PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - LECTURE

06_LANGUAGE IN THE WHOLE GAMUT OF the country. This language also has no
COMMUNUCATION historical development in these countries.
They also have no history in the colonisation
VARIETIES OF ENGLIGH by English speaking countries in the Inner
- A diaspora (/daɪˈæspərə/ dy-ASP-ər-ə) is a Circle. They learn English as a Foreign
population that is scattered across regions which Language or a third or fourth language due
are separate from its geographic place of origin. to the need for international affairs.
The word is used in reference to people who
identify with a specific geographic location, but Three Concentric Circles
currently reside elsewhere.

3 Main Factors that led to the spread of

English:
1. British Colonization/Colonialism
2. Industrial Revolution
3. English in terms of Education

⚫ Word Englishes (WE) or varieties of

English - localized varieties of English as Baustista and Gonzales (2006)
they are used or spoken in certain areas. - Structural characteristics of new varieties differ
⚫ “Three Concentric Circles of Asian brought about by the mother tongue (MT) or home
Englishes” - Kachru (1985) language.

1. The Inner Circle:

a) This is the circle that consists of
countries where English Language has Strength and Rhythm
played a traditional and original role. ⚫ Outer and Expanding Circle observe syllable-
This circle forms the traditional base of timed rhythm rather than stress-timed rhythm
English Language Speakers. ◼ Nigerians say ‘success for success and
Indians and Nigerians say recog’nize
2. Outer Circle: for ‘recognize.
a) This is the second level of English
speakers. They are very large in Pronunciation
population and have a great history of ⚫ Outer and Expanding Circle do not make a
the colonization process by the British. distinction between nouns and verbs in pairs
English is their official language and which inner circle observe.
their second language. ◼ ‘import and im’port
b) This is why they are called L2 (Bamgbose, 1992 & Gumperz, 1982a,
speakers of the language. English 1982b, as cited in Kachru& Nelson,
Language is not only for international 2006)
reasons, but they use the language in
their day-to-day activities and Sounds
interactions. ⚫ Outer and Expanding Circle do not observe
initial aspiration of voiceless plosives such p,
3. The Expanding Circle: t, k which are often perceived by the inner
a) They are very large in population, but circle as b, d, g.
do not speak English in their daily ⚫ Some speakers of Expanding Circle varieties,
interactions. English is not their as in the case of Japanese Speakers, do not
language, nor is it used generally within properly distinguish between r and l.
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 (Bamgbose, 1992 & Gumperz, 1982a, 1982b, Register
as cited in Kachru& Nelson, 2006) ⚫ A variety of language defined according to its
use in social situations e.g. a register of
Syntactic feature scientific, religious, formal English (Crystal,
⚫ Inner circle observes the positive-negative 2008).
systems ⚫ Refers to a kind of language whose forms
⚫ Native English speakers frequently answer are of a definable social situation, regardless
negative questions with positive answers. of the status of the participants - thus finds
◼ A. Would you mind driving me to my the register of legal language, liturgical
class at the English Island on Tuesday? language, and soon.
◼ B. No, I don’t mind driving you. Yes, I
do mind. Language register
⚫ Outer circle observes agreement- - refers to the formality of language which one
disagreement to speakers who follow the speaks. Different registers are used in different
positive-negative system. different situation. It is through register that you
(Pope, 1976, as cited in Kachru& Nelson, are able to determine the kind of lexicon or
2006) vocabulary to use and the kind of structure to be
used.
LEXICON
⚫ Vocabulary words peculiar only to some The Language Register for the Linguists
English varieties in Southeast Asia. ⚫ The linguists would refer register as tenor
A. Singapore English (the participants in a discourse, their
a) Missy for nurse relationships to each other, and their
b) Chop for rubber purposes), tone (is the change in the pitch),
c) Marina kids - youngsters around and style (linguistic variants with specific
Marina Square social meanings).
(Pakir, 1992, as cited in Kachru& ⚫ A language variation based on the use and
Nelson, 2006) not on the user.

B. Malaysian English Language Register

a) Antilog for a male hated by a girl - is considered a language variation based on the
b) Popcorn for loquacious person use and not on the user.
c) Day bugs to those who come and
attend school but do not live in FORMAL OR REGULATED
residence halls. ⚫ It is a specific written or oral language that
(Said ,& Ng, 2000, as cited in follows a certain format.
Kachru& Nelson, 2006) ⚫ It is usually informative and sometimes
persuasive
C. Philippine English ⚫ It is usually unidirectional which means that it
a) Deep for puristic or hard to does not include a back-and-forth
understand communication.
b) High blood for tense or upset
c) Promdi form the province ⚫ EXAMPLES:
d) Amboy for Filipino perceived tobe ◼ Business letters
to pro-American. ◼ Letters of complaint
(Bautista, 1997, as cited in ◼ Job interviews
Kachru& Nelson, 2006) ◼ Announcements
◼ Writing a professional email
LANGUAGE REGISTER/ REGISTERS OF
ENGLIGH GUIDELINES IN USING FORMAL REGISTER
1. Do not use contractions:
Thomas Bertram Reid a) Have not instead of haven’t
⚫ The first person to ever use the term 2. Spell-out numbers less than one hundred:
“register” in 1956. a) Twenty-five, six
⚫ According to him, register is a variation 3. Avoid using too much passive voice.
according to the user affected by other a) Passive: The terror attacks were reported
variables like social background, geography, by GMA live
gender, age, among others. b) Active: GMA reported the terror attacks
⚫ Register should also be distinguished from live.
jargon or highly technical terms.
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4. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations, ⚫ It is the tone used when expressing facts
and cliches: devoid of emotion
a) Okay, awesome, check it out, in a ⚫ Some writings, including most textbooks, are
nutshell. written in neutral register.
b) Cliche is a phrase that is often overused:
Last but not the least, moment of truth, ⚫ EXAMPLES:
etc. Too much of a good things. ◼ Reviews
◼ Articles
5. Avoid using abbreviations and acronyms ◼ Some essays
a) San Pedro College - SPC (write out the ◼ Technical writing
first time)
b) Tablespoon - tbsp OTHER TYPES OF REGISTER
c) TBD - To be determined
STATIC OR FROZEN
6. Formal writing requires good transition words. ⚫ It is a specific written or oral language that
a) Nevertheless, consequently, first, second, rarely or never change.
in fact, as a result of, however. ⚫ It is usually related to different religions, laws,
and customs of a certain community.
7. Always write in sentences ⚫ It is usually unidirectional which means that it
a) Before the expiration date - you must does not include a back-and-forth
consume the product before its communication.
expiration date.
⚫ EXAMPLES:
8. Write longer and more sophisticated ◼ National anthem
sentences (only when necessary) ◼ Religious books
a) Since Marawi City is still under siege, ◼ Laws
President Duterte was compelled to ◼ Prayers
declare the extension of the martial law ◼ Lyrics of a song
which resulted to the delay of the
opening of classes and an economic CONSULTATIVE OR PROFESSIONAL
uncertainty in the whole city. ⚫ It follows most of the same rules as the
formal register of language
INFORMAL REGISTER ⚫ The main purpose of this register is to get
⚫ This is the register that we use when we help.
communicate with friends and family. We use ⚫ It is usually bidirectional which means that it
informal writing to someone we know very includes a back-and-forth communication.
well. Unlike the formal register, the informal
register accepts: ⚫ EXAMPLES:
◼ Doctor’s appointments
⚫ EXAMPLES: ◼ A meeting with the principal
◼ Slangs and cliches ◼ Legal consultations
◼ Figurative language ◼ A dialogue between a teacher and a
◼ Symbols and abbreviations student
◼ Acronyms ◼ Adults at work
◼ Incomplete sentences
◼ Personal opinions CASUAL OR GROUP
◼ Active and passive voice ⚫ It is used in writing or speech by people of
the same group.
⚫ Informal writing includes: ⚫ It does not follow any standard societal rules,
◼ Personal emails but follows the norms of the group.
◼ Text messages ⚫ It is usually multi-directional.
◼ Short notes
◼ Tweets ⚫ EXAMPLES:
◼ Facebook post ◼ Team celebrations
◼ Blogs ◼ Family dinners
◼ Diaries ◼ Office parties
◼ Chat messages ◼ Conversation between friends
◼ Blogs
NEUTRAL REGISTER
⚫ It is neither formal nor informal
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 INTIMATE OR PERSONAL Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign
⚫ It is used in writing or talking to close family Language (EFL) programs.
members and close friends.
⚫ It is also considered as the language of Is there a “correct” variety of English?
sexual harassment.
⚫ It is usually bidirectional which means that it ⚫ “You are what you speak and your place of
includes a back-and-forth communication. origin is the most important identity factor.”
⚫ What is important is that we are able to
⚫ EXAMPLES: recognize the many varieties of English
◼ Finishing each other’s sentences including that of the standard, and pick one
◼ An intimate conversation between variety that we are comfortable with and be
lovers understood while using it.
◼ Writing a letter for your best friend
◼ When bonding with your sibling Who should teach English?
◼ Expressing your emotion to your mother. - insignificant question

ENGLISH AS A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE

AMERICAN ENGLISH WHAT IS SOCIOLINGUISTICS?

⚫ A variant of English language spoken mainly Social life of humans on a linguistic perspective
in the United States.
⚫ About 2/3 of the world’s native speakers of Formal Definition: It is a term to describe all
English living in America speak this variant areas of study between language and society
⚫ It was introduced to North America by British other than those which are purely social scientific
settles in the 17th century (colonization period) in their objectives such as ethnomethodology.

AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH For a student: It is a study of how people use

⚫ A variant of English spoken largely in their language in their everyday lives; how
Australia. identities are shown vividly through words you use,
⚫ This variant began to diverge from British how, through language, you intentionally or
English after Australia was settled in the late unintentionally create, maintain or disrupt
18th century. relationships with others.
⚫ Similar to New Zealand English and certain
dialects of South East England. PRAGMATICS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
⚫ Pragmatics - focuses on how speakers
BLACK ENGLISH utilize language to convey information
⚫ This refers to British and American English
spoken by black communities in the US and ⚫ Discourse Analysis - focuses on the text
UK. and its context as a basis of movement from
⚫ It is also a variant of English spoken widely in the informal to the formal or vice versa.
the Caribbean and Africa.
TO PUT EVERYTHING INTO PERSPECTIVE:
BRITISH ENGLISH ✓ Language, language register, linguistics,
⚫ A variant of English spoken mainly in United sociolinguistics, and communication itself
Kingdom. affect the concept of globalization.
⚫ This variant, along with the American English,
are taught in most English as a Second

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✓ The development of communication skills is more sophisticated experience of culture and
an important factor in cross-cultural improved intercultural competence.
interaction in business.
✓ Virtual interaction has become an RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPMENT:
indispensable ingredient to workplace ⚫ Bennett developed the model to make sense
dynamics. of how individuals navigate cross-cultural
situations.

07_DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF ⚫ Aimed to explain why some people improve

INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY at communicating across cultural boundaries
while others do not.
DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
⚫ Intercultural sensitivity means the ability to ⚫ Emphasis on educational applications to
experience one’s self and eventually others better prepare people for cross-cultural
in terms of cultural identity and behavior. encounters.

THREE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES FOR AN SIX DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF

INTERCULTURAL APPROACH: INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY AND
1. Equal Complexity, Different Experience: COMMUNICATION (BENNETT, 2007)
a) Social equity is promoted by
recognizing that all human beings have
equal complexity but unique
experiences.

2. Improving Intercultural Communication:

a) Enhancing intergroup relations requires
improving communication across
cultures.

3. Mutual Adaptation and Avoiding Power

Abuses:
a) Preventing abuses of power in cross-
cultural situations is achieved through
mutual adaptation.

OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL:

⚫ Developed by Milton Bennett in 1986, the
Developmental Model of Intercultural 1. DENIAL STAGE:
Sensitivity describes stages of development ⚫ Involves failing to recognize cultural
in understanding and appreciating cross- distinctions or considering them irrelevant.
cultural differences.
⚫ May involve stereotypes, oversimplification,
⚫ Also known as the "Bennett Scale," it is or demeaning perceptions of other cultures.
widely used in intercultural communication,
engagement, and equity fields.
⚫ Can manifest as disinterest or avoidance of
other cultures.
⚫ The model proposes a developmental
continuum for individuals, groups, and
2. DEFENSE STAGE:
organizations to progress towards a deeper
⚫ People perceive cultural differences in
understanding of cultural variance and more
competitive, polarized terms (e.g. “us vs.
effective cross-cultural interactions.
them”).
FOUNDATION OF THE MODEL:
⚫ May involve exalting one’s own culture or
⚫ Grounded in decades of academic research
feeling victimized in discussions about bias
and formal observations of cross-cultural
or racism.
dynamics.
⚫ Can lead to opposition to diversity initiatives.
⚫ Recognizes that increased complexity in
perceiving cultural differences leads to a

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 3. MINIMIZATION STAGE:
⚫ Individuals assume their cultural worldview is
universal and disregard cultural differences.

⚫ May argue that human similarities are more

important.

⚫ Enables avoidance of recognizing cultural

biases.

4. ACCEPTANCE STAGE:
⚫ Recognition that different cultures have
legitimate perspectives.

⚫ Greater curiosity and interest in other

cultures.

⚫ Encourages cross-cultural relationships and

understanding.

5. ADAPTATION STAGE:
⚫ Ability to adopt the perspective of another
culture.

⚫ Empathy with the experiences of others.

⚫ Authentic and appropriate interaction across

cultures.

6. INTEGRATION STAGE:
⚫ Incorporating values, beliefs, and behaviors
of other cultures into one’s identity.

⚫ Multicultural self-concept, choosing

appropriate cultural contexts.

RELATED CONCEPTS:
⚫ Retreat: Occurs when individuals move from
higher stages to lower stages due to threats
or conflicts regarding cultural differences.

⚫ Reversal: Involves adopting the view that

other cultures are superior to one’s own
culture, often as an attempt to gain approval
or acceptance.

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