VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590018

Project (21MEP76) Report

On
DEVELOPMENT OF LASER ENGRAVING MACHINE

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(VII Semester)
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
PRADYUMNA A KASHYAP 1JT22ME416
PAVAN S 1JT22ME415
NAVEEN V S 1JT22ME412
SHASHIL KUMARA 1JT22ME423

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Rakesh B K
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Jyothy Institute of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jyothy Institute of Technology
Tataguni, Off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore-560 082
Academic Year 2024-2025
 Jyothy Institute of Technology
Tataguni, Off Kanakapura Road,
Bangalore-560 082

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project entitled “DEVELOPMENT OF LASER ENGRAVING MACHINE” is
a bonafide work carried out by PRADYUMNA A KASHYAP [1JT22ME416], PAVAN S
[1JT22ME415], NAVEEN V S [1JT22ME412] & SHASHIL KUMARA [1JT22ME423] in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the 7 TH Semester B.E course in Mechanical Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2024 – 2025. It is certified
that all corrections / suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report
and deposited in the department library. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement in respect of Project (21MEP76) prescribed for the above said degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Dr. Rakesh B K Dr. C. B. Mohan Dr. K. Gopalakrishna

Associate professor Vice Principal & Head Principal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineerig Jyothy Institute of Technology
Jyothy Institute of Technology Jyothy Institute of Technology

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we are very grateful to this esteemed institution “Jyothy Institute of Technology”
for providing us an opportunity to complete our Project work.

We express our sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. Gopalakrishna K for providing us with
adequate facilities to undertake this Project work.

We would like to thank our Vice Principal and Head of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering Dr. C.B. Mohan for providing us an opportunity and for his valuable support.

We would like to thank Dr. Rakesh B K, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering

Department for providing us an opportunity and for his valuable support.

We would also like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude for the support and
guidance extended to us by the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department.

Finally we would like to thank all our friends who have helped us directly or indirectly in
completing the Project work.
 Vision
To achieve excellence in Mechanical Engineering Education, Innovation, Research
and Entrepreneurship.

Mission
M1. To provide intellectually vibrant teaching learning environment.
M2. To inculcate in students a culture of Research and Innovation in Engineering.
M3. To produce future Entrepreneurs & Leaders with Technological Patriotism.

Programme Education Objectives

PEO1. (Domain Knowledge) Graduates of Mechanical Engineering will be able to utilize Mathematics,
Science, Engineering fundamentals, theoretical as well as laboratory based experiences to
identify & solve engineering problems and succeed in applied engineering or other allied fields.

PEO2. (Professional Employment) Graduates of Mechanical Engineering will be able to communicate

and work effectively on individual and team based engineering projects and will succeed in
entry-level engineering positions and entrepreneurship with professional ethics.

PEO3. (Engineering Citizenship) Graduates of Mechanical Engineering will be able to showcase their
technological citizenship with a Nationalistic approach.
PEO4. (Lifelong Learning) Graduates of Mechanical Engineering will be equipped to adapt to the
ever-evolving technologies.
Programme Specific Outcomes

PSO1. (Knowledge / Skills) Explore emerging technologies in the field of Mechanical Engineering using
the knowledge and skills gained.
PSO2. (Application / Analysis / Problem solving) Explore different domains like Manufacturing,
Design and Thermal Engineering through R & D.
PSO3. (Value / Attribute) Exhibit technological patriotism like inclination towards development of
indigenous technologies.
 Table of Contents

Chapter Title Page No.

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Statement 2
2 Objective and Methodology 4
2.1 Objective of the Project 4
2.2 Flow Chart 5
3 Literature Review 6
3.1 Outcome of Literature Review 12
4 Co-ordinate Mechanism 15
4.1 Working 15
4.2 Hardware Tools 16
5 Rotary for Laser Engraving and Mechanism 28
5.1 List of Components 28
5.2 Working Principle and Functional 29
6 Electronics Hardware and Components 32
6.1 Hardware and Its Functions 32
6.2 Circuit Diagram 34
7 System Analysis 35
7.1 Software Description (LaserGRBL) 35
7.2 Hardware Interface (Arduino and 37
LaserGRBL)
8 Laser Module Operation 39
8.1 Procedures of Operation 39
9 Design and Datasheets 45
9.1 2D and 3D Design 45
9.2 Datasheets 67
10 Commercials of Materials 69
11 Results and Conclusion 70
11.1 Results 70
11.2 Conclusion 71
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

2.2 Process Flow Diagram 5
4.2.a Aluminum Profiles 16
4.2.b Timing Belt 17
4.2.c Step Motors & Drivers 18
4.2.d Laser Module 20
4.2.e Power Supply 21
4.2.f Controller & Software 22
4.2.g Arduino Board 22
4.2.h Fasteners 24
4.2.i Enclosure 26
4.2.j Cable Drag Chain 26
4.2.k V-Wheel 27
5.1 Rotary Module 28
6.1 Circuit Diagram 34
7.1 Arduino - Computer Interface 38
7.2 COM Port Selection 38
8.1 Opening the Laser GRBL Software 39
8.2 Opening the File 40
8.3 Browsing the Image 40
8.4 Importing the Image 40
8.5 Changing Settings in Parameters 41
8.6 Changing Settings in Target Image 42
8.7 Traced Image to G-code Lines 43
8.8 Choosing the COM Port 43
8.9 Connecting Arduino with Laser GRBL 44
8.10 Running the Program 44

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Motor Driver Specification 19
4.2 Laser Module Can Engrave 20
6.1 Hardware and Its Functions 32
7.1 Hardware Components and Their Functions 37
10.1 Bill of Materials 69
11.1 Performance Summary 70
 ABSTRACT

Hands-on laboratory instructions are essential to improve the student learning feature in
engineering education. In the area of Computer Aided Design (CAD) / Computer Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) / Manufacturing Technology laboratory courses, the huge cost of
commercial Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines like mills and lathes limits the
accessibility of machines to the students. In this project, a low-cost, Build-Your-Own (BYO)
two axis vertical Computer Numerical Control (CNC) prototype is developed using off-the-
shelf components, stepper motors with drivers, Arduino open source microcontroller, and open
source motor control software. The machine can be easily customized for any modifications
and provides better access and insight to the students for easy operation and application of CNC
engravers.

i|Pa g e
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTON

Modern manufacturing industry has become highly flexible and specialized due to
the use of computer numerical controlled machines and robotic systems. This has
been necessitated by the emergence of planned obsolescence, popularity of high-
tech gadgets with short lifetimes, and popularity of fast-changing fashion items like
clothing. As a result, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided
Manufacturing (CAM), CNC technologies, and robots are at the heart of flexible
manufacturing systems (FMS) and computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).

In recent years, developments in high strength magnetic materials have led to

availability of compact, versatile, high power, high torque stepper motors and
AC/DC servomotors with built-in optical encoder feedback at low- cost. Likewise,
sensors such as optical encoders and Hall Effect sensors, tachometers, and load cells
are also becoming smaller and cheaper. The increasing popularity of low-cost
network technologies such as wireless Ethernet, Bluetooth, Xbee, and wireless
sensor networks, have also resulted in an ability to interconnect the limited number
of available CNC machines to the multiple desktop, or student-owned laptop,
personal computers in the laboratory, improving student access and reducing wait
times.

It is desired to come up with in house, build your own, Do it yourself (DIY) design,
development, and testing of laboratory equipment and systems. Therefore, low-
cost, desktop and small-to-medium sized CNC machines such as mills, lathes,
routers, and laser and plasma cutters can be built with an open structure so that the
construction of the machine is clear and understandable to the students. The cost of
the machines may be minimized by using inexpensive yet sufficiently powerful off-
the-shelf stepper motors and servomotors with motor drivers. Legacy controllers can
be replaced with PC-based control systems with low-cost data acquisition (DAQ)
cards and sensors.

1 |Pa g e
1.1 Problem Statement

Introduction to the Problem

Laser engraving has become an essential technology in various industries, including

manufacturing, personalization, prototyping, and artistic design. Traditional laser
engraving machines are predominantly designed for flat surfaces, limiting their
application when it comes to cylindrical or irregularly shaped objects. Engraving on
curved surfaces such as bottles, pipes, cylindrical wooden objects, and metal tubes
presents significant challenges in terms of precision, alignment, and motion control.

Challenges in Existing Systems

1. Limited Surface Compatibility

o Standard laser engraving machines use a fixed XY coordinate system, which works
efficiently on flat surfaces but struggles with curved or cylindrical materials.
o Engraving on round surfaces results in distortions or incomplete markings due to
improper laser focus and inconsistent depth of engraving.
2. Lack of Rotary Mechanisms in Low-Cost Machines
o High-end industrial engraving machines offer rotary attachments, but these are
expensive and not accessible for small-scale businesses, hobbyists, or educational
purposes.
o Low-cost alternatives either lack rotary capabilities or require manual rotation,
leading to inaccuracies and inefficiencies.
3. Inaccurate Motion Coordination
o The movement of the laser head must be synchronized with the rotation of the
cylindrical object to ensure even and precise engraving.
o Misalignment between the rotary axis and laser movement can lead to overlapping
or misplaced engravings.
4. Software Limitations
o Many affordable laser engraving software solutions do not natively support rotary
engraving or require complex modifications.
o Proper calibration and parameter adjustments are crucial, as incorrect settings can
result in inconsistent engraving quality.
5. Material Handling Issues
o Cylindrical objects tend to roll or slip during engraving if not secured properly.

2 |Pa g e
o Ensuring uniform rotation and stability is a key challenge to achieving high-quality
engravings.

Need for a Rotary Engraving System

To address these challenges, this project focuses on designing and implementing a

rotary mechanism for laser engraving that:

• Allows precise and automated rotation of cylindrical objects.

• Improves engraving accuracy and consistency by synchronizing rotation with
laser operation.
• Integrates with open-source software (e.g., GRBL) for better compatibility and
cost efficiency.
• Uses stepper motors and controllers to achieve precise speed and movement
control.

By developing a cost-effective and efficient rotary engraving system, this project

aims to enhance the versatility of laser engraving machines, making them suitable
for a broader range of applications.

3 |Pa g e
 CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Objective of the Project

• To design and develop a laser engraver machine Arduino based control system
which is a major new development in computer technology due to its availability
of low-cost open-source hardware.

• To design simple and robust mechanism and to fulfil the demand of CNC
machine from small scale to large scale industries

• To develop a machine at with optimized low cost.

• To develop machine at high level of reproducibility

• To make this device reasonable and accessibly for wider audience

4 |Pa g e
2.2 Flow Chart

Figure 2.2 Process Flow Diagrams

5 |Pa g e
 CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Design and Fabrication of Portable Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine

P. Jamaleswara Kumar et.al, International Journal of Engineering and
Technology (2017).

• Portable laser cutter designed to be more affordable than traditional laser cutters.
• Utilizes a 445 nm, 2.5 W focusable blue laser module for cutting and engraving.
• Uses Adriano Nano and ELEKSMAKER software to convert graphical images into G-
code language.
• Insights gained on constructing an affordable portable laser cutting and engraving
machine.

2. Development of a Low-Cost Laser Cutter and Engraver Using Arduino

A. R. Khandayetal., Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science (2019).

• Developed a low-cost laser cutter and engraver, targeting small-scale industries and
hobbyists.
• Uses a 500 mW laser diode and Adriano Uno to control movement and laser activation.
• The system was tested for accuracy in cutting different materials like wood and acrylic.
• The results showed cost-effectiveness and ease of use for non-professional applications.

3. Design and Implementation of a Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine Using

Adriano and CNC Technology
S. P. Rao et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science and Electronics Engineering (2018).

• Focuses on combining laser cutting with CNC technology to create an affordable

solution.
• The system utilizes Adriano Uno and CNC shields to control both the laser module and
mechanical movements.
• The performance in terms of precision and reliability was tested on different substrates.

6 |Pa g e
• Demonstrated good potential for small-scale, low-cost laser processing systems.

4. Affordable Laser Engraving System for Personal Use and Small Businesses
M. T. A. Azad et al., Journal of Applied Engineering Science (2020).

• Designed a cost-efficient laser engraving machine for personal use and small
businesses.
• Uses a 1.5 W laser diode and a motion control system driven by an Adriano platform.
• The system is designed for engraving wood, leather, and plastic, with emphasis on ease
of operation and portability.
• Successfully reduced cost without compromising on performance or precision.

5. Microcontroller-Based Laser Engraving System for Small-Scale Applications

H. G. S. Reddyetal., International Journal of Robotics and Automation (2016).

• Focus on integrating microcontrollers with laser systems to create portable engraving

machines.
• The system uses a 405 nm laser diode and integrates with a PC for image processing
and G-code generation.
• The study tested different materials (e.g., wood, paper, acrylic) to assess engraving
depth and precision.
• Concluded that microcontroller-based systems could offer affordable and scalable
solutions for small-scale industries.

6. Laser Cutting System with High Precision Using Adriano-Based Control System
J. S. M. Chou et al., International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology (2019).

• Developed a high-precision laser cutting system for thin materials.

• The system uses Adriano Mega and a stepper motor for X, Y, and Z axis movements.
• Features a 10 W laser module for better cutting efficiency.
• Provides an effective solution for precise cutting of materials such as paper, acrylic,
and thin metals.

7 |Pa g e
• Successfully demonstrated the system’s potential in prototyping and small-scale
manufacturing.

7. Low-Cost Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine Using Open-Source Hardware

M. D. Digheetal., International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering (2020).

• An affordable laser cutter designed using open-source hardware and software.

• The system uses an Adriano platform with open-source G-code interpreter and laser
control.
• The setup includes a 2 W laser diode and a motorized X-Y movement system for
engraving and cutting.
• The paper demonstrates how open-source technologies can lower the cost of laser
cutting systems for hobbyists and start-ups.

8. Design and Implementation of a Desktop Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine

T. N. K. S. Reddyetal., International Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology (2017).

• Designed a compact, affordable laser cutting and engraving system for desktop use.
• Uses a 2 W laser diode and stepper motors controlled by an Adriano-based system.
• The project emphasizes ease of assembly and calibration for small businesses and
hobbyists.
• Demonstrated a significant reduction in cost compared to commercial laser machines
while maintaining high accuracy in engraving materials like wood, plastic, and
leather.

9. A Study on Low-Cost CNC Laser Engraving Machine with Adriano

K. R. V. Prasadetal., International Journal of Industrial Engineering and
Technology (2018).

• Focused on creating a low-cost, CNC-controlled laser engraving machine using

Adriano.
• Integrated a 5 W laser module and three-axis motion system to engrave intricate
patterns.

8 |Pa g e
• The study found that the system is highly effective for engraving on materials like
wood, plastic, and glass.
• Results showed that with proper calibration, the system can achieve professional-
grade engraving at a fraction of the cost.

10. Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine with Arduino Control for Personal
Use
V. R. P. A. Kumaretal., Journal of Automation and Engineering Technology
(2021).

• Developed a personal-use laser cutter and engraver for small workshops and
hobbyists.
• Features a 500 mW laser and a basic motion control system using Adriano and stepper
motors.
• The system is designed for ease of use and versatility, supporting engraving on
materials like paper, fabric, and soft metals.
• Demonstrated that the machine can be both cost-effective and reliable for small-scale
production needs.

11. Portable Laser Cutting Machine for Fabrication and Prototyping

L. B. Mallicketal., International Journal of Manufacturing Science and
Engineering (2019).

• Developed a portable laser cutting machine optimized for rapid prototyping and
fabrication tasks.
• The system uses a 3 W blue laser and is controlled by an Adriano Nano and custom
motion software.
• The machine is designed to work with small metal and plastic sheets, offering
flexibility for prototyping.
• Results showed that the system achieved a good balance between portability, cutting
speed, and cost-efficiency.

12. Adriano-Based Laser Engraving System for DIY Applications

A. S. R. Rajputetal., Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technology (2019).

9 |Pa g e
• Focused on the creation of a laser engraving system suitable for DIY and educational
purposes.
• The system uses a 1 W laser diode and an Adriano Uno for motion control via stepper
motors.
• The design prioritizes simplicity and educational value, providing an accessible
platform for learning about laser technologies.
• The system successfully engraves designs onto wood and acrylic, demonstrating its
practicality for personal projects.

13. Design of an Affordable Laser Engraving and Cutting System for Small
Business Owners
P. S. S. R. Reddyetal., International Journal of Small-Scale Manufacturing
(2020).

• This paper focuses on a low-cost solution for small business owners who require laser
engraving and cutting capabilities.
• Utilizes a 2 W laser diode and is controlled by an Adriano microcontroller with a
custom G-code interpreter.
• The machine supports various materials, including wood, acrylic, and leather, making
it suitable for a wide range of products.
• Emphasized cost reduction while maintaining sufficient quality and precision for
small-scale manufacturing operations.
14. Affordable Laser Cutter for Educational and Industrial Prototyping
M. H. Nasretal., Journal of Robotics and Automation in Industry (2021).

• Developed an affordable laser cutting system aimed at educational institutions and

industrial prototyping.
• Uses a 3 W laser diode and stepper motors driven by Adriano for X, Y, and Z-axis
motion.
• The system was tested for cutting both thin metals and plastics, with promising results
for both prototyping and educational demonstrations.
• The study concluded that the machine provides a low-cost alternative for institutions
requiring laser cutting equipment on a limited budget.

10 | P a g e
15. Laser Cutting Machine Design for Home Use with CNC Control
S. M. S. Dinesh et al., Journal of Innovative Engineering and Technology (2018).

• Focused on creating a laser cutting machine for home use with CNC control.
• The project used a 1.5 W laser diode and integrated a computer numerical control
(CNC) system based on Arduino.
• The study showed that the machine can effectively cut and engrave materials like
paper, wood, and soft plastics.
• Designed with ease of assembly and safety in mind, making it ideal for home-based
creators and hobbyists.

16. A Study on Low-Cost Laser Cutting and Engraving System Using Adriano
N. R. A. Gupta et al., Journal of Mechanical Systems and Design (2020).

• Developed a cost-effective laser cutting and engraving system controlled by Adriano,

aimed at small-scale businesses and hobbyists.
• The machine employs a 2 W laser module and uses stepper motors to achieve precise
movement on the X and Y axes.
• The study demonstrated the potential of the system for engraving and cutting various
materials, including plastic, wood, and leather.
• A key outcome was showing how affordable laser systems could meet the demands of
small-scale production without high investment.

11 | P a g e
3.1 Outcome of Literature Review

The literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of various low-cost,

microcontroller-based laser cutting and engraving systems. The key outcomes of the review
are summarized below:

1. Affordability and Cost-Effectiveness

• Several studies focused on developing low-cost laser cutters by using Arduino-

based control systems instead of expensive proprietary controllers.
• Machines designed in these studies significantly reduce the cost compared to
commercial laser engravers while maintaining essential functionalities.
• The use of open-source hardware and software further reduces costs and increases
accessibility for hobbyists, small businesses, and educational institutions.

2. Use of Microcontrollers for Motion and Laser Control

• The Arduino platform (Nano, Uno, Mega) is widely used for controlling the laser
module and stepper motors for precise motion.
• CNC technology is integrated with Arduino for G-code interpretation and motion
control, making these systems flexible and customizable.
• Some studies incorporated GRBL firmware, an open-source motion control
software, to enhance compatibility with existing CNC and laser engraving software.

3. Laser Module Power and Material Compatibility

• Most studies used laser diodes ranging from 500 mW to 10 W, depending on the
intended application.
• Lower-powered lasers (1 W – 3 W) are suitable for engraving and light cutting on
materials like wood, leather, paper, and acrylic.
• Higher-powered lasers (5 W – 10 W) provide deeper engraving and effective
cutting for thicker materials and thin metals.
• The ability to adjust laser intensity and speed helps optimize cutting and engraving
performance for different materials.

4. Mechanical and Structural Design

12 | P a g e
 • Portable and desktop-sized machines were prioritized over large industrial laser
cutters, making them suitable for home workshops, educational settings, and small
businesses.
• The use of aluminium frames, acrylic sheets, and 3D-printed components provided
a balance between durability and cost-efficiency.
• X-Y motion control systems using stepper motors and belt-driven mechanisms
ensure precise movement of the laser head.
• Some studies explored Z-axis control for autofocus and better depth precision.

5. Software and Control Systems

• The integration of open-source software such as LaserGRBL, LightBurn, and

Inkscape was common in most studies.
• Custom software solutions were developed in some cases for improved G-code
generation and user-friendly operation.
• Systems were tested with various input file formats (SVG, DXF, JPG, PNG) to
support diverse design applications.

6. Precision, Accuracy, and Calibration

• The performance of these machines was tested for engraving precision, repeatability,
and edge quality on different materials.
• Stepper motor-based control with microstepping drivers (A4988, DRV8825)
improved engraving resolution and cutting accuracy.
• Some studies incorporated auto-homing and limit switches to improve machine
calibration and accuracy.

7. Scalability and Expandability

• Many studies emphasized modular designs that allow future upgrades, such as
higher-power laser modules, rotary attachments, or larger work areas.
• Open-source platforms enable users to modify hardware and software based on their
specific needs, making these systems highly adaptable.
• The potential for higher-precision cutting and more complex designs was explored
in studies that used more advanced laser modules and additional motion axes.

13 | P a g e
8. Applications and Usability

• The reviewed systems were tested in various real-world applications, including:

o Small-scale manufacturing and prototyping
o DIY and hobbyist projects
o Educational demonstrations in engineering and design programs
o Personalized engraving for small businesses (e.g., custom jewelry, signage,
leather goods)
• Studies confirmed that these machines are ideal for individuals and startups looking
for affordable and efficient laser engraving solutions.

9. Challenges and Limitations

• Limited cutting capabilities on thick materials due to low-power laser modules.

• Manual focus adjustment in some models, requiring additional calibration effort.
• Slower engraving speeds compared to high-end commercial laser cutters.
• Safety concerns related to laser exposure and lack of proper enclosures in some DIY
models.
• Power limitations when engraving metal surfaces, often requiring pre-coating
techniques to improve results.

10. Future Scope and Improvements

• Integration of higher-powered CO₂ lasers for improved cutting efficiency on metals

and thick materials.
• Implementation of automatic focus adjustment for improved ease of use.
• Wireless connectivity and touchscreen interfaces for better user control and
convenience.
• Enhanced cooling systems to prevent laser module overheating and improve
longevity.
• AI-based image processing and real-time monitoring to optimize engraving results.

14 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 4
CO ORDERINATE MECHANISM

4.1 Working
Two-axis, desktop CNC laser engraver machine and using free open source
software (FOSS) for design, computer aided manufacturing for G- and M-code
generation, and for CNC machining with Arduino microcontroller-based multi-axis
motion control. Respective with 2 axis-NEMA -17 stepper motors and TB-6600
drivers were connected with microcontroller. Interfacing Arduino with software
LASER Grbl which itself generates G-code with respect to image. During
Simulation, Arduino signals applied to stepper motor driver and according to
changes in position and location as per the commands laser starts to engrave the
images on given object. The object may be all non- Metallic materials like wood,
foam, plastic, rubber, paper.

4.2 Hardware Tools

The outline the hardware design of a low-cost engraving machine that uses
Aluminum (AL) profiles. Engraving machines are widely used in various industries,
including manufacturing, prototyping, and crafts, to carve patterns, text, and designs
on various materials. By utilizing aluminum profiles, this design offers a cost-
effective, versatile, and robust solution suitable for small businesses or DIY
enthusiasts. The following sections describe the key hardware components required
for this low-cost engraving machine.
One of the key factors in designing a low-cost engraving machine using aluminum
profiles is the use of standardized components. Using commonly available, off-the-
shelf parts ensures that the design remains feasible, easily assembled, and cost-
effective. Additionally, it simplifies the sourcing of parts, reduces the cost of
manufacturing, and ensures the availability of replacement parts if needed.

In addition to the low-cost hardware components used to build an engraving

machine, enclosure is an essential part of the design that protects both the user and
the machine components. Typically, enclosures are made from materials like metal
or acrylic, but PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) is an increasingly popular and sustainable
alternative. By utilizing recycled PVC material for the enclosure, it is possible to

15 | P a g e
reduce costs, promote sustainability, and still provide adequate protection for the
machine.

This section outlines the benefits, methods, and considerations for using recycled
PVC as the enclosure material for a low-cost engraving machine.

a. Aluminium Profiles (Frame)

• Standard Parts: T-slot aluminium profiles

• Reason for Standardization: These profiles are widely available and can be easily cut,
assembled, and adjusted for different designs. T-slot systems allow for flexibility in
attaching other components, like motors, rails, and brackets, without the need for custom
fabrication. These profiles are compatible with a wide range of corner brackets and
connectors.

Figure 4.2.a Aluminum Profiles

b. Timing Belt

• A timing belt is an essential component of many mechanical systems, including CNC

machines and engraving machines. It plays a key role in the transmission of motion,
enabling precise and reliable movement of the machine’s components. In a low-cost
engraving machine, using a timing belt offers a cost -effective and efficient solution for
transferring rotary motion from the motor to the moving parts.

Figure 4.2 b Timing belt

16 | P a g e
c. Step Motors and Drivers

• Standard Parts: NEMA 17 stepper motors, A4988 or DRV8825 motor drivers.

• Reason for Standardization: Stepper motors are the most common choice for CNC
machines due to their accuracy and reliability. NEMA 17 motors are a widely used
standard in the industry, and their drivers are inexpensive and readily available. This
standardization allows for easy control of the machine's movement, and the parts can be
found from multiple suppliers worldwide.

Figure 4.2 c Step motors & drives

17 | P a g e
 The stepper driver supports speed and direction control. You can set its micro step
and output current with 6 DIP switch. There are 7 kinds of micro steps (1, 2 / A, 2 /
B, 4, 8, 16,32) and 8 kinds of current control (0.5A, 1A, 1.5A, 2A, 2.5A, 2.8A, 3.0A,
3.5A) in all. And all signal terminals adopt high-speed opt coupler isolation,
enhancing its anti-high- frequency interference ability.

i. Rated Voltage: 12 V DC

ii. Current: 1.2 A at 4 V

iii. Step Angle: 1.8 degrees

iv. No. of Phases: 4

v. Motor Length: 1.54 inches

vi. 4-wire, 8 inch lead

vii. 200 steps per revolution,1.8 degree

viii. Operating Temperature: (-10 to 40) °C

MOTOR DRIVER-TB 6600

1. Operating voltage 2. 9 – 42 V

3. Max output current 4. 4.5 A per phase, 5.0 A peak1

5. Micro step resolution 6. full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/162

Table 4.1 Motor Driver Specification

d. Laser Module

• A 1.6W laser module is a compact device that delivers 10 watts of laser power for
engraving, cutting, and marking various materials such as wood, acrylic, leather,
and even some metals. These laser modules typically use diode laser technology,
which provides a high degree of precision, making them ideal for hobbyists, small
businesses, and DIY projects. The 10W power rating indicates the strength of the
laser, which influences the cutting speed, engraving quality, and material
compatibility.

18 | P a g e
 S. No. Power (W) Can Engrave

1 0.5 W Paper
2 1W Paper, Invitation Cards
3 2 W to 5 W Woods, Clothes
4 15 W Stones
5 20 W Steel plate

Table 4.2 Laser module can engrave

Figure 4.2 d Laser module

e. Power Supply

• Standard Parts: 12V, 15A, power supplies. Reason for Standardization: Power
supplies of specific voltages (12V or 24V) are commonly available for a variety
of CNC machines, 3D printers, and engraving systems. The power ratings are
standardized, so users can easily find a suitable power source based on their
motor and spindle needs.
• SMPS 12V 15A is used for the power supply

19 | P a g e
 Figure 4.2 e Power supply

f. Controller and Software

• Standard Parts: Arduino microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno or Mega), GRBL

firmware, and control software (e.g., Universal Gcode Sender or CNCjs).
• Reason for Standardization: Arduino boards are standard in the DIY CNC and
engraving machine community. They are inexpensive, easy to program, and
widely supported. GRBL is an open-source, well-documented firmware that
runs on Arduino, enabling precise motion control. The software that interfaces
with the machine (e.g., UGS or CNC) is free and widely used by hobbyists and
small businesses, making the system easily accessible and affordable.

Figure 4.2 f Controller & software

20 | P a g e
 g. Arduino Board

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328, It has 14 digital
input/output pins, 6 analog input, a 16 MHZ crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
powerjack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. The Uno differ from all preceding
boards in thatit does not use the FTDI USB to serial driver chip. UNO” means one in
Italian and is namedto mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards and reference model for Arduino platform. The
Arduino Uno can power via the USB connection or with external power supply.
External power can come either from an AC to DC
adapter or battery

Figure 4.2 g Arduino Board

The software that we are using here is Laser GRBL GRBL Software:

▪ GRBL is open-source software that runs on Arduino Uno that takes G-code

commands via Serial and turns the commands into motor signals.

▪ GRBL source code is added to Arduino library and Arduino IDE is used to flash

GRBL directly to the Arduino board.

▪ GRBL Controller is software that is designed to send G-code to CNC machines,

such as 3D milling machines.

▪ It just needs to give the user a nice way to get command down to whatever controller

they are using. GRBL

Controller is written using the Qt cross platform libraries.

▪ It also gets some help from the Next Serial Port library to simplify choosing

21 | P a g e
 thecorrect USB serial port.

h. Fasteners and Brackets

• Standard Parts: T-slot nuts, screws, corner brackets, and connectors.

• Reason for Standardization: T-slot nuts and screws are commonly used in the
assembly of aluminium profile structures, and they are available in a variety of
sizes. This standardization allows easy assembly and adjustment without the
need for custom-fabricated parts. Corner brackets and other connectors are also
standardized, making it easier to mount components like motors and rails.

• Allen screws, also known as hex socket screws or hex head screws, are a type
of screw that features a hexagonal (6-sided) recess in the head, designed to be
driven using an Allen wrench (or hex key). These screws are commonly used in
various mechanical, automotive, and construction applications because they
provide a secure and efficient way to fasten components without the need for a
traditional screwdriver.

Figure 4.2 h Fasteners

i. Benefits of Using Standard Parts

Using standard parts in the construction of a low-cost engraving machine offers

several key benefits:

• Cost Savings: Standard parts are mass-produced, which lowers their price
compared to custom-made components.
• Availability: Standard parts are easily accessible from multiple suppliers,
ensuring that parts are readily available when needed.

22 | P a g e
• Ease of Assembly: The use of modular components, such as T-slot aluminium
profiles and standardized stepper motors, simplifies the assembly process and
allows for easy customization and modification of the machine.
• Compatibility: Standardized components, like the Arduino microcontroller and
GRBL firmware, ensure compatibility between hardware and software. This
reduces the complexity of the design and provides a well-supported ecosystem
for hobbyists and small businesses.
• Scalability: The use of standardized components makes it easier to scale the
design for different purposes. For example, upgrading the machine’s size or
capabilities is possible by simply changing the profile size or upgrading the
spindle and motors to higher-performance models.
• Maintenance: Standard parts are easier to replace and maintain due to their
widespread availability, reducing downtime in case of failure.

j. Brackets for Laser Engravers

• Brackets are essential components in laser engraving machines, particularly

when mounting and positioning the laser module (such as a 1.6W diode laser)
onto the machine's frame. These brackets help ensure that the laser is securely
attached and remain aligned with the engraving surface during operation.
Properly designed brackets are crucial for stability, precision, and safety.

1. Slide or Rail Brackets:

• These are more sophisticated brackets that allow the laser module to slide or
move along a rail. They are designed to adjust the laser’s position along a
specific axis.
• Applications: Common in advanced CNC or laser engraving machines that
require more flexibility in positioning the laser.

2. Laser Head Module Brackets:

• Laser Head Bracket: This type of bracket mounts directly onto the laser head,
which houses the laser diode and lens. It may also feature a cooling system for
the diode.

23 | P a g e
 • Module Bracket: A module-style bracket can be a simple mounting point that
holds the laser in place while allowing for integration with a cooling system or
other accessories.

k. Enclosure

• Using PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) to create an enclosure for a laser engraver is a

practical, cost-effective approach for hobbyists or small-scale operations. PVC
is a versatile, durable, and easily
• machine able material that can help provide safety, dust containment, and noise
reduction for laser engraving machines, including those with a 10W laser
module.
• In this guide, we will go over the benefits, design considerations, and the process
of making a laser engraver enclosure from PVC.

Figure 4.2 i Enclosure

l. Cable Drag Chain

• A CNC Machine Nylon Cable Drag Chain Wire Carrier is an essential

component used in CNC machines and various automated systems. These drag
chains (also known as cable carriers or wire carriers) are designed to protect and
guide cables, hoses, or wires while allowing for smooth movement during
operation
• Made from durable nylon, Open design allows easy insertion and removal of
cables and hoses.
• Individual links can be added or removed to adjust the chain length based on
your specific machine or system.

24 | P a g e
 Figure 4.2 j Cable drag chain

m. V-wheels

• A V-wheel (short for "V-groove wheel") is a wheel with a V-shaped groove along
the edge, which allows it to run smoothly along a V-shaped rail or track. This design
provides several benefits such as improved stability, precision, and durability.

• The wheel features a V-shaped groove around its circumference, which allows it to
track along a matching V-shaped rail or track.
• This groove ensures that the wheel stays securely on the rail, preventing it from
slipping off, even under load or high-speed movement.

Figure 4.2 k V-Wheel

25 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 5
ROTARY FOR LASER ENGRAVING AND MECHANISM

5.1 List of Components

Mechanical Components:

1. Frame Base – Provides structural support and stability.

2. High-Friction Rollers – Ensures smooth rotation of cylindrical objects.
3. Adjustable Support Brackets – Holds the rollers and allows height adjustment.
4. End Plates – Side support plates that hold the structure together.
5. Linear Guide Rails – Helps in smooth movement along the engraving axis.
6. Knobs & Fasteners – Used for securing adjustable components.
7. Bearing Mounts – Provides support and smooth rotation for rollers.
8. Roller Shafts – Connects the rollers to the frame and motor for rotation.
9. Object Support Grooves – Notches on the side plates for positioning different
object sizes.

Electrical Components:

10. Stepper Motor – Drives the rotation of rollers for engraving.

11. Pulley & Timing Belt System – Transfers motion from the stepper motor to the
rollers.
12. Motor Mounting Bracket – Secures the stepper motor to the frame.
13. Wiring & Connectors – Provides electrical connections to the motor and controller.

Figure 5.1 Rotary module

26 | P a g e
5.2 Working Principle and Functional

1. Setup and Preparation

• Mounting the Assembly:

The rotary roller assembly is securely mounted on the laser engraver’s workbed using
bolts or clamps to ensure stability during operation.
• Connecting the Stepper Motor:

The stepper motor is connected to the engraver's control board or microcontroller (e.g.,
Arduino or CNC Shield) through wiring and connectors. The motor driver regulates the
motor’s movement based on software commands.
• Software Configuration:

G-code processing software like LightBurn, LaserGRBL, or GRBL is configured to

control both the laser movement and the rotation of the object. The software parameters
are set according to the object’s dimensions and material type.

2. Working Principle

• Object Placement:

• The cylindrical object (e.g., glass, bottle, pen) is placed between the high-friction rollers.
• Adjustable support brackets are used to align the object, ensuring it is centered and stable.
• Motor Activation and Rotation:

• The stepper motor is activated, initiating rotation of the rollers through the pulley and
timing belt system.
• The motor operates in precise steps, allowing controlled and consistent rotation.
• Laser and Roller Synchronization:

• The laser head moves along the X-axis (horizontal), while the rollers rotate the object
along the Y-axis (rotational).
• G-code instructions synchronize these movements to engrave patterns or text accurately
onto the curved surface.
• The rotation speed and laser movement are adjusted based on the object’s diameter to
maintain proper engraving proportions

3. Engraving Process Execution

• Laser Operation:

27 | P a g e
• The laser beam is adjusted for power and speed according to the material (e.g., lower
power for glass, higher for metal).
• As the object rotates, the laser marks the surface, creating the design.
• Dynamic Adjustment:

• For tapered objects (like wine glasses), the roller height or position can be adjusted to
maintain consistent engraving.
• Limit switches (optional) can be used to prevent over-rotation and to enhance safety.
• Cooling and Debris Management:

• Depending on the material, air assist or cooling fans can be used to disperse debris and
prevent overheating.

4. Completion and post-processing

• Process Termination:

• The software completes the G-code commands, and the motor stops rotating.
• Object Removal:

• The engraved object is carefully removed from the rollers.

• Inspection ensures the engraving is as per the desired design.
• Post-Processing (Optional):

• Cleaning with alcohol or water (for glass and metal) to remove residue.
• Applying protective coatings or paint fills to enhance visibility and durability of the
engraving.

Key Functional Features

• Precision Control:

• Stepper motors provide precise rotation, allowing detailed engravings.

• Adjustable Roller System:

• Rollers can be repositioned to accommodate different object sizes and shapes.

• Software Integration:

• Compatible with popular engraving software, offering various design options.

• Versatility:

• Suitable for a wide range of materials including glass, metal, wood, acrylic, and leather.
• Safety Features:

• Optional limit switches and emergency stop buttons for enhanced safety.

28 | P a g e
Applications

• Personalized Gifts:

• Engraving names, logos, and designs on drinkware, pens, and bottles.

• Commercial Branding:

• Customizing corporate merchandise like water bottles and mugs.

• Industrial Marking:

• Serial numbers, barcodes, and safety labels on metal parts and tools.
• Creative Arts:

• Intricate designs on candles, ceramics, and glassware.

29 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 6

ELECTRONICS HARDWARE AND COMPONENTS

6.1 Hardware and Its Functions

The key electronics hardware components of a laser engraving machine include:

Component Function
Laser Module Emits a focused laser beam for engraving/cutting materials.
Stepper Motors (NEMA 17) Moves the laser head along the X and Y axes and rotates cylindrical
objects in a rotary module.
Motor Drivers (A4988, Controls the stepper motors and ensures smooth movement.
DRV8825, TB6600)
Arduino Uno / Mega The microcontroller that processes G-code and controls motor
movement.
CNC Shield Provides motor driver connections and simplifies wiring.
Power Supply (12V/24V, 5A) Powers the Arduino, motors, and laser module.
Limit Switches Detects end positions and prevents over-travel of moving parts.
Cooling Fans / Heat Sink Prevents overheating of the laser module and electronic components.
LCD Display (Optional) Provides a visual interface to monitor settings.

Table 6.1Hardware and its functions

1. Laser Module

• Function: Generates a high-intensity beam to engrave or cut materials.

Power Options: 1.6w (higher power cuts deeper).
Features: Adjustable focus, air cooling, and TTL control for power modulation.

2. Stepper Motors (NEMA 17)

• Function: Moves the laser head along X/Y axes and rotates objects in rotary
engraving.
Precision: 1.8° per step (200 steps per revolution).
Requires a motor driver for controlled movement.

30 | P a g e
3. Motor Drivers (A4988, DRV8825, TB6600)

• Function: Controls current and speed of stepper motors.

Features: Micro stepping (1/16, 1/32 steps) for smooth motion.

4. Arduino Uno / Mega (GRBL Controller)

• Function: Processes G-code commands and controls motor movement.

Runs GRBL firmware, an open-source motion control program.
Interfaces with the CNC shield and PC software (LaserGRBL, LightBurn).

5. CNC Shield

• Function: A plug-and-play interface for stepper motor drivers.

Simplifies wiring of motor drivers, limit switches, and the laser module.

6. Power Supply (12V / 15A)

• Function: Supplies power to the laser module, motors, and Arduino.

Voltage depends on the laser power (e.g., 12V for 1.6W lasers, 24V for 40W+ lasers)

6.2 Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram shows the connections between the Arduino, CNC shield, motor drivers,
stepper motors, laser module, power supply,

Basic Wiring Overview:

1. Arduino Uno / Mega runs GRBL firmware.

2. CNC Shield connects to motor drivers (A4988, DRV8825, or TB6600).
3. Stepper Motors connect to the CNC Shield via motor drivers.
4. Laser Module is connected to the PWM (TTL) output of the Arduino.
5. Limit Switches connect to the X, Y, and Z-axis input pins.
6. Power Supply (12V/24V) powers the Arduino, laser module, and motors.

31 | P a g e
Figure 6.1 circuit diagram

32 | P a g e
 Chapter 7
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

7.1 Software Description (LaserGRBL)

1. Introduction to LaserGRBL

LaserGRBL is a free and open-source software specifically developed for GRBL-based

laser engravers. It translates text, images, and vector files into G-code and sends the
engraving instructions to the Arduino microcontroller. It is widely used due to its ease of
use, real-time control, and high compatibility with various engraving machines.

2. Key Features of LaserGRBL

• G-Code Sender – Converts text, images, and vectors into machine-readable G-code.
Real-time Engraving Control – Adjusts speed, power, and laser position while engraving.
Image to G-Code Conversion – Supports JPG, PNG, and BMP files for engraving.
GRBL Compatibility – Works with Arduino-based CNC controllers running GRBL
firmware.
Adjustable Laser Power – Uses PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to control laser
intensity.
Manual Control Mode – Allows manual movement of stepper motors before engraving.
Optimized for High-Speed Engraving – Can increase engraving speed without loss of
precision.

3. Supported File Formats in LaserGRBL

Image Files – JPG, PNG, BMP (converted into grayscale for engraving).
Vector Files – SVG, DXF (converted into line paths for precision engraving).
G-Code Files – .nc, .gcode (pre-generated G-code files can be loaded).

4. Workflow of LaserGRBL

The engraving process in LaserGRBL follows a structured workflow to ensure precision

and efficiency.

Step 1: Load Image or Vector File

33 | P a g e
 • Open LaserGRBL and import a JPG, PNG, BMP, or DXF file.
• Adjust the image contrast, brightness, and engraving depth if needed.

Step 2: Convert Image to G-Code

• Define the engraving parameters such as speed, laser power, and resolution.
• Choose the engraving mode (Line-to-Line, Dot Mode, Vector Mode).
• LaserGRBL converts the file into G-code commands.

Step 3: Send G-Code to Arduino (GRBL Controller)

• The G-code is transmitted to the Arduino microcontroller via a USB connection.

• The Arduino interprets the G-code and controls the stepper motors and laser module.

Step 4: Engraving Execution

• The X and Y-axis stepper motors move the laser head according to the G-code path.
• The laser module is turned ON/OFF and its power is adjusted via PWM signals.
• The engraving is performed layer by layer with high accuracy.

7.2 Hardware Interface (Arduino and LaserGRBL)

1. Role of Arduino in Laser Engraving

Arduino Uno / Mega serves as the brain of the laser engraver. It runs GRBL firmware, an
open-source CNC control system that processes G-code commands from LaserGRBL and
sends appropriate signals to:

Stepper Motors (X & Y Axis) – Moves the laser head in a precise path.
Motor Drivers (A4988 / DRV8825) – Controls the stepper motor movement.
Laser Module – Adjusts power levels for engraving or cutting using PWM signals.

2. Hardware Components and Their Key Functions

Component Function
Arduino Uno / Mega Processes G-code from LaserGRBL and controls stepper
motors & laser.

34 | P a g e
 GRBL Firmware Converts G-code into motion control signals.
CNC Shield Connects motor drivers, laser module, and stepper motors
to Arduino.
Stepper Motors (NEMA 17) Moves the laser module along X and Y axes for engraving.
Motor Drivers (A4988, Controls the speed and movement of stepper motors.
DRV8825)
Laser Module Emits a high-intensity laser beam for engraving/cutting
materials.
Power Supply (12V / 15A) Provides power to the motors, laser module, and
controller.

Table 7.1 Hardware Components and Their Key Functions

3. Communication Between LaserGRBL and Arduino

Step1: LaserGRBL transmits G-code to the Arduino via USB.

Step2: The Arduino running GRBL firmware interprets the G-code.
Step3: Signals are sent to the stepper motors via the CNC shield and motor drivers.
Step4: The laser module is controlled through PWM signals, adjusting power and
intensity.
Step 5: The machine follows the engraving path precisely, executing the G-code
instructions.

4. GRBL Firmware for Arduino

GRBL is the firmware installed on Arduino Uno / Mega that enables it to function as a CNC
motion controller. It translates G-code commands from LaserGRBL into motor control
signals.

Features of GRBL Firmware

Supports real-time laser power control using PWM.

Handles stepper motor movement with precision.
Compatible with LaserGRBL for smooth operation.
Provides homing and limit switch support (if used).
Optimized for high-speed engraving without loss of accuracy.

35 | P a g e
Figure 7.1 Arduino - Computer Interface

Figure 7.2 COM Port Selection

36 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 8
LASER MODULE OPERATION

8.1 Procedures of Operation

1. Right click on the Laser Grbl icon and Open the software.

Figure 8.1 Opening the Laser GRBL Software

2. Then, Click on File in menu bar and select Open to Import the image for engraving.

Figure 8.2 Opening the file

37 | P a g e
3. Browse and select the Grayscale (for better tracing) image which you want to engraveon the
work piece material.

Figure 8.3 browsing the image

4. After selecting the image, click on Open to Import the image to software.

Figure 8.4 Importing the Image

38 | P a g e
5. After importing image, change the Parameters for better tracing (based on image).
• Select Smooth (HQ Bicubic) from parameters.

• Enable B&W for better tracing and Line Preview to visualize the image.

• Choose Line to Line tracing from conversion Tool.

• For Direction select Horizontal.

• Increase the Quality of line based on tracing image. Then, click on Next

Figure 8.5 Changing settings in Parameter

39 | P a g e
6. In Target image,

• Change the Engraving speed 1000 mm/min and Jogging Speed 4000 mm/min.

• Change Laser ON M3 and Laser OFF M5.

• Change S-MIN to 0 and S-MAX to 255.

• Change the image Size and Position as per requirement (Max 100x100mm).

• After changing settings click on Create to Generate G-code for traced image.

Figure 8.6 Changing settings in Target image.

40 | P a g e
7. After the generation of G-code, the traced image is turned into the Red lines (G-codepoints)as
show in the figure below:

Figure 8.7 Traced Image to G-code lines

8. Then, Connecting Laser GRBL with Arduino. For that choose the correct Com Port.

Figure 8.8 Choosing the Com Port

41 | P a g e
9. After choosing the Com Port, Connect the Laser GRBL with Arduino by Click on

Connect Symbol next to Baud rate.

Figure 8.9 Connecting Arduino with Laser GRBL

10. After connecting with Arduino, Bring the Axes to Home position by Jogging using the
Green arrows in bottom corner of left hand side. For jogging you can adjust the speed
andpulse rate by increasing the level. After reached the home position, reconnect the
Arduinoto reset home position. Click on Run Symbol to run the program from home
position.

Figure 8.10 Running the program

The G-code for the above image is available here Lakshmi Image G-CODE

42 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 9
DESIGN AND DATASHEETS

9.1 2D and 3D Design

43 | P a g e
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A

20.0

32.0

44.0

56.0

68.0

80.0

92.0
0.0
8.0
21.0

B B
C3
A5A6A7A8A9A10 A11

60.0
22.0 A2 A4 C2
B1 B2 C1

26.0
23.0

Y
C A3 C
A1
0

8.1
X
21.0 R2.5 2.0
TYP R5.0
17.8 88.1
TYP
124.0

D D
TAG X LOC Y LOC SIZE
A1 5.5 7.5 3.20 THRU
A2 5.5 38.5 3.20 THRU
A3 36.5 7.5 3.20 THRU
A4 36.5 38.5 3.20 THRU
A5 56 47 3.20 THRU
A6 62 47 3.20 THRU NOTE:1.ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
E A7 68 47 3.20 THRU 2.UNSPECIFIED RADIUS IS 0.5 mm E
A8 74 47 3.20 THRU Material:
This drawing and any information or Description:
A9 80 47 3.20 THRU
descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6 are used for educational purpose and
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE ADJUSTABLE PLATE-2
A10 86 47 3.20 THRU
Finish:
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
A11 92 47 3.20 THRU Unless Otherwise Stated:
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15'
TECHNOLOGY
Document Type: PRADYUMNA 01/01/25
All Dimensions: mm
B1 52 34 5.40 THRU PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
1:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust® RBK
B2 72 34 5.40 THRU Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In
Jyothy Institute of Technology
Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
C1 86 36 5.00 THRU Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering 11
F Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision: F
C2 110 41.5 5.00 THRU THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,

A3 00
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
JT-ME-PJ-2024-11 1 of 1
C3 110 53.5 5.00 THRU
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A
5.0 7.0

6.5
R2.5
B B

DETAIL A
SCALE 2 : 1

110.0
20.0

32.0

44.0

56.0

68.0

80.0

92.0
0.0
8.0

C C

60.0
A1 A2 TAG X LOC Y LOC SIZE
A1 52 34 5.40 THRU
A2 72 34 5.40 THRU

2.0
B1 56 47 3.20 THRU
Y
D B2 62 47 3.20 THRU D
0 X B3 68 47 3.20 THRU
17.8 88.1 2.0 B4 74 47 3.20 THRU
R5.0
124.0 typ B5 80 47 3.20 THRU
B6 86 47 3.20 THRU
B7 92 47 3.20 THRU
C1 110 41.50 5.00 THRU
E C2 110 53.50 5.00 THRU E
Material: This drawing and any information or Description:
descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6 are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE
ADJUSTABLE PLATE
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
Unless Otherwise Stated: written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15'
All Dimensions: mm Document Type: PRADYUMNA 01/01/25
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
1:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology
RBK
NOTE:1.ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm Approx Weight:
Kg
Drawing Produced In
Accordance With: ASME Y14.5
Tataguni, off Kanakapura road,
Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Part Number:
10
F Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Revision: F
2.UNSPECIFIED RADIUS IS 0.5 mm
Drawing Number: Sheet:

A3
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National JT-ME-PJ-2024-10 1 of 1 00
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A

B B

C C
20.00

40.00

D D

40.00
E NOTE:ALL DIMENSTIONS ARE IN mm E
Material: This drawing and any information or Description:
descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6 are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE
Al EXTRSION
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
Unless Otherwise Stated: written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Design / Drawn by: Drawn Date:
TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15'
All Dimensions: mm Document Type: PRADYUMNA 25/11/2024
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale: Jyothy Charitable Trust®
RBK
1:1 Jyothy Institute of Technology
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
001/fx
F Projection Method: Sheet Size:
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision: F
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,

A3
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National
JT-ME-PJ-2024-12 1 of 1 00
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4

R2.0X4

60.0
C
3.0

2.0
7.0 12.0 M3 X2

NOTE:ALL DIMENSTIONS ARE IN mm E

Material: This drawing and any information or Description:

descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6 are used for educational purpose and
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST BUTT
Finish: NOT BE
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part (FOR ROTARY ROLLER)
BLACK ANODISED or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF
Design/Drawn by: Drawn Date:
Unless Otherwise Stated: TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15'
All Dimensions: mm
Document Type: PRADYUMNA 25/11/2024
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
2:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology
RBK
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering 002/fx F
Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision:

A4
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National
JT-ME-Pj-2024-fx-AL-002 1 of 1 00
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A R3.00 12.00 7.00 A

TYP

B B
40.00

70.00

76.00
C C

R1.60
TYP

D D

5.00X2

3.00
0.50 25.00
R6.00X2

E E
Material: This drawing and any information or Description:
descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6 are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE GLADE PLATE
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
Unless Otherwise Stated:
PRADYUMNA 01/01/25
TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15' Document Type:
All Dimensions: mm
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
2:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology RBK
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
21
F Projection Method: Sheet Size:
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision: F
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,

A3 JT-ME-PJ-2024-21 00
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National 1 of 1
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A

B B

0.90 0.90
C 12.00 C
20.0

5.00
7.00
5.00
143.00 22.00
2.00
D 2.00 D

NOTE:- ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

E E
Material: This drawing and any information or Description:
descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6
ROLLER
are used for educational purpose and
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
Finish: NOT BE
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
BLACK ANODISED or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
Unless Otherwise Stated:
PRADYUMNA 01/01/25
TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15' Document Type:
All Dimensions: mm
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
1:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology
RBK
Approx Weight: Part Number:
20
Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road,
Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering
F Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision: F
A3
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National JT-ME-PJ-2024-20 1 of 1 00
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4

R8.8 10.00

30.6
5.00

21.80 4.80

Material: This drawing and any information or Description:

descriptive material set out on it
AL 6061-T6 are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE SUPPORTER FOR ROLLER
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
Unless Otherwise Stated: written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
PRADYUMNA 01/01/25
TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15' Document Type:
All Dimensions: mm
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
2:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology RBK
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
24
Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082

Projection Method: Sheet Size:

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision:
F
A4
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,

00
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National JT-ME-PJ-2024-24 1 of 1
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A

7 5

B B
3

6
C C

D ITEM NO. Description QTY.

D
2 1 M5_washer 2
2 v-slot-wheel-24mm 2
3 glage Support glable 2
4 Hexagon Nut - M5 2
5 Support Plate 1
6 M5 x 20 2
7 Support glable 1
E E
Material: This drawing and any information or Description:
descriptive material set out on it
are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE
SUPPORT GLADE ASSY
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
Unless Otherwise Stated:
4 1 Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15'
TECHNOLOGY
Document Type: PRADYUMNA 25/11/2024
All Dimensions: mm
ASSY DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
2:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology RBK
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
17
F Projection Method: Sheet Size:
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision: F
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,
00
A3 JT-ME-PJ-2024-17
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National 1 of 1
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A A

B B

2
3

C C

D D
ITEM NO. PART NUMBER QTY.
1 Hexagon Nut M5 4
1 2 Pulley 1
3 Roller 1
4 Support plate 2

E E
Material: This drawing and any information or Description:
descriptive material set out on it
are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE ROLLER ASSY
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
Unless Otherwise Stated: TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15'
All Dimensions: mm Document Type: PRADYUMNA 01/01/25
ASSY. DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
1:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology
RBK
Approx Weight: Part Number:
19
Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road,
Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering
F Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision: F
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,

A3
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.
JT-ME-PJ-2024-19 1 of 1 00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1 2 3 4

R8.9
TYP B
10.0

17.0

43.6
12.0

D
8.9 4.8
17.7

Material: This drawing and any information or Description:

AL 6061 T6 descriptive material set out on it
are used for educational purpose and

Finish:
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE SUPPORT ROLLER 2
DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF Drawn by: Drawn Date:
Unless Otherwise Stated:
PRADYUMNA 25/11/2024
TECHNOLOGY
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15' Document Type:
All Dimensions: mm
PART DRAWING Checked/Approved by: Checked/Approved Date:
Drawing Scale:
1:1
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology
RBK
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road, Part Number:
Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering 16 F
Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision:

A4
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
JT-ME-PJ-20 24-016
University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.
1 of 1 00
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A A

B B

105
C C

D D

201

E E

105

F F

G G

Material: This drawing and any information or Description:

descriptive material set out on it
are used for educational purpose and
of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and MUST
NOT BE FIXTURE FOR CYLINDRICAL OBJECT
Finish: DISCLOSED, COPIED, LOANED in whole or part
or used for any purpose without the
written permission of JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF
Unless Otherwise Stated: TECHNOLOGY Drawn by: Drawn Date:
P.KASHYAP/PAVAN 15-10-2024
Assy. Drawing
Linear Tol.: 0.2, Angular Tol.: 0 15' Document Type:
All Dimensions: mm Checked/Approved By: Checked/Approved Date:

Drawing Scale: RBK

H
NOTE:ANNEXURE-2 TITLE : FIXTURE FOR CYLINDRICAL OBJECT 1:1 H
Jyothy Charitable Trust®
Jyothy Institute of Technology
Approx Weight: Drawing Produced In Tataguni, off Kanakapura road,
Part Number:
Kg Accordance With: ASME Y14.5 Bengaluru-560082
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Projection Method: Sheet Size: Approved by The All India Council for Technical Drawing Number: Sheet: Revision:
THIRD ANGLE Education (AICTE) - New Delhi,

A2 Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological

University(VTU), BelagaviAccredited by National
Board of of Accreditation (NBA)-New Delhi.
JT-ME-Pj-2024-Assy-001 1 of 1 00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9.2 Datasheets

1. CV-Laser Module 24V 1.6W

Specifications:

• Laser Type: Semiconductor Diode

• Optical Power Output: 1.6W
• Wavelength: 450 ± 5 nm
• Operating Voltage: 12 DC
• Control Signal: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
• Focus: Fixed, with a fine spot size of 0.05–0.1 mm
• Compatibility: Designed for Creality Ender-3 S1 series 3D printers
• Safety Features: Equipped with a safety cover to prevent laser damage to eyes and skin;
includes a built-in air filter to absorb smoke and odors generated during engraving
• Lifespan: Over 10,000 hours of continuous use

Description:

The Creality 1.6W Laser Module is an upgrade designed to convert compatible 3D printers
into laser engravers. It offers high-precision engraving capabilities with a fine laser spot,
making it suitable for detailed work on various materials. The module features a fixed focus
for ease of use and includes safety measures such as a protective cover and air filtration
system. Its durable construction ensures a long operational life, providing users with a
reliable tool for engraving applications.

2 NEMA 17 Stepper Motor

Model: NEMA 17

Specifications:

• Step Angle: 1.8° per step (200 steps per revolution)

• Holding Torque: Varies by model; common values range from 40 to 60 N·cm
• Rated Voltage: Typically 12V DC
• Current per Phase: Ranges from 1.2A to 2.5A
• Resistance per Phase: Approximately 1.2Ω to 2.0Ω
• Inductance per Phase: Approximately 2.5mH to 4.5mH
• Number of Phases: 2
• Lead Wires: 4
• Dimensions: 42 x 42 mm faceplate; length varies by model
• Shaft Diameter: 5 mm.

65 | P a g e
Description:

The NEMA 17 Stepper Motor is widely used in applications requiring precise control of
movement, such as 3D printers and CNC machines. With a standard step angle of 1.8°, it
provides accurate positioning and smooth operation. The motor's holding torque and
electrical characteristics vary depending on the specific model, allowing users to select a
motor that best fits their performance requirements.

3 Power Supply Unit (12V 15A)

Specifications:

• Input Voltage: 110V/220V AC (selectable)

• Output Voltage: 12V DC
• Output Current: 15A
• Power Output: 180W
• Efficiency: >80%
• Ripple and Noise: ≤120mVp-p
• Voltage Adjustment Range: ±10%
• Protection Features: Overload, overvoltage, and short-circuit protection
• Cooling Method: Built-in cooling fan
• Dimensions: Approximately 215 x 115 x 50 mm
• Weight: Approximately 800 g

Description:

This 12V 15A Power Supply Unit is designed to provide stable DC power for various electronic
devices, including laser engraving machines and 3D printers. With a total output of 180W, it
can efficiently power components such as stepper motors and laser modules. The unit includes
multiple protection features to ensure safe operation and longevity. Its compact design and
built-in cooling fan make it suitable for integration into various equipment setups.

66 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 10
COMMERCIALS OF MATERIALS

Component Specification Adjusted Price (INR) Supplier/Source

Laser Module Creality 1.6W 450nm ₹7,000 Creality, AliExpress, Local
Blue Laser Dealer
Stepper Motors NEMA 17 (1.8°, ₹1,500 (₹750 x 2) Amazon India, eBay India
42mm)
Power Supply 12V 15A (180W) ₹1,500 MeanWell Distributors,
Local Shops
Arduino Board Clone Arduino Uno R3 ₹700 Amazon India, Local
Electronics
CNC Shield CNC Shield V3 for ₹500 Amazon India, Local
Arduino Electronics
Stepper Drivers A4988 (Budget Option) ₹500 (₹250 x 2) AliExpress, Amazon India
Timing Belt & Pulley GT2 Timing Belt & ₹700 Amazon India, Local Market
Pulleys
Rollers 3D-Printed or DIY ₹1,000 Custom Fabrication, Local
Rubber Rollers Stores
Frame & Brackets Laser-cut MDF or ₹1,900 Local Fabricators, Hardware
Aluminum Shops
Linear Rails & Budget MGN12 ₹1,200 Amazon India, Local
Bearings Alternative Suppliers
Wiring & Connectors Basic Power & Signal ₹400 Local Electronics Stores
Wires
Cooling System Basic Heat Sink (No ₹300 Amazon India, Local
Fan) Electronics
Software LaserGRBL (Free) ₹0 LaserGRBL Official Website
Safety Equipment Budget Laser Safety ₹500 Amazon India, Safety Stores
Glasses

Table 10.1 Bill of material

Total Estimated Cost: ₹17,700 (with a ₹1,300 buffer for unexpected expenses)

67 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 11
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

11.1 Results
The laser engraving machine was successfully designed and built within the allocated budget of
₹17,000 while maintaining high functionality and performance. The system was tested on various
materials, including wood, acrylic, and coated metals, demonstrating its ability to engrave fine details
with precision.

Performance Summary:

Engraving Accuracy ±0.1mm

Maximum Work Area 300mm x 300mm (Adjustable)
Supported Materials Wood, Acrylic, Leather, Anodized Aluminium
Software Compatibility LaserGRBL
Power Consumption 12V 15A (~180W)
Stepper Motor Efficiency Smooth motion with no overheating
Engraving Speed 500mm/min – 2000mm/min (adjustable)

Table 11.1 Performance summary

Test Cases and Observations:

• Wood Engraving: High contrast engraving with sharp lines. Minimal burn marks due to optimal laser
power settings.

• Acrylic Engraving: Clean, deep engravings without excessive melting. Smooth edges with
appropriate focus adjustment.

• Metal Surface (Anodized Aluminium): Sharp, permanent marks with high resolution. Requires lower
speed settings for deeper engraving.

• Repeatability Test: Multiple engravings on the same position showed minimal deviation (~0.1mm).

68 | P a g e
11.2 Conclusion

A two-axis vertical computer numerical control (CNC) laser engraver prototype using
off-the-shelf components, stepper motors with drivers, Arduino open-source
microcontroller and open-source motor control software is designed.
The project has significant scope for future improvements, e.g., increasing the size and
power of the laser engraver in a fairly straightforward manner with the same design,
addition of human machine interface (HMI) for ease of operation (e.g., using Raspberry
Piwith touchscreen display), extension of the design to sheet metal/metal tube engraving
withmuch higher power laser, fabrication of laser marking machine, and so on.

In many higher educational institutions in India (and other developing countries), due to
the high cost of commercial – often, imported – CNC machines, students’ exposure to
hands- on learning of CNC machining is limited to demonstrations by the lab technician
or programming for computer animation/simulation. By contrast, in developed countries
like the United States, many high schools and even middle schools provide hands-on
manufacturing education with CNC machines to their students. Luckily, the advent of
verylow-cost open-source hardware and free, open-source software (FOSS), along with
the ever-decreasing cost of materials, motors, sensors and microcontrollers has led to a
growing open-source lab development movement, including for building CNC machines.

69 | P a g e