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Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of computer communication and networks, defining key concepts such as information, connectivity, and network architecture. It discusses the building blocks of networks, including nodes and links, and explains different switching strategies like circuit and packet switching. Additionally, it covers addressing and routing, highlighting the importance of unique addresses for nodes and the process of forwarding messages within a network.

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3 views18 pages

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of computer communication and networks, defining key concepts such as information, connectivity, and network architecture. It discusses the building blocks of networks, including nodes and links, and explains different switching strategies like circuit and packet switching. Additionally, it covers addressing and routing, highlighting the importance of unique addresses for nodes and the process of forwarding messages within a network.

Uploaded by

mobeenkarim00
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Communication & Networks

Introduction
M. Z. Siddiqi

1
Network design

Before looking inside a computer network, first


agree on what a computer network is

2
Information, Computers, Networks

• Information: anything that is represented in bits


• Form (can be represented as bits) vs
• Substance (cannot be represented as bits)
• Properties:
• Infinitely replicable
• Computers can “manipulate” information
• Networks create “access” to information

3
Information, Computers, Networks

4
Networks

• Potential of networking:
• move bits everywhere, cheaply, and with desired
performance characteristics
• Network provides “connectivity”

5
What is “Connectivity” ?
• Direct or indirect access to every other node in the
network
• Connectivity is the magic needed to communicate if
you do not have a direct pt-pt physical link.
• Tradeoff: Performance characteristics worse than true physical link!

6
A Network

A network can be defined as


➢ Two or more nodes connected by a physical link to share
resources
Or
➢ Two or more networks connected by one or more nodes

7
Building Blocks

• Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware…


• hosts
• switches
• Links: coax cable, optical fiber…
• point-to-point
• multiple access

8
Why not connect each node with every
other node ?
• Number of computers that can be connected becomes
very limited
• Number of wires coming out of each node becomes
unmanageable
• Amount of physical hardware/devices required
becomes very expensive
• Solution: indirect connectivity using intermediate data
forwarding nodes

9
Switched Networks
◼ A network can be defined recursively as...

• Two or more nodes


connected by a link
• white nodes (switches)
implement the network
• colored nodes (hosts)
use the network

10
Switched Networks
◼ A network can be defined recursively as...
• two or more networks
connected by one or more
nodes: internetworks
• white nodes (router or
gateway) interconnects the
networks
• A cloud denotes “any type
of independent network”

11
Switching Strategies
• Circuit switching: • Packet switching: store-
carry bit streams and-forward messages
a. establishes a dedicated a. operates on discrete
circuit blocks of data
b. links reserved for use by b. utilizes resources
communication according to traffic
channel demand
c. send/receive bit stream c. send/receive messages
at constant rate at variable rate
d. example: original d. example: Internet
telephone network

12
Switching Strategies

Circuit switching:
Requires dedicated path
Fast transmission

Packet Switching:
Divide message into smaller
Packets.
Each packets becomes independent
With its own header
Follows independent path
Less resources required

Message switching:
Intermediate between packet and circuit switching
Entire message is sent rather packets
Store and Forward strategy
Not good fast transmission 13
What next ?
• Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to each other
• Can we now provide host-host connectivity ?
• Nodes must be able to say which host it wants to
communicate with
• How to establish communication?

14
Addressing and Routing

• Address: byte-string that identifies a node


• usually unique
• Routing: forwarding decisions
• process of determining how to forward messages to
the destination node based on its address
• Types of addresses
• unicast: node-specific
• broadcast: all nodes on the network
• multicast: some subset of nodes on the network

15
Addressing
• A network can be constructed from nesting of networks
• An address is required for each node that is reachable on
the network
• MAC address is the address that uniquely identifies a
node on the network (48 bits). hexadecimal digits can
be separated either by hyphens(-) or colons(:). For
example: 23-AB-CD-EF-56-78, OR 23AB:CDEF:5678.
• IP address: IPv4 is a 32-bits
address. Example - 192.168.0.11.
• Address is used to route messages
toward appropriate destination

16
Readings

• Chapter 1: 1.1, 1.2


• Computer Networks, A Systems Approach
L. Peterson & Davie

17
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