ADVANCED LEVEL

S.6 BIOLOGY -
Abridged curriculum

1
BIOLOGY

SENIOR 6
KEY CHANGES JUSTIFICATION
All S.5 topics moved to S.6 except cell These topics had not been covered
biology. before students went for lock down
except cell biology.
All topics were maintained
Some objectives from all A’level topics Content/concepts from these
were left out. objectives is;
• Embedded in other objectives.
• Already known from primary
level.
• Not relevant to the abridged
curriculum.
A-level Biology abridged curriculum
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Chemicals of Acids, bases and salts  describe properties of acids bases and  Properties of acids, bases and salts
life salts  Functions of acids, bases and salts in
(30 Periods)  explain the role of acids, bases and salts in organisms
maintaining a stable internal environment
for physiological processes.
Practical  Test for presence of mineral salts in food
 The learner should be able to identify samples /extracts (refer to inorganic
salts using quantitative and qualitative analysis in Chemistry practical).
analysis.

151
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Water  Relate the water properties to its role in  Role / significance of water in the life of
the life of organisms. organisms in relation to its properties

(Practical)  Testing for water

The learner should be able to:  Measuring water content in tissues
 test for water.  Field study on water habitats. (The
 determine water content in tissues by  natural relationship of water and
using dry weigh method.  organisms)
 investigate the natural relationship of
water and organisms in a habitat
(including humans).
Structure of  describe the structure and components of  Structure and components of
carbohydrates various carbohydrates. carbohydrates
 explain the properties of carbohydrates.  Properties of carbohydrates
 explain the functions of carbohydrates in  Importance of carbohydrates:
organisms. monosaccharide’s, disaccharides,
 describe the condensation of polysaccharides

152
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
carbohydrates.  Condensation of carbohydrates
 describe the hydrolysis of carbohydrates.  Hydrolysis of carbohydrates

(Practical)  Testing for carbohydrates

The learner should be able to:  Hydrolysis of non- reducing sugars
 carry out food test for  to reducing sugars.
 carbohydrates on food samples / extracts.
 demonstrate hydrolysis of nonreducing
sugars.
Structure of lipids  describe the structure and components of  components of lipids molecules
lipid molecules.  Properties of lipids Importance of lipids
 state properties of lipids. in organisms
 explain the functions of lipids in  Effects of lipids and steroids to
organisms. organisms
 explain effects of lipids and steroids to  Importance of cholesterol in organisms
organisms
 state the importance of cholesterol in

153
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
organisms.

(Practical)
The learner should be able to;  Tests for lipids
 Carry out food tests for lipids on food
samples / extracts.

Structure of proteins  describe the structure and components of  Structure and components of proteins
proteins.  Properties of proteins
 describe the properties of proteins.  Functions of proteins in organisms:
 explain the functions of proteins in buffer, enzymes/catalytic, hormones,
organisms. structural, growth, carriers etc
 explain effects of heat / temperature  Effects of heat/temperature on proteins
changes on proteins.

154
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:  Test for proteins
 Carry out food tests for proteins on food
samples / extracts.

Vitamins  state types of vitamins.  Types of vitamins: water soluble and fat
 state the importance of vitamins in soluble, essential and non-essential
organisms.  Importance of vitamins in the life of
organisms: protection against diseases,
formation of
 Co-enzymes role in blood clotting and
component of visual pigment
(Practical)  Test for vitamin C
The learner should be able to:  Effect of over boiling vegetables
 test for vitamin C. demonstrate effect of  Effects of storage on quality of fresh
over boiling vegetables. foods.
 demonstrate the effect of storage on
quality of fresh foods.

155
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Enzymes  describe the criteria for naming enzymes.  Criteria for naming enzymes: Use type of
 explain the characteristics /properties of substrate, type of reaction
enzymes.  Characteristics/ Properties of enzymes
 state factors that affect enzyme action. relating to factors
 explain the mechanism of  affecting enzyme activities: Protein in
 enzyme action using the lock and key nature, can be denatured, catalytic
mechanism and induced fit. /change rates of reactions, work in small
 explain the role of enzymes in the amounts, specific to reactions they
organism’s life. catalyse, catalyse reversible reactions,
can be inhibited, affected by
temperature, pH, concentration of
substrate and some require coenzymes/
cofactors
 Factors affecting enzyme action: pH,
temperature, inhibitors, substrate
concentration
 The enzyme action: lock and key
mechanism, induced fit
 Role of enzymes in living organisms

156
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
including inhibition, competitive/non
competitive, reversible/non reversible

(Practical)  Enzyme properties relating to factors

The learner should be able to: (temperature and pH, concentration of
 demonstrate properties of enzyme action substrate) affecting enzymes’ activities
in specific temperature, pH range,  Enzymes in the different parts of the gut
substrate concentration. based on their actions on different food
 identify enzymes in the different parts of substances
the gut based  Food tests using the animal gut contents
 on their actions on different and enzymes.
 food substances.
 carry out food tests on gut
 Contents.
Cell Movement in and out of  describe the processes  Process of osmosis: including; turgidity,
physiology cells  osmosis. plasmolysis, water
(12 Periods)  potential, osmotic potential, wall
pressure.
 (Practical)  Habitats with suitable media for
 The learner should be able to: organisms’ survival

157
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
 identify habitats with suitable media for  Use of salt in food preservation
organisms’ survival.  Use of visking tubing, glass columns and
 demonstrate use of salt in food microscope in
preservation.  diffusion and osmosis
 demonstrate use of visking tubing, glass  experiments
columns, microscope in diffusion and  Conditions affecting the rate
osmosis experiments.  of diffusion
 Demonstrate conditions affecting the rate  Effect of osmosis in living
of diffusion.  cells/tissues
 demonstrate effects of osmosis on the
cells/ tissues.
Levels of Diversity of Living  list 3 criteria for classifying organisms.  3 Criteria for classifying organisms:
organization Things  state the hierarchy of classification morphology, anatomy, physiology
and diversity according to Carl Linnaeus.  Hierarchy of classification according to
of life  distinguish between scientific and local Carl Linnaeus (kingdom-phylum/
(32 periods) names. division -class-order-family-genus-
species)
 Scientific /binomial nomenclature and
local names

158
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
(Practical)  Identification of organisms using
The learner should be able to:  observable features
 identify organisms using observable  Construction and use of simple biological
features. keys.
 construct simple biological keys.
Viruses  explain characteristics of viruses.  Characteristics of viruses

Kingdom Monera  describe characteristics of bacteria.  Characteristics of bacteria: shape, cell

 differentiate between bacteria and wall, reproduction, movement
viruses.  Differences between bacteria and viruses
 (Practical)  Types of bacteria
 The learner should be able to:  Role of bacteria in production of dairy
 draw, label and state the types of bacteria products
 demonstrate the role of bacteria in the  Common bacterial diseases in plants and
production of dairy products. animals
 identify common bacterial diseases in  Methods of preventing common bacterial
plants and animals. diseases.
 demonstrate methods of preventing the
common bacterial diseases.

159
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Kingdom Protoctista  State characteristics of Protoctista.  Characteristics of Protoctista
 outline the role of protozoa and algae in  Economic importance of protozoa and
the environment. algae e.g. Amoeba, Euglena, Entamoeba,
 Name common diseases caused by Paramecium, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium
Protozoa.  Common diseases caused by protozoa

(Practical)  Structure of the Spirogy

The learner should be able to:  Structure of protozoa
 prepare temporary mount of Spirogyra
filaments.
 draw and label structure of Spirogyra as
seen under a light microscope.
 identify and draw protozoa from
prepared slides.
Kingdom Fungi  State characteristics of fungi. mushroom.  Characteristics of fungi (feeding,
 state the economic importance of fungi. reproduction).
 describe the methods of preventing the  Economic importance of fungi
spread of fungal diseases.  Methods of preventing the spread of
fungal diseases

160
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
(Practical)  Structures of yeast, Mucor/Rhizopus as
The learner should be able to: seen under the light microscope
 Structure of the mushroom.
yeast, Mucor/Rhizopus.

Rhizopus or Mucor, y east and t he

Mushroom.
Kingdom Plantae wer plants and higher
plants using structural features. and higher plants

Bryophyta and Pteridophyta

structures of the named plant (Ferns)/Filicinophyta
groups. Higher plants: Coniferophyta,
Spermatophyta

named plant groups: Bryophyta,

Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta,
Spermatophyta: gymnosperms and
angiosperms to class level

161
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: plants: Bryophyta,
Pteridophytes/ Filicinophyta
structural features of plant Structural features of higher plants:
groups in lower plants. Coniferophyta,
Spermatophyta:(gymnosperms,
structural features of plant angiosperms)
groups in higher plants.
Kingdom Animalia
invertebrates and vertebrates. invertebrates and
vertebrates
features of organisms in different
animal phyla. features of various animal
phyla:
- arthropoda down to
classes. consider class insecta down to order.
- chordata down to vertebrate classes.

(Practical)

162
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
The learner should be able to: Arthropoda down to class level

class level using structural Insecta down to order level

features.
animals other than
Insecta down to order level. arthropods.

features of animals other than

Arthropoda.
Ecology Components of the  state abiotic and biotic factors
(18 Periods) Environment  explain how Components of the components: living things
Environment w the components and
environmental factors influence the and factors of the environment on
distribution and abundance of distribution and abundance of organisms
organisms in an ecosystem.

(Practical) l
The learner should be able to: components and factors of an ecosystem

163
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
studies. literature on ecological principles

literature on ecological
principles.
Concept of  describe an ecosystem.
Ecosystem  state the types and properties of an
ecosystem. ecosystems and properties of an ecosystem:
 explain changes in an ecosystem. feeding relations,
 describe feeding relations in an cycling of materials, succession,
ecosystem. climax, and homeostasis of an

 explain energy flow and recycling of ecosystem/balance of nature

nutrients in an ecosystem.
ecosystem productivity,
succession and climax

ecological pyramids

ecosystems

164
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to

Population and Natural  explain factors affecting population y dependent factors and
resources density. density independent
 explain population growth factors
patterns.
 explain the terms renewable and non-
renewable resources renewable and non-renewable,
 discuss environmental resistance importance, conservation
and “balance of nature”.
dependent factors affecting
“balance of nature”
Interdepence
of organisms in nature. and their effects: interspecific
and intraspecific relationships
between organisms:

165
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
competition, parasitism,
predation, saprophytism,
mutualism, commensalism
Effects of Human
Activities on Ecosystem activities on ecological ecosystem components and
components and factors in a factors in a habitat:
habitat. - interruption of
biogeochemical cycles,
utilisation and sustainable natural resources
development. imbalances, population
imbalances, soil erosion, soil
exhaustion, extinction,
pollution, speciation.

and sustainable development

(Practical)
The learner should be able to: mulching, terracing,
crop rotation, afforestation,
practices. reforestation, mixed farming,

166
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
agro forestry, wise use of
resources, etc.
Inheritance Genetics
and Evolution inheritance.
(19 Periods) e.g. inheritance, gene, allele,
chromosome, DNA, trait, etc
heredity.

using the monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance.

dihybrid crosses.
law of independent assortment
inheritance. and law of segregation

inheritable disorders. disorders

(Practical) id inheritance
The learner should be able to: dominant and recessive traits:
using uniform money coins/
dihybrid inheritance. beads/seeds.

167
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
hair, haemophilia, eye colour, sickle cell,
albinism
Chromosomes and
genes explain the terms: gene - gene interactions: definition
interactions, sex linkage, sex and examples: linkage,
determination, sex limitation, multiple alleles, codominance,
lethal genes and polygenes. incomplete
dominance, dominant and
recessive traits, epitasis and
complementary genes
- sex linkage definition,
examples and inheritance
- sex determination:
definition and examples in
humans
- sex limitation: definition
and examples
- lethal genes: definition and
examples: phenyl ketonuria,

168
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
neurospora, etc
- polygene: definition and
Examples.
Variation
of variation. variations: continuous
(quantitative) and discontinuous
(qualitative)

environmental factors
mutations.

chromosomal mutation

radiation, chemicals

(Practical)
The learner should be able to:
organisms (e.g. sex, height,
tongue rolling).

169
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
themselves.
Mechanisms of ’s theory of natural
Evolution selection. selection: observations and
deductions
evolution.
-Darwinism. evolution
- Darwinism (present day
evolution. theory of evolution)

competition, changes in the

environment, sexual
reproduction, mutations, gene
recombination, industrialisation,
effects of drug / chemical
resistance, artificial selection,
polyploidy
Evidence of evolution
evolution. comparative study of anatomy, embryology,
cytology, biochemistry,

170
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
taxonomy, geographical distribution,
vestigial structures, analogous structures,
homologous structures
Selection and Speciation lection.
artificial selection.
selection in speciation.
and artificial selection in speciation.

Circulatory system in
animals systems: open and closed,
disadvantages of open and closed single and double.
systems in animals. s and
disadvantages of open and
mammalian heart. closed systems in animals.
explain the response of the heart to body
activities. mammalian heart: cardiac
relate the action of adrenalin and cycle, blood pressure
acetylcholine to the innervation of the heart. changes, myogenic property, control of the
heart beat.

171
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
drugs and variation of temperature on the
cardiac frequency.
acetylcholine on the
the transport process. innervation of the heart

circulatory system. temperature variations on

the cardiac frequency

functions

blood and heart, including,

sickle cell anaemia and
coronary artery disease.
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: (veins, arteries, capillaries)

vessels. insects, toads and

mammals: gross structure
the circulatory systems in insects, and fine structure

172
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
toads, and mammals.
circulatory systems in
mammals’ circulatory system in relation to functions
relation to their functions.
cardiac muscle and smooth
muscles of the circulatory system of muscle of the circulatory
mammals. system of mammals.
Defence against describe the mechanism of
Diseases blood clotting.
describe immune responses in humans. primary, secondary
describe the effects of the
Rhesus factor during during pregnancy
pregnancy.
Vascular System of describe the structural and
Flowering Plants functional adaptations of the adaptations of vascular
vascular tissues to the transport tissues in
process of materials in monocotyledonous and
monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants
dicotyledonous plants.

173
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
materials in plants
transporting materials in plants.
e path of materials in plants
materials in plants.
mineral salts in plants.
uptake of water and mineral salts in plants.

(Practical)
pattern of the vascular
transport of materials. tissues in
monocotyledonous and
distribution of vascular bundles dicotyledonous plants
in plant organs.
n and make temporary longitudinal sections (L.S)
mounts of transverse sections of: stems, roots and, T.S of
(T.S) and longitudinal sections ( leaves of monocotyledonous
L.S) o f: stems, roots and T .S o f and herbaceous
leaves from herbaceous plant dicotyledonous plants
organs.

174
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
L.S of stems, roots and T.S of
roots and T.S of leaves. Leaves.

to show distribution of tissues in

T.S and L.S of stems, roots and T.S
of leaves.

drawings of vascular tissues in

T.S and L.S of stems, roots and T.S
of leaves
Nutrition Autotrophic nutrition describe photosynthesis. Photosynthesis including
(27 Periods) adaptations of C3, C4 and CAM to
chloroplasts. different environmental
conditions
action spectrum of chlorophyll.

of chlorophyll
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: affecting photosynthesis: light,

175
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
carbon dioxide, availability of
experiments to investigate water, chlorophyll, temperature.
factors affecting the rate of
photosynthesis. plants and tests for oxygen in
aquatic plants.
starch production in terrestrial
plants and oxygen in aquatic
plants.
Holozoic Nutrition Explain the role of the nervous and hormonal The role of the nervous and
systems in digestion. hormonal systems in the
regulation/ control of digestion
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: cockroach, toad/frog, birds,
up the animal and display the rat/rabbit/cow/goat
digestive system.

the animals’ digestive systems. adaptations of the digestive

system parts.
adaptations of the parts of the

176
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
digestive system.
ture of mouth parts of
different parts of the gut. insects, mammals and toad

parts of the gut. insects, mammals and toad

that make up the mouth of insects, mammals

and toad.

insects, mammals and toad.

s.
Mutualism define mutualism. Definition of mutualism

organisms in the nitrogen cycle. nitrogen cycle

mutualistic associations in an organisms

ecosystem.
mutualistic associations
mutualistic associations.

177
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Parasitism explain adaptation of disease Adaptations of disease causing
causing organisms in plants and organisms in plants and animals
animals.
-parasite parasites and hosts of the
relations. following: intestinal worms, a
tick and one plant parasite
Gaseous Gaseous Exchange in explain the mechanism of Mechanism of opening and
Exchange plants opening and closure of a closure of stoma
(19 Periods) stoma.
of stomata
the functioning of stomata.
lain how stomata, lenticels function of the stomata,
and breathing roots are lenticels and breathing roots
adapted to their function.
and aerial leaves to a habitat
the structure of aquatic and
aerial leaves to a habitat.
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:

178
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
gaseous exchange in plants
stomata.
ated to large and small pieces of plant
control of gaseous exchange in organs.
plants.

volume ratio in large and small

objects.
Gaseous Exchange in explain the efficiency of Structural adaptation of
Animals gaseous exchange surfaces and gaseous exchange surfaces in
structures. protozoa, worms, insects, fish,
amphibians and mammals
counter current flow system.
current flow system
in controlling breathing.
controlling breathing
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: systems in tadpoles, toad, fish,
and draw insect, and mammal

179
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
gaseous exchange systems in
animals. breathing in animals.

factors affecting breathing rate

in animals.
Respiration Respiration explain the relationship Relationship between gaseous
(6 Periods) between gaseous exchange and exchange and respiration
respiration.
mitochondrion
function of the mitochondrion.
system, hydrogen acceptors,
transport system, hydrogen acetyl coenzyme A and
acceptors, acetyl coenzyme A pyruvic acid
and pyruvic acid.
metabolism of:
coenzyme A in the carbohydrates, lipids,
carbohydrate, lipid and protein proteins
metabolism.
(Practical)

180
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
The learner should be able to: carbon dioxide, energy, ethanol, water, lactic
acid
demonstrate products of
respiration. respiration: temperature and
to show activity
the effect of temperature and
activity on rate of respiration. anaerobic respiration
processes
analyse data on factors affecting
aerobic and anaerobic yeast cells.
respiration processes.

process in yeast cells.

Homeostasis General principles of explain the significance of a Significance of a constant
(25 Periods) Homeostasis constant internal environment. internal environment

kept constant in the internal constant in the body: glucose,

environment of the body. temperature, pH, water, ions,
respiratory gases, osmotic

181
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
feedback mechanism. pressure of body fluids
k
mechanism related to the mechanism
endocrine and nervous systems.
to the endocrine and nervous
external causes of changes in systems in homeostatic
the internal environment. activities

internal environment
(Practical)
different environmental
organisms’ ways of life to their conditions.
environmental conditions.
Regulation of Glucose describe the role of hormones in Action of insulin, glucagon and adrenalin in
sugar regulation. blood sugar control.
explain the negative feedback
mechanism in the process of mechanism in the process of
blood glucose control. blood glucose control

182
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
blood sugar imbalances in the imbalances in the body
body.
glucose regulation
and the pancreas in regulation of
glucose in the body.
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:
microstructure and their function.

pancreas to their function.

Regulation of describe the regulation of Control of respiratory gases
respiratory gas respiratory gases.
to oxygen deprivation
mechanism in response to
oxygen deprivation. oxygen and carbon dioxide
gases on the rate of breathing
fluctuations of respiratory
gases on the rate of breathing. respiration and
blood circulation

183
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
centre in the brain in controlling respiration
and blood circulation. take place during exercise and at high
altitude
physiological changes that take
place during exercise and at
high altitude.
(Practical)
activity on the rate of
determine the rate of breathing breathing.
at different levels of activity.
Excretion describe the formation of urea Formation of urea and urine
and urine.

(Practical)
The learner should be able to: medulla, different regions of the
nephron
parts of kidney.
rabbit/goat/cattle.
the urinary system.

184
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Osmoregulation describe the role of the brain, Role of the hypothalamus,
endocrine glands and nephrons pituitary gland, adrenal gland and
in osmoregulation. nephrons in varying osmotic
pressure of blood
mechanism involving antidiuretic hormone
(ADH). mechanism involving anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH)
osmoregulation in organisms
living in marine, fresh water and terrestrial fresh water and
habitats. terrestrial organisms
ns of animals to varying water
water availability in availability in habitats
their habitats.
(xerophytes, hydrophytes,
plants are adapted to varying water mesophytes, halophytes)
availability in their habitats.
Coordination Concept of Reception interpret data from Effects of day length on flowering
(30 Periods) and Response in Plants experiments on how day process
length affects the

185
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
flowering process.
Plant Hormones discuss the influence of
hormones on plant growth and Role and effects of plant hormones (e.g.
related processes. auxins, cytokinins,
gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethane) in
regulating processes
importance of plant hormones.
hormones
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: Auxins / Indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic
acid on different plant
experiments on effects of plant hormones on growth process: dormancy, weed
plant growth processes. control, flowering, fruiting etc

importance of plant hormones.

Response and behaviour explain how types of Types of behaviour:
in Animals behaviour result from orientation (kinesis, taxis,
sequential responses. territorial, breeding, instinct
and migration) learning (habitual,

186
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
conditioned reflex,
imprinting exploration, insight, trial and
error
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:
fare
animals.

experiments on orientation
behaviour.
General Principles of describe the types of stimuli. Types of chemical and physical stimuli
Reception and Response
in Animals organs in relation to the environmental receptors (including reception mechanisms)
stimuli. in relation to the environmental stimuli

different effectors in organisms. organisms

(Practical)
The learner should be able to:
identify sections of: skin, eye,

187
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
retina, cochlea from prepared
slides. cochlea from prepared slides

taste buds on the tongue. tongue.

Nervous Coordination in distinguish between the roles of the Role of the autonomic and
Animals autonomic and other peripheral nerves
peripheral nerves.
 explain the events of generating and transmitting impulses
transmitting impulses.
junction structure and
functioning of the synapse and functioning
neuromuscular junction. nsmitter
tance of Substances
transmitter substances. System functions:
 explain summation, facilitation and summation, facilitation and
inhibition. inhibition
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:

188
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
responses to different stimuli. beings

parts of the insect’s /toad’s/ frog’s, mammal’s cockroach/toad /frog/rat/

nervous system below the head. rabbit/Guinea pig.
Hormonal Coordination explain the principle of negative Principles of negative feedback mechanism
in Animals feedback mechanism of of hormonal action: between pituitary and
hormonal action. thyroid

is necessary for coordinating balances

functions in the body. Hormonal imbalances effects: diabetes,
goitre, dwarfism, gigantism
imbalances.
Support and Support systems in  explain the role of modified roots, leaves Importance of plant organs
Movement plants and animals and stems in support. modifications of: tendrils,
(24 Periods)  describe the role of secondary prop roots, clasping roots,
growth /thickening in support. buttress roots
 describe the micro structure of
cartilage and bone and relate their thickening in support
structure to function.  Micro structure and function

189
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
of cartilage and bone
Support Systems in Organisms
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:

sizes and relate their support

systems to their sizes. organism’s size

tissues in plants and animals. tissues in plants and animals.

Muscles describe the arrangement and Arrangement and function of
function of muscles and joints. muscles and joints
explain the sliding hypothesis of muscular
contraction. of muscle contraction
Movement/Locomotion. Support and movement on land/ muscular
skeletal basis of locomotion, propulsion in
the: walking tetrapods (mammals),
birds and annelids

birds and insects

190
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:

relationship between muscles,

joints and musculo-skeletal joints and musculo-skeletal
attachments. attachments: Antagonistic
muscles in animals: fish
modifications in birds. myotomes, pectoral muscles in
birds, hind limb muscles and
support structures are related to muscles in the pelvic region of
the environment of the animal. amphibians and mammals

modification in birds

to the environment of the

animal
Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction in state the functions of Reproductive system in
Growth and Animals reproductive system animals: structure and
Development structures/parts in animals. function(s) of parts

191
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
(27 Periods)
gametes. spermatogenesis
nd processes
spermatogenesis processes.
gametogenesis to meiosis
between stages of esis
gametogenesis and meiosis.
implantation
gametogenesis.
development of an embryo
fertilisation and implantation.
females during pregnancy
in the development of an
embryo.
the menstrual cycle:
changes in females during menstruation, follicular
pregnancy. development, ovulation,
corpus lutetium. And FSH, LH,
birth. oestrogen and progesterone.

192
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
Mention the oestrous cycle
hormones in menstrual cycle.
limitations
and their limitations.
d ways of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
prevention of STDs. (STDs) .e.g. infections by
fungal bacterial and viral (HIV
and AIDS).
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: Cockroach

to study structure of gametes. identification

features of the cockroach for cockroach

sex identification.
frog for sex identification
the major parts of the insect’s
reproductive system toad/frog.

193
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
features of the toad/ frog for
sex identification.

parts of the toad’s reproductive system. ig

external/features for sex
reproductive parts to their functions. identification

features of the rat /rabbit/Guinea pig for sex rat/rabbit/Guinea pig.

identification.

parts of the rat’s reproductive system.

reproductive parts to their functions.

Sexual reproduction in describe the types and Types and structure of flowers : (insect and
Lower Organisms and structure of flowers. wind pollinated flowers)
plants describe the types and Types and structure of seeds
structure of seeds and fruits. and fruits
(Practical)
The learner should be able to: inflorescence in relation to

194
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
pollination
mode of pollination.
relation to pollination
.
flowers with free petals, fused
different flowers. petals, keel and standard wing,
and a grass flower
different flowers.

different fruits and seeds.

and seeds
draw arrangement of seeds.

fruit and seed dispersal.

endospermic seeds
endospermic and non
endospermic seeds.
Growth and distinguish between growth Differences between growth
Development and development. and development

195
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to

growth. internal and external

measuring growth in plants / animals. measurement of growth in an

individual plant /animal:
secondary meristems. weight, length, height, volume,
area
growth.  Primary and secondary
meristems in plants
dary growth
in plants

growth
(Practical)
The learner should be able to:

seeds that exhibit epigeal and germination

hypogeal germination. g.
temperature, light, water, etc

196
Topic Sub-topic Objectives Content
The learner should be able to
growth.
growth
showing apical meristems
and secondary thickening in growth
dicotyledonous stems.
Growth.
of growth in an organism and
record.

control of plant growth.

197