SA1 Computer Science revision

1.​ Binary to decimal/denary conversion

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Method: Using the table above, each number will be proportional to each column.
Example: 11101110 (8 bits)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
The equivalent denary number is 128 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 238.
Bit: the basic computing element that is either 0 or 1 and is formed from the words Binary
digit.

2.​ Denary/decimal to binary conversion:

Method: Subtraction of powers of 2 (that is 128, 64, 32, 16, and so on)
Example: 142
The denary number is made up of 128 + 8 + 4 + 2.
(that is 142 – 128 = 14; 14 - 8 = 6; 6 - 4 = 2; 2 - 2 = 0)
In each stage, subtract the largest possible power of 2 and keep doing this until reaches 0.
*Test: after getting the binary number, convert it back into denary using the method binary
to denary conversion above and check whether the number matches.

3.​ Binary to hexadecimal conversion:

Method:
●​ Split the binary number into groups of 4 bits.
●​ Use the binary, hexadecimal, and denary value table to find the equivalent
hexadecimal digits.
Example: 101111100001
Split it into groups of 4 bits: 1011​ 1110​ 0001
Use the table: B​ E​ 1

4.​ Binary to hexadecimal conversion:

Method:
●​ Use the binary, hexadecimal, and denary value table to find the equivalent denary
digits.
●​ Put the groups together to form the binary number.
 Example: 45A

4: 0100; 5: 0101; A: 1010The binary number: 010001011010.

5.​ Hexadecimal to denary conversion:

The value headings of each hexadecimal digit: 4096, 256, 16, 1.
Method:
●​ Take each hexadecimal digit and multiply it by the heading values.
●​ Add all the resultant totals together to give the denary number.
*Remember: the hex digits A -> F need to be first converted to the values 10 -> 15 before
carrying out the multiplication.
Example: 45A into denary
Multiply each hex digit by its heading value:
256​ 16​ 1
4​ 5​ A
(4 x 256 = 1024) (5 x 16 = 80) (10 x 1 = 10) ​ (NOTE: A = 10)
Add the totals together: 1024 + 80 + 10 = 1114.

6.​ Denary to hexadecimal conversion:

Method: division by 16 until reaches 0.
Example: 2004

16 2004

16 125 remainder: 4

16 7 remainder: 13

0 remainder: 7
Write the remainders from bottom to top to get the hexadecimal number:
7​ 13​ 4
7​ D​ 4​ (D = 13)
*Binary, hexadecimal and denary value table:

Binary value Hexadecimal value Denary value

0000 0 0

0001 1 1

0010 2 2

0011 3 3

0100 4 4

0101 5 5

0110 6 6

0111 7 7

1000 8 8

1001 9 9

1010 A 10

1011 B 11

1100 C 12

1101 D 13

1110 E 14

1111 F 15

7.​ How many bits are there in 2 bytes:

1 byte is 8 bits.
2 bytes are 16 bits.

8.​ Image format (JPEG, PNG, PDF):

JPEG:
●​ Joint Photographic Expert Group (abbreviation of?)
●​ Lossy file compression (type of file compression)
 ●​ Distinguish certain color changes and hues. (function)
●​ Relies on the inability of the human eye. (fact)
●​ Used with image files. (fact)
PNG:
●​ Portable Network Graphic (abbreviation of?)
●​ Lossless file compression (type of file compression)
●​ Can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds. (function)
●​ Versatile image file format (definition)
●​ Don’t need a license to open. (fact)
PDF:
●​ Portable Document Format (abbreviation of?)
●​ Lossless file compression (type of file compression)
●​ Present and exchange documents (function)
●​ Versatile file format (definition)
●​ In a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems
(OS) (fact).

9.​ What are digital images?

●​ Composed of pixels.
●​ Contain a fixed number of rows and columns of pixels.
●​ Functions:
-​ Image reconstruction
-​ Image reformatting
-​ Wide range image data acquisition.

10.​How are digital images stored on computers, how many bits are there?
●​ Image is made of pixels.
●​ Each pixel stores one color.
●​ Each color has a unique binary value.
●​ The color/binary value of each pixel is stored in sequence.

11.​What is data compression? Ko

●​ Reducing the file size.
 12.​Why must digital images be compressed before big emails? (Why must
you compress digital images before putting them in an email?)
●​ Reduces the storage space taken on the email server.
●​ Reduces the time taken to transmit to the destination.
●​ Reduces the amount of bandwidth needed to transmit.

13.​How many parity bits are used to detect errors? (Look at the error
correction part)
●​ 8 bits to detect errors.
Process:
●​ Parity can be set to odd or even.
●​ Data is split into blocks of 7 bytes.
●​ Sender counts the number of 1s/0s in each group.
●​ Each group is assigned a parity bit to match the parity/odd/even.
●​ Receiving device recounts the number of 1s/0s in each group/byte.
●​ And compares to parity used/odd/even and if it does not match the parity, an error
is reported.

14.​Describe one other method of error detection used in transmitting the

data.
Checksum:
●​ The checksum is calculated from the data.
●​ The calculation is done using an agreed algorithm.
●​ The checksum is transmitted with the data.
●​ Re-calculated checksum is then compared to the checksum sent with the data
block.
●​ If checksum values are different there is an error, and a request is made to re-send
the data.

Hardware Chapter 3:
15.​Input, output
●​ Main method of entering data into and getting data out of computer systems.
16.​Mouse, how does an optical mouse work?
An optical mouse shines a red light from a Light-Emitting Diode//LED underneath the
mouse. The light reflects from a surface through a lens in the mouse and is converted to a
value. This value is transmitted to the computer. The computer then determines the
direction and speed of the movement.

17.​Keyboards, how do circuit boards work on keyboards?

When the user presses a key on a keyboard, the key pushes the switch on the circuit board.
This completes a circuit. Signals are sent to the computer that uses the data to calculate
which key was pressed.

18.​Identify the 2 input devices.

●​ Microphone
●​ Touchscreen

19.​Explain why the LCD projector would be more appropriate than a

high-definition film
●​ LCD projector
●​ HD film: video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition.
Justification:
●​ More visible pixels // higher resolution.
●​ Higher color contrast (in ambient lighting) // more vivid colors
●​ Uses less power, produces less heat.

20.​ Storage devices

●​ Hard disk (HDD)
Justification:
●​ Large capacity storage for videos/films that have large file sizes which require
large storage space.
●​ Long-lasting, able to be read and written multiple times. The copies can be
regularly accessed without breaking, although it may require a large number of
read/write operations.
●​ Relatively cheap per GB // cheaper than SSD per GB, due to the large capacity
required.

21.​Type of address
 URL:
●​ Protocol.
●​ Domain name.
●​ Made up of letters, numbers, and symbols.
IP:
●​ IPV4:
-​ 12 numbers.
-​ Separated by full stops (.)
●​ IPV6:
-​ 32 numbers.
-​ Separated by colons (:)
MAC:
●​ First part is manufacturer ID.
●​ The second part is a serial number.
●​ Each part has 3 pairs of numbers.

22.​ Motions of sensors microprocessor. How do the sensor and

microprocessor work together to control the CCTV system? ***
●​ (Motion) sensor sends signals to the microprocessor.
●​ Analog signal is converted to digital.
●​ Microprocessor compares the signal to stored value.
●​ If it does not meet the stored value (and if the camera is not recording) the
microprocessor sends a signal (to the camera) to start recording
●​ If it does not meet the stored value the microprocessor starts/resets the timer.
●​ When the timer reaches 2 minutes the microprocessor sends a signal (to the
camera) to stop recording.
●​ The whole process is repeated continually/until turned off.

23.​ LED display screens and how they are used.

●​ LED: Made up of tiny light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
●​ Each LED is either red, green, or blue (RGB).
 ●​ By varying the electric current sent to each LED, its brightness can be controlled,
producing a vast range of colors.
Uses:
●​ Used for large outdoor displays due to the brilliance of the colors produced.

24.​ Primary memory. What is stored in primary memory?

●​ Includes ROM, RAM and cache memory.
●​ Directly addressable to the CPU.

25.​ What is secondary storage and how is it used?

●​ Includes HDD, SSD, DVD, memory stick, Biu-ray disc.
●​ Not directly addressable to the CPU.
●​ All are non-volatile devices.
●​ Can be external or internal to the computer.

26.​ MAC

Random test revision

1.​ Malware
●​ Pro grams (such as viruses, worms and Trojan horses) that are installed on a user’s
computer with the aim of deleting, corrupting or manipulating data illegally.
●​ How to prevent this?
-​ Being careful when downloading material from the internet.
-​ Not opening files or websites given in emails from unknown senders.
-​ Don’t use non-original software.
2.​ The difference between firewalls and proxy servers?
A firewall is used to define the perimeter of the network and to identify and block
potentially suspicious and malicious traffic.
A proxy helps to protect privacy and can help to enforce corporate policies regarding
internet browsing.
3.​ High level and low level language, benefits
●​
4.​ What is the operation of compiler and interpreter
5.​ Able to convert byte → terabyte → gigabyte → kilobyte → hexabyte → habitbyte
6.​ RAM and what kind of data is written to RAM?
●​ def(Read only memory (RAM)):
Primary memory that can be written to or read from
a.​ Data/instructions received from the remote control unit is stored in the RAM
7.​ Secondary storage
Can be Internal and external to computer
Not directly addressable by the CPU
Are all non-volatile devices
Examples include HDD,SDD, DVD

8.​ Images, computer image, computer resolution

9.​ Calculate file size in byte. Hotate storage devices store data by controlling the movement
of electrons within NAND or NQR chips.w many byte the image is?
10.​ What is solid stage storage?
a.​ SSD drive dont rely on magnetic properties;
b.​ SSD drive is storage device containing nonvotile flash memory, used in place of
hard disk because of its much greater speed.