers and researchers with a fundamental,

practical understanding of the differences between bioplastics and biodegradable

polymers, along with guidance on the different methods used to process

bioplastics. The book also covers additives and modifiers for biopolymers and

their effect on properties.

The relationship of these three is that they all achieved the durability of a

bioplastic by using other materials to achieve it. They explored other roles of a

bioplastic and compared it, and they did know the difference of a bioplastic from

other materials to be used. Study carefully how it works to properly achieve the

durability of a bioplastic.

Transparency

However, such properties are not required for all plastic applications such

as non-food packaging or single-use products. In order to make macroalgae-

based packaging materials water-resistant, it can be modified by including

additives or a coating to improve the material properties (Schmidtchen et al.

2022).

Future R&D directions should emphasize minimizing production costs to

increase market growth. In contrast, PHA technologies are in a growth phase,

with significant potential due to their thermoplastic processibility, hydrophobicity,

high degree of crystallinity, optical purity, gas barrier properties, and high melting

temperature (Sharma et al 2021).

The other approach entails the blending of algal biomass with bio or

petroleum-based polymers and additives to produce bioplastic composites. This

strategy utilizes the algal biomass as a “filler” and requires methods such as
thermal–mechanical (compression molding) techniques to produce the bioplastic

product (Cinar et al. 2020).

These three literature explained that transparency in bioplastic

characterized how it can be a suitable replacement for plastic replacement like

sachet and any other transparent like plastic but in a much eco-friendly way as it

is made in algae. These three literature proposed a similar outcome to our

research because we are also aiming for a transparent bioplastic without making

any harmful substance for our environment as we are also aiming for a better

and eco-friendly future to have.

Texture

Chaiklieng, S. (2023) stated that the fusion of agar bioplastics with a fabric

resulted in the formation of diverse textures and forms. Textures, possibly

transferred from the uneven surfaces of the fabric, were evident on the surfaces

of the agar bioplastics. Agar bioplastics are biodegradable, but the fabric also

contains non-biodegradable materials, so processing and recycling methods for

agar bioplastics are a challenge. Moreover, these samples derived from agar

bioplastics are susceptible to water, thus durability as a concern.

According to Arung, E. T., .et.al (2024) the another way is to use the

bioplastics for cosmetic products that specifically do not demand high chemical

resistance such as creams, lipsticks, or powders. On the contrary, from a visual

perspective, bioplastics have a comparable appearance to synthetic plastics, as

they both exhibit good transparency properties. Additionally, some bioplastics

exhibit a more tactile and softer texture, which offers a significant advantage in

the global cosmetic market. Furthermore, to avoid interfering with conventional

recycling methods, many cosmetics packaging options often contain oil-based

substances that are difficult to remove.

According to Bala, K. (2024) to formulate the bioplastic, they employed

glycerine as the plasticizer, water as the solvent, corn-starch as the thickening

agent, and vinegar to facilitate the dissolution of starch. These ingredients were

mixed in a heated pan together with dried seaweeds, and the resulting mixture

was promptly transferred onto a flat surface lined with foil before solidification

occurred. The solidification process required 3-4 days, contingent on the

thickness of the final product. The outcomes of the tensile strength examination

revealed that decreased glycerine concentrations led to the production of a more

rigid and robust bioplastic material. Concerning the assessment of

biodegradability, the quantity of glycerine incorporated had a discernible impact

on the size, form, moisture content, texture, and rate of decomposition of the

plastics. Additionally, notable distinctions were noted in the tensile strength

concerning the various levels of glycerine concen tration. However, no significant

disparities were detected in the biodegradability

According to one of these studies, bioplastics can have a comparable

appearance to traditional plastics. Bioplastics can achieve a good texture with the

help of glycerin, water, cornstarch, and vinegar. The study explains that glycerin

serves as a plasticizer, water as a solvent, cornstarch as a thickening agent, and

vinegar facilitates the dissolution of starch. This is relevant to our research, as

utilizing these materials to produce green algae bioplastics can result in a smooth

texture and good quality.

Quality
 According to Vandenberghe, L., .et.al. (2023) the bioplastics final quality

depends on the initial substrate, the production technique, if chemicals are

employed during any treatment method, and avoid using the common plasticizer

additives. The physical-chemical properties will define the bioplastic application.

PLA is already used in packaging applications, shopping bags, and cups. The

recent focus is widely applied in tissue engineering, due to the range of the

melting temperature (T) and the glass transition temperature (T) presented by the

copolymers, with some of them being commercially available. Due to high

biocompatibility and biodegradability, PHA polymers are researched for

temporary in vivo applications, such as antimicrobial releasing sutures, drug

release capsules and bone scaffold applications inducing neural regeneration.

Since P3HB is a natural metabolic component of human blood, this biopolymer

has been applied in surgical implants.

Consumer-grade hioplastics may also be made using monomers or

polymers produced from algal waste leftovers, which solves waste disposal

issues. This circular economy improves the environmental efficiency of

bioplastics manufacturing processes as well as the generation of various by-

products such as fuel, nutraceuticals, medicines, and cosmetics, which may be

used in a variety of industrie. The utilization of microalgal biomass and PBAT to

synthesis biocomposites in the biodiesel manufacturing process. Using PBAT

and microalgal biomass (20%), plasticization enhanced the mechanical

characteristics, tensile modulus, and elongation of the bio-composites in the

study. The finished products will disintegrate in the soil and can be utilized to

enhance the agriculture quality. These results will motivate the industry to
engage in bioplastics production study and development in collaboration with

academics in order to increase the techniques and quality of bioplastics (El-

Sheekh, M., .et.al. 2022).

Bioplastic biocontainers, made from biodegradable polymers, offer an eco-

friendly alternative to traditional plastic containers. Derived from plant-based

polymers, these containers decompose naturally in a significantly shorter time,

making them a sustainable packaging option. However, manufacturing these

bioplastic biocontainers presents challenges, particularly in maintaining their

aesthetic quality and strength at varying substrate volumetric water contents. The

water content can influence the bioplastic's properties, leading to changes in the

container's appearance and performance.

These three literatures suggest that bioplastics are an eco-friendly

alternative to traditional plastics. Bioplastics are easily decomposed naturally,

making them a sustainable packaging option. Furthermore, the quality of

bioplastics possesses sufficient strength to serve as a viable alternative to

traditional plastics. The findings of these studies are relevant to our research, as

they indicate that green algae bioplastics can achieve comparable quality,

making them a reliable option.

Sturdiness

According to Baidurah S. (2022). They provide an environmentally friendly

substitute for plastics made from petroleum because they are biocompatible and

degradable. PHB is one of the most well-known biodegradable plastics and a

particular kind of PHA. It can be composted and degrades naturally, lessening its

impact on the environment. The production process of bioplastics is discussed in

the next section. Usually, the production process includes methods such as

microalgae selection, cultivation, harvesting, lipid extraction, and bioplastic

synthesis. These are the major stages of producing bioplastics from microalgae.

Then, the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation, of the

produced bioplastics are discussed. Ensile strength measures the ability of a

material to withstand a stretching force without breaking. Bioplastics made from

microalgae can have varying tensile strengths depending on factors such as the

microalgae strain used, the polymerization process, and any additives included in

the formulation. Elongation at break represents the extent to which a bioplastic

can stretch before breaking. It is a critical property for flexible applications such

as packaging materials. Depending on their composition and processing,

microalgae-derived bioplastics can have a range of elongation capabilities. The

next step is to conduct a thermal analysis of bioplastics. Thermogravimetric

Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used in this

procedure.

According to Sefrienda AR, et al. (2023). Even if there are several natural

resources for making bioplastics, many of these sources will contribute to the

food crisis, which is a great issue. The food economy can suffer because of the

manufacture of bioplastics from these sources. As a result, microalgae have

emerged as a promising source for making bioplastics. Due to their ease of

development, minimal feed and growth environment requirements, and ability to

grow quickly, these microalgae are best suited to produce bioplastics. In addition,

compared to materials from other sources, bioplastics offer excellent mechanical

and tensile strength. The production of bioplastics involves the intracellular

synthesis of microalgal biopolymers such Polyhydroxy alkanoate (PHA) and

Polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB).

According to Simonič M, & Zemljič FL. (2021). Tensile strength is one of

the key features of bioplastics. As the percentage of algae biomass in the PLA

blend rises, the tensile strength will drop. This is a result of the algae and PLA's

attachment to one another. The tensile strength of bioplastics can be increased

by adding Epoxidized Soybean Oil (EPO) to plastic.

These three related literature explain the importance of sturdiness of

bioplastic for it to be more useful. Bioplastics made from algae starch can still be

strengthened with the help of protein. Making the bioplastic more reliable

knowing its natural composition helps mitigate the bad effects of petroleum

plastics in our environment. These three related literature are relevant to our

research because it highlights the importance of sturdiness for longevity use of

bioplastic.

Suitability

Chia, et al. (2020) stated that the increased global demand for plastic

materials has led to severe plastic waste pollution, particularly to the marine

environment. This critical issue affects both sea life and human beings since

microplastics can enter the food chain and cause several health impacts. Plastic

recycling, chemical treatments, incineration and landfill are apparently not the

optimum solutions for reducing plastic pollution. Hence, this review presents two

newly identified environmentally friendly approaches, plastic biodegradation and

bioplastic production using algae, to solve the increased global plastic waste.

Algae, particularly microalgae, can degrade the plastic materials through the
toxins systems or enzymes synthesized by microalgae itself while using the

plastic polymers as carbon sources. Utilizing algae for plastic biodegradation has

been critically reviewed in this paper to demonstrate the mechanism and how

microplastics affect the algae. On the other hand, algae-derived bioplastics have

identical properties and characteristics as petroleum-based plastics, while

remarkably being biodegradable in nature.

Cinar et al. (2020) mentioned the plastic waste production around the

world is increasing, which leads to global plastic waste pollution. The need for an

innovative solution to reduce this pollution is inevitable. Increased recycling of

plastic waste alone is not a comprehensive solution. Furthermore, decreasing

fossil-based plastic usage is an important aspect of sustainability. As an

alternative to fossil-based plastics in the market, bio-based plastics are gaining in

popularity. According to the studies conducted, products with similar performance

characteristics can be obtained using biological feedstocks instead of fossil-

based sources. In particular, bioplastic production from microalgae is a new

opportunity to be explored and further improved.

Plastics obtained from bio-based sources exhibit similar structural,

chemical and physical characteristics as compared to plastics derived from

petroleum-based sources. Bioplastics produced from biomass which are the

edible crops have been available for decades. Aside from these feedstocks,

photosynthetic algae have shown remarkable carbon fixation abilities in

producing sugars for bacterial fermentation and subsequently used for the

bioplastics production. Algae biomass could also be blended with conventional

plastics to reduce the dependency of petroleum-based sources. Some of the

algae species are found to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which can

be extracted for the bioplastics production. (Cheah et al. 2020)

Green algae show possible as a sustainable bioplastic production source.

First, in contrast to plastics made from petroleum, they give a simple and

sustainable resource. Next, bioplastics made from algae can have structural,

chemical, and physical characteristics that are similar to traditional plastics,

making them suitable for a wide range of uses. Importantly the impact of this

bioplastic to the environment is reduced because they are naturally

biodegradable.

Reliability

According to Arora et al. (2023) the consumption of petroleum-based

plastics will be 20% of global annual oil by 2050, and thus there is an inevitable

need to find an innovative solution to reduce plastic pollution. The biodegradable

and environmentally benign bioplastics are suitable alternative to fossil-based

plastics in the market due to sustainability, less carbon footprint, lower toxicity

and high degradability rate. Microalgal species is an innovative approach to be

explored and improved for bioplastic production. Microalgae are generally

present in abundant quantity in our ecosystem, and polysaccharide in the algae

can be processed and utilized to make biopolymers. Also, these species have a

high growth rate and can be easily cultivated in wastewater streams.

Samadhiya et. al. (2022) Stated that Microorganisms, such as bacteria

and algae, are explored substantially for their bioplastic production repertoire,

thus replacing fossil-based plastics sooner or later. Nevertheless, the utilization

of pure microbial cultures has led to various operational and economical

complications, opening the ventures for the usage of mixed microbial cultures

(MMCs) consisting of bacteria and algae for sustainable production of bioplastic.

Bioplastic, with remarkably similar properties to petroleum-based plastics

is a promising alternative to overcome these emerging challenges. Despite the

fact that algae and cyanobacteria are feasible alternative source for bio-plastic,

there have been limited studies on strain selection and optimization of culture

conditions for the bio plastic production. Naturally, algae and cynobacteria can

accumulate higher amount of metabolites under stress conditions however one of

the recent study on genetic engineering of Synechocystis sp. coupled with abiotic

stresses showed up to 81% of increase in PHB level in the transformed lines.

(Sreenikethanam, A., & Bajhaiya, A.K. 2021)

It demonstrates the reliability of green algae in the production of

bioplastics by emphasizing a number of important elements. First of all, they are

easily accessible and renewable resources due to their quick growth rates and

abundance in the ecosystem. Next they may be grown in wastewater streams,

which reduces waste and resource consumption and provides a organic and eco-

friendly method. Thirdly, algae based bioplastics offer a strong substitute for

plastics made from petroleum due to their natural biodegradability and minimal

environmental impact.

Practicality

Shakir et al. (2024) addressed that the limitations of other biomass

sources, marine green algae emerge as a biocompatible alternative to

conventional plastics, offering solutions to mitigate plastic pollution. This

exploration delves into various extraction methods including isolation of

biopolymers and both direct and indirect production techniques, the

physicochemical properties, applications, and environmental impacts of algae-

derived bioplastics.

Petrochemical raw materials are not the only way to get the same function

as plastic. Rethink people’s habits of manufacturing and using materials and try

to turn bio-based materials into new materials of products. A new mode and

pattern, or even new and alternative materials, are expected to replace the old

one. Materials with “plastic” properties can also be obtained from raw materials

such as sugar, algae or starch. (Song, J. 2020)

Algal derivatives have been considered as a potential renewable biomass

source for bioplastic production. Algae derivatives include a multitude of valuable

substances, especially starch from microalgae, short-chain length

polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from cyanobacteria, polysaccharides from marine

and freshwater macroalgae. The algae derivatives have the potential to be used

as key ingredients for bioplastic production, such as starch and PHAs or only as

an additive such as sulfated polysaccharides. The presence of distinctive

functional groups in algae, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfate, can be

manipulated or tailored to provide desirable bioplastic quality, especially for food,

pharmaceutical, and medical packaging. Standardizing strains, growing

conditions, harvesting and extracting algae in an environmentally friendly manner

would be a promising strategy for pollution control and bioplastic production.

(Bao-Trong Dang a et al., 2022)

Eco-friendly polymers can be produced using green algae. We can use

these plants to make plastic instead of oil. The elements found in algae can be
used to create polymers that seem like ordinary plastic but are more

environmentally friendly. These bioplastics are significantly better for the

environment because they are made from a renewable resource and decompose

easier.

Related Studies

Flexibility

Different types of additives, such as plasticizer, compatibilizer,

nanoparticles and other functional compounds can be incorporated for

biopolymer products with enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability,

barrier, and material properties. Natural additives have been introduced to

provide antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in food applications as well.

Compatibilizers enhanced the interaction between the blend of hydrophilic algae

biomass and hydrophobic polymers. Technologies, such as film casting,

compression molding, extrusion, injection molding, and electrospinning, were

employed in the fabrication of algae-based plastic materials.

Plastics are a vital asset for humanity, often providing functionality that

cannot be easily or economically replaced by other materials. Bioplastics, made

from biological materials represent an effective way of keeping the huge

advantages of conventional plastics but mitigating their disadvantages. They can

be prepared from plant, animal or bacterial sources. However, the majority of

today's available bioplastics is produced from plants rich in carbohydrate such as

grains or sugarcane. They not only fulfill the current demands of the modern

population but also provide sustainable development; as they are eco-friendly.

This paper describes the effect of fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties of

starch-based bioplastics. The results show that the strength of bioplastics can be

increased by using various natural fibers such as cotton, jute, hair and wool.

The resulting cellulose bioplastics were transparent, as a result of the

uniformly orientated structure. Moreover, the cellulose bioplastic exhibited much

higher tensile strength, flexural strength and thermal stability as well as a lower

coefficient of thermal expansion than common plastics and regenerated cellulose

films. The whole life cycle assessment showed that the cellulose bioplastic is an

environmentally friendly material. This work opens up a completely new avenue

to construct a valuable bioplastic directly from cellulose pulps rather than their

derivatives.

If they use the right materials to make a bioplastic, they will realize how

flexible and strong your creation is. It is important that they know what they are

going to put in to produce bioplastic. To make it more flexible, it needs a process

and the right size of materials when it comes to developing bioplastic for its good

outcome, especially for its flexibility. They also used different materials to see

what made them different. Their relationship with making bioplastic using green

algae is that it has different materials to help make a flexible bioplastic.

Durability

This paper is aimed to observe the best condition for optimal tensile

strength of sago starch-based bioplastics reinforced with bamboo cellulose

dispersed in potassium chloride as assistance and durability assessment of the

bioplastic by soil buried. To achieve this goal, bioplastic was prepared by using

matrix of sago starch-based reinforced bamboo cellulose (1-5%-w/w) assisted by

sonication and dispersing agent of potassium chloride with 1-3%-w/w. The

bioplastic with optimum tensile strength was then analysed for durability by

burying the sample in soil. Optimum tensile strength of bioplastics was obtained

at 28.6 MPa with the optimum concentration of bamboo cellulose microfibril and

potassium chloride of 5%-w/w and 3%-w/w, respectively. Post durability test, the

non-reinforced and without dispersing agent bioplastic experienced a mass loss

of 67.95%, while the bioplastic reinforced with bamboo cellulose assisted by

potassium chloride experienced mass loss of 33.33% to 41.25%(more durable).

The aim of this review paper is to summarise the bioplastics that are

currently in place and evaluates the potential of microalgae as the alternative

feedstock for the bioplastics production. The current technologies and methods

applied in producing bioplastics, the potential and challenges of algae-based

bioplastics are being reviewed. This review will provide a better understanding in

terms of environmental sustainability, society well-being and the feasibility of

bioplastics production using algae as feedstock, especially for the researchers,

engineers, entrepreneurs, industrial stakeholders and as well the government

sectors, in making decisions in their respective fields.

The research expands to understanding how organic and inorganic

interventions can be made in order to increase the life span of the material, make

it durable and resistant to humid and weather conditions. It is observed that

tapioca starch gives the finest, smoothest, flexible and strengthful biopolymer

among all. Issues on sustainability, designing and sensing the unpredictable and

searching for “new” materials for a greener and sustainable future are the main

core of bioplastic production. Regarding the negative carbon footprint and long-
term environmental effects of fossil-based plastics through landfill and

incineration, the search for such a material brings forth a deeper material

experience along with a further collaboration of architects and engineering

disciplines. Through this production, we need to figure out deeply the nature of

new starch based materials in architecture, which are eco-friendly, cheaper and

more strengthful materials compared to conventional synthesized polymers.

There are many things that can be reinforced by a bioplastic, so it is

necessary to know it. Learn what to do to make a bioplastic sustainable. It is

important to know this thing because it is one of the important things to keep the

bioplastic you make strong and durable. Its relationship with the production of

bioplastic using green algae is that it has a process followed to achieve the

durability of a bioplastic. This is important with a bioplastic because this is where

you can tell how strong it is and how long you can use it.

Transparency

Adopting sustainable design and manufacturing practices and prioritizing

using these materials can contribute to a more circular economy by promoting

resource efficiency and waste reduction. Apart from serving as packaging

materials, algal bioplastics have potential applications in creating biomedical

devices and agricultural films. These algal bioplastics are part of the broader

category of bioplastics, aiming to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and

minimize plastic waste. A significant step towards an environmentally sustainable

circular economy is represented by applying machine learning (ML) and the

internet-of-things (IoT) to produce algal bioplastics and algae cultivation. The

quality of torrefied biomass under various conditions can be effectively predicted

by ML, specifically multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and artificial

neural networks (ANNs), as has been demonstrated by emerging studies,

contributing to the optimization of biofuel production. ML and IoT can enhance

the cultivation of microalgae and seaweed, creating algae-based bioplastic. (ADA

et al. 2024)

Nowadays, plastic industries are responsible for a very high amount of

plastic dispersed in aquatic environments and lands: tons of plastic waste are

dispersed into oceans every year, causing global environmental pollution, and

corrupt the right functioning of ecosystems. The growing necessity to decrease

the use of petroleum-based plastic products led the research to look for new

sources of raw material with the same characteristic of plasticizers, but

biodegradable and not toxic for human health and the environment.

Biodegradable and biobased polymers are in development and are emerging on

the market. (Lomartire, S., et.al., 2023).

Many biomaterials are already used today to make bioplastic such as

corn, potato, vegetable oils, wood, food waste, cereal crops, and so on. The main

types of bioplastics nowadays are starched-based, followed by polylactic acid

(PLA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyamide 11 (PA 11), and organic

polyethylene (PE). The latest invention that shows a bright future is bioplastics

made from seaweeds. Seaweeds are promising for making bioplastics as they

can form films. They have many benefits as raw materials compared to other

feedstocks. For example, reducing GHG percentage from the environment,

planted in seawater instead of land, abundant and high yield. Moreover, since

some seaweeds are edible, they can be utilized in food packaging industries.
(Lim, C., et.al., 2021).

Bioplastics needs in adapting to sustainable design is what these three

study employs. It needed to be transparent for it to be used in commercial

products. Improving its design while maintaining its identity as a sustainable

alternative for the petroleum plastics today. These studies are relevant to our

study mainly because we are also looking forward to designing bioplastic to be

much more presentable but still preserving its identity as a eco-friendly solution.

Texture

All fossil products should be replaced by bio-based products. The

petro-plastics are one of the fossil products which should be replaced by bio-

based plastics. In this study, potato peels were used to produce bioplastics by

the extraction of the starch from the peels and adding some ingredients such as

water, glycerin, vinegar and industrial colors with different ratios and in

biochemical reaction under heating. This process produced a wide range of

bioplastics samples with different properties such as texture, hardness and

coherence. It was found that when the glycerin ratio increases the produced

bioplastic becomes more flexible and vice versa when the glycerin ratio

decreases the produced bioplastic becomes hard. It was concluded that the bio-

based materials can be used effectively to process bioproducts such as

bioplastics

By bringing do it yourself (DIY) materials into the textile design field, this

research questions how biomaterials such as bioplastic can be further developed

using textile surface design methods, and how the relationship between texture

and colours can be advanced in the design of complex textured surfaces. The
method develops a hybrid strategy for designing a new material category

combining DIY and digital tools, which offers a more sustainable alternative to

conventional textile materials. Moreover, the method proposed builds on two

major aspects: explorations of bioplastic materials and their impacts on colour

design and selection, and an analysis of changes in the visual perception of

coloured surfaces with regard to differences in texture, the positioning of a light

source, and angle of viewing. The results are methods of creating complex colour

combinations and textural surfaces using near-adjacent and complementary

colours and the intrinsic transparency property of bioplastics.

The banana (Musa acuminata) is the most common type used in the food

industry, often for making banana chips or fried bananas. After the flesh is

consumed, most stall vendors will throw away the banana peels in abundance at

dumping areas, creating lots of food waste pollution. Additionally, some research

has found that banana peels contain high levels of starch, approximately 18.5%,

making them a suitable source for manufacturing bioplastics. However, there are

few efforts in producing bioplastic from banana peels. Most of the research used

banana peel paste consisting of polysaccharides, nutrients, and minerals,

resulting in a poor texture of the bioplastic produced

These three studies explored various materials for making bioplastics,

resulting in distinct textures. This suggests that the texture of bioplastics depends

on the materials used. Therefore the green algae bioplastics may also exhibit

different textures compared to those in these three studies

Quality

Macroalgae is a potential feedstock for the production of bioplastics due to

its abundance, fast growth, and high cellulose and sugar content. Researchers

have recently explored various methods for extracting and converting

macroalgae into bioplastic. Some of the key challenges in the production of

macroalgae bioplastics are the high costs of large-scale production and the need

to optimize the extraction and conversion processes to obtain high-quality

bioplastics. However, the potential benefits of using macroalgae for bioplastic

production include reducing plastic waste and greenhouse gas emissions, using

healthier materials in various life practices, and developing a promising area for

future research and development. Also, bioplastic provides job opportunities in

free enterprise and contributes to various applications such as packaging,

medical devices, electronics, textiles, and cosmetics (Elkaliny, N. E. et.al., 2024).

Bioplastics preferably are a fast-developing family of polymeric

substances that are frequently promoted as substitutes to petroleum-derived

plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have a number of appealing properties

that make PHAs a feasible source material for bioplastics, either as a direct

replacement of petroleum-derived plastics or as a blend with elements derived

from natural origin, fabricated biodegradable polymers, and/or non-biodegradable

polymers. Among the most promising PHAs, polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are

the most well-known and have a significant potential to replace traditional

plastics. These biodegradable plastics decompose faster after decomposing into

carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic chemicals. Bioplastics have been

extensively utilized in several sectors such as food-processing industry, medical,

agriculture, automobile industry, etc. However, it is also associated with

disadvantages like high cost, uneconomic feasibility, brittleness, and hydrophilic

nature. A variety of tactics have been explored to improve the qualities of

bioplastics, with the most prevalent being the development of gas and water

barrier properties. (Acharjee, S. A. et. al. 2023).

According to Kong, U. (2023) bioplastics could be derived from various

feedstocks or biomass, i.e., food waste, sugarcane, plant oil, starch crops, and

sugar beets. Nevertheless, their poor mechanical strength, water permeability,

thermal stability, and brittleness have limited their applications. Reinforcing

agents, such as lignocellulosic fibre, starch, and cellulose, are added into

bioplastics to improve their properties. At optimum loading of reinforcing

materials, the mechanical and thermal properties, including water permeability

and stiffness of the bioplastics, could be enhanced to meet industry performance

and quality requirements. Through the reinforcement, the end-performance and

properties of the bioplastics are on-par with conventional plastics, which later

could be applied in various industries. Additionally, with the optimum conditions

in reinforcement, reinforced bioplastics could surpass the application of

conventional plastics that widen their potential applications, including conductive

materials or as replacements for metal and construction materials in the future,

as well as functional materials in biotechnology field. In short, the advantages of

reinforced bioplastics are the sustainability and potential applications in the future

through properties reinforcement.

Traditional plastics possess good quality, but they harm the environment.

Therefore, these three studies suggest that bioplastics can serve as an

alternative to traditional plastics. By improving the quality of bioplastics, they can

potentially replace traditional plastics, thereby reducing their negative

environmental impact. This is particularly relevant to our research, as green

algae bioplastics have the potential to meet the high standards of bioplastics

quality while contributing to pollution reduction.

Sturdiness

Microalgae are emerging as a promising feedstock for bioplastics, with

Chlorella vulgaris yielding significant amounts of starch. This polysaccharide is

convertible into thermoplastic starch (TPS), a biodegradable plastic of industrial

relevance. In this study, we developed a pilot-scale protocol for extracting and

purifying starch from 430 g (dry weight – DW) of starch-enriched Chlorella

vulgaris biomass. This study demonstrates the feasibility of recovering high-purity

microalgal starch at pilot scale with high yields, and highlights the potential of

microalgal starch for the production of TPS using industrially relevant processes.

(Six, A., et al., 2024).

The use of polymeric materials is widely spread around the world. These

materials have significant advantages compared with other, more conventional

materials, such as metals and wood, mainly because of their properties and

performance. It is estimated that 99% of these polymeric materials come from

fossil fuels. These plastics entail several issues since their primary raw material

is a hazard to environment conservation. The durability and degradability of

these materials are two contradictory topics. For most applications, it is

favourable that the material maintains specific properties throughout time, but it is

also desirable to discard them easily after their use. There are some alternative

processes usually used to manage this kind of waste: recycling (one of the most

sustainable waste management processes but requires a controlled process to

have a final product with good properties) and energy recovery allows the

production of energy by burning the waste but ends up producing toxic emissions

and greenhouse gases. (Costa, A., et al., 2023).

However, the widespread use of non-biodegradable fossil-based polymers

has resulted in negative environmental impacts, including fossil fuel depletion,

global warming, and pollution. In response, bioplastics derived from biological

sources are becoming more popular. These materials are considered more

environmentally friendly due to their superior degradability, low toxicity, reduced

carbon footprint, and sustainability. Historically, plastics have been produced

from fossil fuels, offering benefits such as a long lifespan and resistance to

environmental degradation. It has been found that the synthesis of bioplastics

from microalgae can be greatly aided by the proper extraction and pre-treatment

of bioactive materials such as cellulose and lipids (Chong et al., 2022).

Sturdiness is needed in Bioplastic for it to be useful in everyday life. These

three studies proposed that sturdiness is indeed needed for the bioplastic to

thrive if the world transion from petroleum plastics to bioplastics. This study is

related to our research because improving the sturdiness of the bioplastic means

improving its capability to be more useful than the petro based plastic especially

Bioplastics help in contributing to pollution as it is biodegradable than the usual

plastic.

Suitability

According to Sudhakar et al.,(2024) The direct conversion of algal

biopolymers without any bioprocess (whole algal biomass used emphasizing

zero waste discharge concept) favours economic feasibility. Whereas indirect

method uses conversion of algal polymers to monomers after pretreatment

followed by bioplastic precursor production by fermentation are emphasized. He

also outlines the current state of technological developments in the field of algae-

based bioplastic, both in industry and in research, and highlights the creation of

novel solutions for green bioplastic production employing algal polymers. Finally,

the cost economics of the bioplastic production using algal biopolymers are

clearly mentioned with future directions of next level bioplastic production. In his

study, the cost estimation was given at laboratory level bioplastic production

using casting methods. Further development of bioplastics at pilot scale level

may give clear economic feasibility of production in industry.

According to the study of Aversa et al., (2021) packaging involving the

partial or exclusive use of plastic is the subject of discussion in the scientific

community, by virtue of the persistence of plastic materials in the environment at

the end of the product life cycle. A solution that could reconcile the practicality

and low cost of plastic packaging with a reduced environmental footprint is the

replacement of fossil-based plastics with compostable bioplastics. The latter

biodegrade is properly treated at the end of their life, limiting the environmental

footprint of the packaging. Bioplastics are, however, more complex to process

than conventional plastics, also presenting a higher cost.

According to Anli Dino and Kishore (2024) Biodegradable, environmentally

friendly plastic made from natural resources is known as bioplastic. The supplies

include sugarcane, potato starch, corn, wheat, soybeans, milk protein, collagen,

gelatin, algae, and other microorganisms. Competition between land and water

results from the production of bioplastics from these plant sources. Additionally,
the method of making bioplastics is highly challenging. These sources create

bioplastics, but they have lower mechanical and water resistance qualities.

Because the bioplastics made from these crops are unstable and cause issues

with the food economy, microalgae are being used as a source for making

bioplastics. As a result of their quick development, high photosynthetic efficiency,

and ability for CO2 fixation, microalgae are employed as a source to create

bioplastic. Microalgae are suitable for making high-quality bioplastics due to their

lipid, starch, protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin concentrations.

Currently, starch, cellulose, Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polyhydroxybutyrate

(PHB), Polylactic acid (PLA), Polyethylene (PE), Poly vinyl chloride (PVC), and

protein-based polymers are used to make bioplastics from algae.

The related literature presented explains that bioplastic is a biodegradable

and eco-friendly plastic that helps the environment to lessen the use of petroleum

plastics. It also supports the suitability of green algae as an alternative material

for plastic since algae has the characteristics that can be used to make a

bioplastic without affecting the environment. The use of algae also helps the

environment to utilize green algae to produce a greener environment. This

literature is connected to the study when it comes to suitability of green algae to

bioplastic, wherein it supports and gives evidence on the ability and

characteristics of algae to be a source and alternative material in making the

bioplastic.

Reliability

According to Bin Abu Sofian et al.,(2024) Different species of algae,

including green seaweeds belonging to the Ulva genus, are utilized in producing
these bioplastics. These bioplastics can be derived from waste, thus do not

compete with agricultural resources and promote a circular economy. Bioplastics

derived from algae have demonstrated superior durability, strength, and pliability

compared to polymers derived from petroleum. Various industries, including

agriculture, food preservation, healthcare, and three-dimensional printing, can

utilize bioplastics derived from algae. These algal bioplastics possess unique

characteristics, such as biodegradability, renewability, and the ability to be

customized for specific purposes.

According to Nanda and Bharadvaja(2022) Plastics are undebatably a hot

topic of discussion across international forums due to their huge ecological

footprint. The onset of COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the issue in an

irreversible manner. Bioplastics produced from renewable sources are a result of

lookout for sustainable alternatives. Replacing a ton of synthetic plastics with

biobased ones reduces 1.8 tons CO2 emissions. Here, we begin with highlighting

the problem statement—Plastic accumulation and its associated negative

impacts. Microalgae outperforms plants and microbes, when used to produce

bioplastic due to superior growth rate, non-competitive nature to food, and

simultaneous wastewater remediation. They have minimal nutrient requirements

and less dependency on climatic conditions for cultivation. These are the reasons

for current boom in the algal bioplastic market. However, it is still not at par in

price with the petroleum-based plastics. A brief market research has been done

to better evaluate the current global status and future scope of algal bioplastics.

In the study conducted by Chong et al.,(2022) The microalgae biomass

obtained through the biorefinery approach can be processed into PHA under
certain nutrient limitations. Additionally, microalgae biomass can act as potential

filler and reinforcement towards the enhancement of bioplastic either blending

with conventional bioplastic or synthetic polymer. The downstream processing of

microalgae via suitable extraction and pre-treatment of bioactive compounds

such as lipids and cellulose are found to be promising for the production of

bioplastics. Moving on, the intermediate processing of bioplastic via lactic acid

synthesized from microalgae has favoured the microwave-assisted synthesis of

polylactic acid due to cost efficiency, minimum solvent usage, low energy

consumption, and fast rate of reaction. Moreover, the reliability and effectiveness

of microalgae-based bioplastics are further evaluated in terms of techno-

economic analysis and degradation mechanism.

In making the bioplastic, it is important to know if the material used is

reliable. According to the studies presented, the use of green algae is reliable to

make a durable, strong, and flexible plastic. It also helps the environment to

lower carbon footprints reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Algae is also

reliable since it has the characteristics that a plastic should have. In relation to

the study, the related studies support the ability of an Algae to be an alternative

bioplastic. Furthermore, algae are renewable sources and can act as potential

filler and reinforcement on the development of bioplastic.

Practicality

Dalal et al., (2023) stated that padina pavonica, a macroalga, has recently

gained attention due to its high content of bioactive components, which increases

its value as a natural feed additive resource in practical aquaculture. The effects

of the marine macroalga P. pavonica as a natural dietary feed additive on the

development, histological status, and resistance to Pseudomonas anguilliseptica

bacteria in rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus fry were studied by Monier et al. With

increasing Padina pavonica rate, all experimental fish diets showed significant

improvements in growth performance, feed utilization, and survival (percent)

compared to the control. Upon increasing dietary Padina pavonica levels, total

body protein content increased. In addition, Padina pavonica is a significant alga

that has many practical applications including its use as a feedstock in the

biodiesel industry, in heavy-metal bio-sorption, as a pollution bio-indicator, as a

trace metal bio-monitor, as an antioxidant, as an anti-cancer drug (by inducing

apoptosis of cancer cells), as an anti-bacterial agent, and as a bio-insecticide.

The plastic waste is inadequately treated, which results in a substantial

amount of plastics being released into the environment, thereby creating micro-

and nano-plastic problems. Although bioplastics, such as polylactic acids,

polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polybutylene succinate, are being actively

researched and developed as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, they have

not been able to replace petroplastics yet due to their complex production

processes and high cost. Therefore, an alternative method developed for

manufacturing bioplastics, wherein cells of unicellular green algae are used as

the raw material; the plastics obtained are known as cell-plastics. The direct use

of green algal cells for plastic production has several advantages. Through

photosynthesis, green algae uses CO2 as the carbon source to construct new

cells; therefore, depending on the rate of CO2 assimilation, the growth activity of

the grown cell is greater than that of the ordinary terrestrial plants. Algal cells

have shown potential for application in robust cell-plastics owing to their rigid cell
wall structure.

The low cost of plastics and its resourcefulness have flagged a way for an

extensive range of applications. As the plastics are non-biodegradable and found

to have toxic properties on humans, animals and the environment, the bio

plastics came into being. Bio plastics are biodegradable and can be stemmed

from renewable biological sources. Bioplastics have identical applications as

plastics. Though, there are various sources of bio plastics like plants, animals

and microbial sources, they have

some boundaries such as non-availability of high biomass and complications

involved in refinement. In such cases, seaweeds can aid as one of the

substitutes for the manufacture of bio plastics because of its high biomass, its

proficiency to grow in a varied range of environments and its fostering in natural

environment when linked to other microbial sources which necessitate a definite

environment for their cultivation. In addition to the above advantages, seaweeds

are cost effective, minimalize the effect on the food chain and do not depend on

chemicals.

These related studies are significant to the study when it comes to the

practicality of using green algae for bioproducts. It talks about the availability and

resourcefulness of green algae in the community; it also shows the usefulness of

algae in different fields with its beneficial characteristics. Furthermore, these

studies support the practicality of algae in a community and its ability to provide

an effective low cost for the production of plastics. The cultivation of green algae

for bioproducts has many advantages, not only in utilizing it but also when it

comes to the production of different things. Since algae have a high nutritional
value and can grow rapidly, they can help to provide or to be a source for various

products in the environment, such as in industry, pharmaceuticals, and

aquaculture fields, which help to produce a lot of benefits and advantages for

society with low-cost production.