energies

Article
Performance and Economic Analysis of Designed Different
Solar Tracking Systems for Mediterranean Climate
Tuğçe Demirdelen 1 , Hakan Alıcı 1 , Burak Esenboğa 1, * and Manolya Güldürek 2

1 Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology
University, Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, Turkey; tdemirdelen@atu.edu.tr (T.D.); hakanaalici@gmail.com (H.A.)
2 Technology Transfer Office Application and Research Center, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and
Technology University, Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, Turkey; mguldurek@atu.edu.tr
* Correspondence: besenboga@atu.edu.tr

Abstract: Solar power occupies a significant position among global renewable energy sources due to
its abundant energy potential. Consequently, its contribution to electricity generation is steadily in-
creasing. However, obtaining peak efficiency from fixed solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is a formidable
task due to their limited ability to consistently tap into solar energy. To tackle this issue and mitigate
energy efficiency losses, the utilization of solar tracking systems has emerged as an exceptionally
effective solution. These systems enable continuous adjustment of the panels’ position to align
with the sun’s trajectory, optimizing energy absorption and enhancing overall performance. This
paper presents the performance and cost analysis of three distinct solar panel tracking systems,
namely, a fixed system, a single-axis system, and a dual-axis system. The systems are operated under
identical coordinates and conditions. The production data are collected over a period of 15 days for
comparative analysis. The tracking movements of the systems are controlled using Arduino. The
mechanical components are specifically designed for the establishment of each system. The findings
of this study indicate that both single-axis and dual-axis solar tracking systems outperformed fixed
systems in terms of power generation. The single-axis system demonstrated a 24.367% increase in
power production, while the dual-axis system showed a 32.247% increase compared to the fixed
system. Moreover, a cost analysis was carried out considering the installation expenses and power
production data of the three systems. It was determined that the single-axis tracking system achieved
Citation: Demirdelen, T.; Alıcı, H.;
payback in 0.39 years less compared to the fixed system, while the dual-axis system achieved payback
Esenboğa, B.; Güldürek, M.
Performance and Economic Analysis
in 1.48 years less compared to the fixed system. Overall, this study underscores the advantages of
of Designed Different Solar Tracking implementing solar tracking systems, particularly in the single-axis and dual-axis configurations, as
Systems for Mediterranean Climate. they contribute to higher power generation and cost-effectiveness compared to fixed systems.
Energies 2023, 16, 4197.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104197 Keywords: cost analysis; renewable energy; solar photovoltaic; solar tracker; solar energy

Academic Editors: Luka

Martin Tomažič and Jurij Toplak

Received: 16 April 2023 1. Introduction

Revised: 8 May 2023
The widespread use of energy, which is one of the effects of the rapid growth of
Accepted: 16 May 2023
national economies, has increased the need for fossil resources. The depletion feature of
Published: 19 May 2023
fossil resources has made it necessary to turn to alternative energy sources. To address this,
substantial efforts have been made to shift towards clean and sustainable energy generation
using renewable sources such as wind and solar energy. The establishment of power plants
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
utilizing renewable energy sources aims to create a sustainable energy system and mitigate
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the destruction of nature. This transition towards renewable energy is crucial for creating
This article is an open access article a sustainable and continuous energy supply. Technological advancements have enabled
distributed under the terms and the establishment of more efficient production plants and systems, maximizing resource
conditions of the Creative Commons utilization and promoting an environmentally friendly lifestyle. Continuous research and
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// development efforts are focused on achieving the highest efficiency in resource utilization.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ This paper represents one such study, contributing to the broader objective of creating a
4.0/). sustainable and environmentally friendly world.

Energies 2023, 16, 4197. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104197 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2023, 16, 4197 2 of 23

This paper focuses on increasing the efficiency of electricity production through solar
energy, a preferred renewable energy source for sustainable living. This study emphasizes
the importance of sustainability and explores methods to maximize electricity generation
from existing solar power plants. Solar energy is globally recognized as a renewable energy
source and is harnessed using solar panels and associated systems. This paper highlights
the significance of achieving high efficiency and real sustainability in the pursuit of a
sustainable life. The paper investigates the implementation of solar tracking systems in
existing and new power plants to enhance electricity generation. By utilizing these systems,
the capacity of renewable energy systems can be increased while reducing time and costs,
thereby accelerating the shift away from fossil fuel consumption. This paper presents the
establishment of portable solar tracking systems and compares their production and cost
with conventional fixed systems. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can
generate more electricity using the same number of panels and land, promoting greater
energy production with fewer resources. This paper explicitly suggests the use of solar
energy systems for sustainable and clean energy production, emphasizing their crucial role
in a sustainable future.
In this paper, solar tracking systems are designed to capture the most suitable angle for
the panel from sunrise to sunset during the day. In this context, solar tracking systems are
being developed daily with technology and aim to achieve the maximum possible energy
production from the solar panels. Especially in recent years, many researchers have been
working on tracker systems that allow panels to be exposed to more sun by imitating the
movement of the sun throughout the day. These researchers carry out numerous studies
such as new system analyses, design by simulation, and the comparison of production and
performance analyses in their work on the tracker.
As a result of the widespread use of solar energy systems, new developments and
efficiency studies have also become widespread. Many studies have been carried out on
tracker systems, which are the most important gains of these studies. Some of these studies
are described as follows.

1.1. Experimental Setup

A study was conducted to determine how much the radiation in the sun’s rays changes
under certain conditions. The research led to the development of a hybrid system. The
technology they suggest is a hybrid algorithm-based solar tracking system that runs on
microcontrollers [1]. In this study, a special metal hybrid actuator was developed to be used
instead of solar energy and electrical components. With this developed system, electricity
production was maximized due to the sunlight falling on the panel, and the system was
moved simultaneously with the normal movement of the sun during the day. Designed
and implemented without the use of an electrical component, this solar tracking system has
proven to be more efficient than traditional fixed systems [2]. A system has been designed
to increase production efficiency by following the movement of the sun during the day
with a single-axis mechanism connected to the photovoltaic panel. Arduino Uno was used
in the designed system. It is stated that the system provides maximum production by
continuously monitoring the light intensity by using the maximum light intensity [3]. A
particularly created and applied solar azimuth tracking control system has been created
for solar energy systems. The control unit for this system is an AT89S52 microcontroller
with a straightforward control circuit [4]. A relay-based control system comprising an
LDR sensor, servo motor, and Op-Amp is created for a single-axis controlled sun tracking
system. This system’s implementation makes use of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT). MATLAB software was used to generate the system simulation, which increases
efficiency with these systems. As a consequence of the results, they proposed a single-axis
solar tracking control system that makes more use of solar energy by tracking the sun
and using MPPT [5]. How a fixed angle and horizontal axis single-axis solar tracking
(HSAT) system affects the generation efficiency of PV systems is simulated with the help
of a specially developed tool. The production efficiency of double-surface PV systems
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 3 of 23

has been simulated [6]. A new algorithm is proposed for a single-axis maximum power
generation solar tracker to determine the optimum stopping angle to increase the daily
maximum electrical energy. As a result, a new algorithm for a single-axis maximum power
generation (1A-MPG) solar tracker based on the 1A-3P solar tracker has been developed
to automatically determine the optimum stand angle for PV modules, avoid any shading
and then increase it [7]. Mathematical modelling and full simulation of the photovoltaic
module were performed using solar energy tracking simulations on MATLAB Simulink.
MATLAB/SIMULINK was used for Solar Tracker Applications, and suggestions were
made on energy production efficiency according to the results [8]. Updated annual energy
simulations were used to evaluate the kWh/m2 increase achieved in single-axis tracking
systems using bifacial modules. It was stated that surface energy gains measured between
7–9% and backlight gains of 11% were reported in the simulation. This result was consistent
with the expectation modelled within 1–2% of the absolute value and was observed to be
in line with the global average expectation [9]. The application design and development
of inclined uniaxial and high azimuth biaxial solar tracking systems have been studied.
LDR sensors are used for sun detection, which is necessary to follow the sun, and the
L293D motor driver provides the movement of the solar panel in the desired direction. In
addition, a controller consisting of a preprogrammed Atmega8 Microcontroller is used for
system control [10]. Using the ray-tracing model of COMSOL 5.4, which uses separate
plasmas and tracking outputs, a static cylindrical concentrator is designed, keeping the
concentrator static while the absorber alone follows the daily movement of the sun. In the
application of this system, it has been shown that when the overall annual variations and
the radiated portion of solar radiation are included in the forecast model, using a static
concentrator gives an increase of approximately 49% on average [11]. An optimal controller
design has been studied in biaxial solar tracking systems using particle swarm optimization
(PSO), the firefly algorithm (FFA) and the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA). Three swarm
intelligence-based metaheuristic techniques were applied to tune the proportional-integral-
derivative (PID) controller for both axes, and 100 independent studies were performed
for each algorithm to obtain sufficient data for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis
was performed for the obtained data, and the minimum, maximum, mean, variance and
standard deviation were calculated for the necessary parameters [12]. They used a P&O-
based sensorless method in the new unique single-axis-controlled solar tracking system
they developed. In this design, it is stated that the sensorless P&O-based and two-level P&O
method developed for a single-axis solar tracking system is applied [13]. To provide more
efficiency from solar energy in the equatorial region, a study was conducted comparing
tracking systems and fixed systems. These studies were carried out by considering all the
weather data in the region where the system operates. As a consequence of the results of
the study, the performance analyses of the solar tracking system were compared to the
classical fixed panel system, and suggestions were made [14]. This work is a practical study
of the dual-axis solar tracker to demonstrate the development, design and performance
of the dual-axis solar tracker. In this design, the system was created using LDR sensors,
motors, Arduino software and cards. The researcher stated that the proposed solar tracking
system works more efficiently than fixed systems [15]. In this study, a single-axis solar
tracking system was designed using the second-order lever principle. The originality of
this study is achieved by balancing the mass of the water mass and the partial mass of the
PV panel on one side of the abutment (left) and the mass of the PV panel on the other side
(right) of the abutment, unlike the motor systems in other studies. Thus, they stated that
there is no need to use a motor. This system was followed for 90 days with the installed
portable system and compared with traditional fixed systems. As a result of the studies,
an improvement of 22.93% was achieved in the average energy efficiency with this new
system [16].
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 4 of 23

1.2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPTT) Algorithms

Measurements taken using the single-axis solar tracking algorithm they developed
for photovoltaic systems were compared with a conventional fixed system created using a
hardware block diagram. According to reports, the suggested single-axis solar tracking
system typically absorbs 30% more solar energy than the conventional fixed system, in-
creasing output [17]. The results are presented by comparing the production data and total
costs of dual-axis control, single-axis control and conventional fixed-axis control systems
developed in Bangladesh. According to reports, the effectiveness of the three methods
employed was evaluated over 12 months using panels with similar types, attributes, and
cloudiness rates [18]. A solar tracking system that aims to use solar energy at the maximum
level by tracking the sun throughout the day and that is used to produce more energy in
this direction has been proposed. Sun tracking involves the use of photosensitive sensors.
The data from these sensors are utilized to drive a DC motor, which in turn drives a panel
that follows the sun. By sharing the data, the researchers emphasized that their proposed
single-axis solar tracking system produces more electricity than other conventional fixed
systems [19]. A study was conducted on the effects of seasons on the fixed system and the
solar tracking system. As a result of the study, the effects of solar azimuth and altitude
during electricity generation at noon of the two systems are presented comparatively [20].
Performance analysis of the photovoltaic (PV) monitoring system was performed to evalu-
ate the system’s performance using field data measurements. This analysis was performed
by analysing the dual-axis tracking device with intelligent algorithms called maximum
light detection (MLD). As a result of the analysis of the comparative results, such as sunny
and cloudy in a tropical region with continuous heavy cloudy weather conditions, it was
observed that the MLD monitor system significantly increased energy production in all
these conditions [21]. A technical solution application that allows the conversion of a
photovoltaic panel fixed to a movable panel to improve power generation performance
is examined. For these studies, it was proven that they could monitor the position of the
sun with an efficient and inexpensive 100% functional smart system. It is stated that the
perspective of the study is to improve the processing and transmission of all the informa-
tion detected in the solar tracker to a station using smart antennas associated with the
developed embedded system [22].

1.3. Analysis
Double-surface photovoltaic (PV) panels (BP) and inclined and horizontal east-west
solar trackers (IEW/HEW) were built and measured to follow the sun to produce energy.
In this study, the data were taken from three regions in China for illustrative purposes,
and the annual radiation increases of IEW, HEW and BP were analysed and reported
under different sequence ranges and albedo conditions compared with optimum fixed
mono-face PV systems [23]. A tracking system is proposed for the sun to reach the panels
at the steepest angle using a special controller design and analysis method. He stated
that the light tracking system is robust, and the analyses before and after the controller
application were made using the partitioning method. With the robust controller, the
system is proposed to avoid stress and vibrations and smoothly orient the PV panel to its
new location [24]. Fuzzy logic and PID-based controllers were used to operate the solar
tracking system, and a solar tracking system was created to boost solar energy efficiency,
which is becoming increasingly important. In the research, it was shown that compared to
other systems, the system in which the solar tracking system was designed increased by
21.2%. Additionally, it is claimed that the suggested system is 2.39% more efficient than
fixed systems based on research and application findings generated with the proposed
fuzzy logic-based controller and PID-based controller system [25]. The development of
two brand-new, effective solar tracking systems using the adaptive neural fuzzy inference
system (ANFIS) concept is suggested. Month, day, and time are utilized as input variables
to forecast the ideal locations (tilt/orientation angles) for the sun tracker systems to evaluate
the suggested sun-tracking controllers. According to what was said, the ANFIS models that
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 5 of 23

were developed as a consequence of the study were assessed to determine their robustness
and feature of adhering to the best angles for obtaining the most solar radiation [26]. The
developed algorithm aims to bring photovoltaic panels to the most suitable position in real
time. It has been reported that the system prediction model working with the algorithm
developed in a short time can increase the daily effective irradiation by more than 16% at
all stations or up to 264 Wh/day/m2 on certain days. It was stated that due to the positive
results obtained in the estimation analysis, no significant gain was obtained for the cases
with kt0 < 0.05 or kt0 > 0.6, and two estimation algorithms were tested [27]. A separate
single-axis solar tracking system operated three times a day in the azimuth plane has been
proposed to achieve greater efficiency by tracking the sun. A theoretical simulation has
been made in the system to calculate the optimum viewing angles for the city of Irbid.
Looking at the simulation results, it was observed that there was no significant difference
in solar energy production, and similar results were obtained [28]. They examined Turkey’s
present energy strategy and the country’s distributed solar power generating growth at
various phases, identifying the country’s strengths and weaknesses in each. Strengths (S),
weaknesses (W), external opportunities (O), and threats (T) analyses were conducted in
light of the study to provide urgent solutions that would aid in the growth of the DPPG
sector in Turkey. In conclusion, it is recommended to open discussion on the future roles
of management and the energy market to comprehensively increase the integration of
distributed photovoltaic power generation (DPPG) into the Turkish renewable energy
market [29]. An affordable and sustainable solution for electrification in these regions
has been recognized as hybrid power generation using current renewable sources (wind
and solar) and diesel engines. This study intended to find the ideal configuration of
these systems for rural Peru because there has not been a thorough investigation into the
techno-economic analysis of hybrid systems (PV-Wind-Diesel) for off-grid electrification
in Peru, which has been demonstrated to be among developing countries. Seven possible
configurations were taken into account, including hybrid systems and single-component
systems (solar, wind, and diesel). According to the research findings, the hybrid solar-wind-
diesel system is the most financially feasible option [30]. They analysed key policies in India,
including radical legislative changes to restructure to give its population universal access to
clean electricity. It has been proposed to increase renewable energy resources in the energy
sector following international commitments to limit global warming. It is also emphasized
that, especially with the Paris Agreement, the transition of the energy sector to renewable
energy has accelerated in the last 5 years, and little attention has been given to waste
management from the renewable energy sector. This highlights the urgent need for policy
coherence across sectors in India to ensure that the core principle of the circular economy
is adopted in the development of “clean” renewable energy. [31]. The power generation
of a 20-kW photovoltaic power plant with fixed-angle panels is compared to two-axis
solar trackers. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using more efficient but costlier
tracking systems as a standard for future photovoltaic power plants. Simulations conducted
in Tehran, Iran, demonstrate that two-axis solar trackers generate more annual energy than
fixed-angle panels. An economic analysis also shows improved efficiency and output
power with the two-axis tracker system. Despite the complexity and higher costs associated
with solar tracking, the study concludes that two-axis trackers allow for the same energy
output with fewer solar modules, making them a practical choice for limited installation
spaces [32]. The optimal scenario for maximizing efficiency and profitability in a rural
household in Africa is presented. It compares different tracking options, such as fixed-tilt,
horizontal axis, vertical axis, and dual-axis trackers, and evaluates the lowest-cost solution.
The study identifies the optimal solution based on the lowest net present cost (NPC) and
conducts a sensitivity analysis to generalise the results for various technical, economic,
and climate conditions. The findings indicate that the fixed-tilt-based solution is the most
profitable, with an NPC of $13.7k, a levelized energy cost (LCOE) of $0.258/kWh, and CO2
emissions of 281.11 kg/year [33]. A fuzzy logic solar tracker designed to maximize the
efficiency of a photovoltaic system by dynamically adjusting the position of the solar panel
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 6 of 23

for optimal solar radiation utilization is presented. Through analysis of different control
strategies, the study establishes that the fuzzy control approach meets all the necessary
criteria for the photovoltaic system. A prototype is developed and tested extensively to
evaluate the performance of the solar tracker. The results confirm its superiority over fixed
solar systems, delivering a noteworthy 40% efficiency improvement [34].
The solar tracking systems which are being studied maximise production by ensuring
that the sun’s rays come vertically on the solar PV panels. In this paper, the most efficient
system has been proposed by comparing the production data of three portable units,
namely, a fixed system, a single-axis tracker and a biaxial tracker, in the Çukurova region
of the Adana province. The Çukurova Region is preferred because it is a suitable region for
the establishment of solar energy systems in terms of insolation angle and the number of
days. Some advantages of the proposed solar tracking systems are presented below:
â The solar power production data of the solar tracking systems are presented exper-
imentally. It is clear from the measurements and analysis that the single-axis solar
tracking sys-tem generates 24.367% more electricity than the old-style fixed systems,
and the dual-axis solar tracking system generates 32.247% more electricity.
â The dual-axis system generates 7.871% more power than the single-axis system when
the developed solar tracking systems are compared to one another.
â It has been observed that the installation and operation of the solar tracking system do
not bring much additional load compared to normal fixed systems. The cost analysis
for this is included in the study.
â Thanks to the Arduino software and card, solar tracking has been performed, and it
has been verified with the production results that sun tracking is performed correctly.
â The main purpose of this study is to propose tracking systems with numerical evi-
dence that will enable solar systems to produce more electricity by making more use
of the sun.

2. Methods
An experimental study was carried out for tracking systems to increase the efficiency
of solar energy systems. Portables were created in three different systems, and production
was ensured under the same conditions. The results obtained were both analysed and
compared.
A portable solar tracking system study was carried out for the solar tracking system,
which is one of the most important studies to increase efficiency in solar energy systems.
The content of the study includes a fixed system, single-axis solar tracking system and
dual-axis solar tracking system. A portable product is designed for each of them separately.
The aim is to determine which system is more successful in terms of efficiency by comparing
the daily production data of these 3 separate systems consisting of 400-W solar panels in
the same environment and conditions. In the systems, there are 400-W solar panels, a solar
tracker actuator, a 600-W solar inverter, a 20-A solar charge controller, Arduino software
and circuit elements used to control the tracking system, an analyser to measure energy,
and LDR sensors to track the position of the sun. Chapter 2 provides detailed information
on these materials.
In this study, the aim was to benefit more from solar energy and increase its efficiency
in electricity production, and in this direction, systems were installed in the Adana province
(Seyhan district, Zeytinli neighborhood) between the 4 and 10 September 2021, and produc-
tion data were obtained. The geographical coordinates of the region where the systems are
installed are 36◦ 590 20.800 N 35◦ 090 55.100 E. Since the first of these 3 systems is a fixed system,
a solar panel was mounted on a fixed carrier, and measurements were taken with the help
of an inverter and charge controller. In the second system, the movement of the panel in
the east and west directions is provided with the help of the mechanical part mounted
on the carrier and the solar tracking actuator (linear motor). With the aid of mechanical
equipment specifically created for this system and two solar tracker actuators, the third
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 7 of 23

system offers the ability to move under the sun in the east, west, and north-south directions.
These motion systems are specially written and controlled with Arduino.
With the applied study, it has been revealed that more electricity production can be
achieved from solar energy systems by using the sun more efficiently. In this study, three
different systems were compared; the most efficient system and production differences in
percentage were stated. In light of all these data, it is thought that the tracker system would
be more suitable for the solar power plants planned to be built in the Çukurova region,
where the study was conducted, instead of the fixed system. Between the tracker systems,
there is a 7% difference between the production obtained from the dual-axis system and the
production obtained from the single-axis system. Since this production difference will be
insufficient to cover the cost that will occur if dual-axis systems are preferred, it has been
suggested that the preference be used in favor of a single-axis system.
Since the land structure of the Çukurova region is mostly flat, the installation and op-
eration of single-axis systems for the planned solar power plants will be easy. It is advisable
to modify the existing roof models used in industrial zones in order to accommodate the
installation of solar tracking systems, taking into account the appropriate roof angles.

2.1. Parameters of the Material of the Solar Tracking System

Various materials were used in the solar tracking system, which was installed as
portable and where application data were obtained. A solar charge controller is used to
regulate the voltage and current coming from the solar panels in the solar energy systems
we have installed. Datasheet data for this device are given in Table 1. Solar panels were
used to generate electrical energy in the compared solar energy systems. The electrical
data of the solar panels used are given in Table 2, and the mechanical data are given in
Table 3. Electronic devices called inverters are used to convert the DC energy produced in
solar energy systems established to produce electrical energy to AC energy. The parameter
data of the inverters used in these systems are given in Table 4. The main logic of the solar
tracking system is to move the panels. Various engine groups can be preferred for this
process. The data sheet data of the linear motor preferred in this study are given in Table 5.

Table 1. Solar charge controller parameters used in the solar tracking system.

Electrical Parameters
Maximum Working Current 20 A
System Voltage 12 V/24 V
Battery Max. Charging Voltage 13.7 V/27.4 V
Battery Low Voltage Protection 10.7 V/21.4 V

Table 2. Panel electrical parameters used in the solar tracking system.

Electrical Characteristics
Module
Maximum Power at STC (Pmax) 380 W 400 W 405 W
Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 48.3 V 48.7 V 48.8 V
Short-Circuit Current (Isc) 10.3 A 10.8 A 10.9 A
Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) 39.9 V 40.7 V 40.9 V
Optimum Operating Current (Imp) 9.55 A 9.84 A 9.91 A
Module Efficiency 18.9% 19.9% 20.1%
Power Tolerance 0~+5 W
Maximum System Voltage 1000 V/1500 V DC
Maximum Series Fuse Rating 15/20 A
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 8 of 23

Table 3. Panel mechanical parameters used in the solar tracking system.

Mechanical Characteristics
Solar Cells Monocrystalline 158.75 × 158.75 mm
No.of Cells 72 (6 × 12)
Dimensions 2008 mm × 1002 mm × 35 mm
Weight 22.5 kg
Front Glass High-transmission tempered glass
Frame Anodized aluminium alloy
Junction Box IP68
Cable 4 mm2 (UL/IEC) Length: 1200 mm
Connectors MC4 Compatible
Packaging Configuration 30 pcs/box, 715 pcs/400 HQ Container

Table 4. Inverter parameters used in solar tracking systems.

Electrical Characteristics
Normal Output Power: 600 W
Continuous Output Power 600 W
Maximum Power 1200 W
Normal Input Volt 12 V DC/24 V DC
Normal Output Volts 220 V AC
Frequency 50 Hz
Output Layout ±5%
Sine Output Modified Sinus
Voltage Alarm Range 10.5 +/− 0.5 V
Cut-off Voltage Range 10.5 +/− 0.5 V
Efficiency Ratio 85–90%
Heat Preservation 65 C +/− 5 C
Short Circuit Protection Available
Insurance Protection Available
Short Circuit Protection Available

Table 5. Linear motor parameters used in solar tracking system.

Datasheet of Linear Motor

Main application Industrial, Solar tracker
Input voltage 12 V DC/24 V DC
Rated load 7000 N
Max. static load 17,100 N
Max. dynamic load 9000 N
Max. the speed at no load 5.5 mm/s
Max. the speed at full load 4.4 mm/s
Power cord length 250 mm (with tinned wires)
Ambient operation temperature −25 ◦ C~+65 ◦ C
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 9 of 23

LDR Sensor
“Light sensitive resistor (LDR)”, one of the basic components of light sensors, is a
passive circuit element that detects the light falling on it or the environment and changes
the resistance values according to the intensity of the light. LDR, which is also used as a
photoresistor, functions almost the same as the photodiodes and phototransistors found
in the sensors. However, it differs from them in structure. LDR is passive and causes a
change in resistance as a result of light detection. In photodiodes and phototransistors,
light perception is achieved with the help of pn junctions.
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 22
Since LDRs are sensitive to light, their resistance values in the dark are very high and
are in the MΩ range. According to the applied light intensity, the resistance values decrease
nonlinearly and regress to kΩ levels.
Each
Each semiconductor
semiconductor material
material used
used in
in LDR
LDR hashas its
its wavelength
wavelength sensitivity
sensitivity to light. If
to light. If
the
the applied light is not in the wavelength sensitivity range of the material, there is
applied light is not in the wavelength sensitivity range of the material, there is no
no
change
change ininthe
theresistance
resistance value.
value. Therefore,
Therefore, the wavelength
the wavelength rangerange
of the of theand
light light
the and the
amount
amount of resistance
of resistance change ofchange of each semiconductor
each semiconductor material arematerial areFigure
different. different. Figurethe
1 presents 1
presents the change in resistance according
change in resistance according to light intensity.to light intensity.

Figure 1. The change in resistance according to light intensity.

intensity.

2.2. Meteorological
2.2. Meteorological Data
Data
Detailed information
Detailed information about
about thethe meteorological
meteorological data data in
in the
the Seyhan
Seyhan district
district of
of Adana
Adana
province, where the portable system prepared for the application was established,
province, where the portable system prepared for the application was established, is given is given
in Figures 2 and 3, Tables 6
in Figures 2 and 3, Tables 6◦ andand 7. The geographical coordinates of the region where
7. The geographical coordinates of the region where the the
systems are installed are 36 59 0 20.800 N 35◦ 090 55.100 E. The sunshine timetable and radiation
systems are installed are 36°59′20.8″ N 35°09′55.1″ E. The sunshine timetable and radiation
distribution are
distribution are given
given below.
below.
Table 6.
Table Temperature, precipitation,
6. Temperature, precipitation, and wind parameters
and wind parameters for
for September
September 2021
2021 spanning
spanning many
many years
years
compared with values.
compared with values.
Temperature (◦ C)
Temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm)
Precipitation (mm) Wind
Wind(m/s)
(m/s)

Long Year Last

Last Month Long Year Last Month Long Year Last Month Long
Long Year
Year Last
Last Month Long Year Last Month Long Year Last Month
Long Year
Average Average Long Year Last
Maximum Month Long
Maximum Year Last
Minimum Month Months
Minimum Total Long Year Last
Maximum Month Long
Maximum Year Last
Maximum Month
Maximum
Month Months
Average Month
Average Maximum Maximum Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
25.8 Average
27.2 43.2 37.3 9.3 17.1 Average
17.1 Total
0 129 0 25.5 9.8
25.8 27.2 43.2 37.3 9.3 17.1 17.1 0 129 0 25.5 9.8

Table 7. Meteorological Data for September 2021.

Meteorological Data for September 2021
Temperature Temperature Precipitation
Day Humidity (%) Wind (km/h)
Maximum Minimum Probability (%)
1 32 25 0 50 21
2 33 25 0 46 21
3 32 25 10 47 19
4 32 25 0 43 21
5 32 25 10 46 20
6 32 25 0 46 19
7 32 25 0 46 19
8 32 25 10 46 18
 2525 2929 2323 1010 4444 1616
2626 2929 2323 1010 5050 1515
2727 2828 2323 1010 5757 1818
2828 2929 2222 1010 4343 1919
Energies 2023,29294197
16, 2929 2323 1010 4343 1818 10 of 23
3030 2929 2222 1010 3838 1818

Figure2.2.Adana
Figure Adana province
Figure
province solar
2. Adana
solar radiation
province distribution.
solar radiation
radiation distribution.
distribution.

Figure3.3.Adana
Figure AdanaFigure 3. Adana
province
province provincehour.
sunshine
sunshine sunshine
hour. hour.
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 11 of 23

Table 7. Meteorological Data for September 2021.

Meteorological Data for September 2021

Temperature Temperature Precipitation
Day Humidity (%) Wind (km/h)
Maximum Minimum Probability (%)
1 32 25 0 50 21
2 33 25 0 46 21
3 32 25 10 47 19
4 32 25 0 43 21
5 32 25 10 46 20
6 32 25 0 46 19
7 32 25 0 46 19
8 32 25 10 46 18
9 32 25 10 46 19
10 33 24 0 43 21
11 32 25 0 46 19
12 32 25 0 50 21
13 31 24 0 54 20
14 31 24 10 41 19
15 31 24 10 50 20
16 31 24 20 54 19
17 30 24 20 55 19
18 30 24 10 51 19
19 30 23 20 51 18
20 29 23 30 55 19
21 29 23 40 54 19
22 29 22 20 52 19
23 29 23 30 50 15
24 29 23 0 43 17
25 29 23 10 44 16
26 29 23 10 50 15
27 28 23 10 57 18
28 29 22 10 43 19
29 29 23 10 43 18
30 29 22 10 38 18

2.3. Mathematical Modelling of the Solar Tracker System

First, the parts to be used for the system where the application will be made were
created, and the materials were prepared. The materials to be used are mathematically
modelled so that the data are correct and valid. These models are calculated and explained
separately for each part.

2.3.1. Modelling of Sunlight Absorb Sensors

In this project, the movement of the sun is ensured by using LDR sensors that detect
sunlight. The voltages of light shining on these sensors were likewise altered by employing
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 12 of 23

their voltage divider circuits. The following is a definition of the radiation-dependent

variation of an LDR sensor coupled to a voltage divider circuit [35]:

R
VLDR = Vg (1)
R + R LDR GLDR

In Equation (1), VLDR is the sensor’s output voltage, Vg is the voltage divider’s input
voltage, and R is the circuit’s series resistance. The effective radiation levels hitting the
sensor are RLDR , sensor resistance, and GLDR . The radiation value falling perpendicular to
the sensor surface is referred to as the effective radiation value falling on the sensor. The
data relating to the calculation of the effective radiation value are given in Equation (2) [35].

GLDRi = G ∗ cos[α − (θ − β i )]i = 1, 2 (2)

2.3.2. Sun Angle Modelling

The relationship between the sun’s angle and the PV panel in this model is [35].

α = γ∗ t + φ (3)

Equation (3) denotes the angle that the sun makes with the PV panel, γ denotes the
sun’s change in angle over one second, t denotes the system time (at one-second intervals),
and φ denotes the sun’s initial angle.

2.3.3. Effective Radiation Modelling

Correctly detecting the sun’s rays will ensure that the movement of the panel works
correctly. For this purpose, solar modelling is very important. To correctly perceive the
movement of the sun throughout the day, it is very important to correctly transfer the
radiation from the sun to the control part of the information. In short, correctly estimating
the movement of the sun throughout the day will ensure that the panel follows the sun
correctly. This will directly affect the production data. Equation (4) may be used to obtain
the effective radiation value that is generated by the radiation value acquired from the solar
model on the panel [35].
GPV_panel = G ∗ cos(α − θ ) (4)

3. Performance Analysis
To maximize energy production by making more use of solar energy, three different
portables have been created to figure out which system is the most accurate. The first is
the fixed system where no movement has taken place, the second is the single-axis tracker
system moving in the east and west directions, and the last is the dual-axis tracker system
moving in the east–west and north–south directions. An LDR sensor, a linear motor, and
Arduino software were used to provide the movement of the second and third systems.
With the help of the software written with Arduino, attempts have been made to ensure
that the panels produce more energy by tracking the sun through the information received
from the LDR sensors. The size information of the designed systems is shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Dimensions of portable systems.

System Name Weight (kg) Height (cm) Dimensions of Panel (cm)

Fixed System 24 158 202 × 102
Single Axis System 39 158 202 × 102
Double Axis System 51 158 202 × 102

The systems were created for comparison; first, three identical 400-W solar panels
were arranged. For the positioning of these panels, three mechanical materials consisting
 Single Axis System 39 158 202 × 102
Double Axis System 51 158 202 × 102

The systems were created for comparison; first, three identical 400-W solar panels
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 were arranged. For the positioning of these panels, three mechanical materials13consisting of 23
of legs and stands were arranged. Figure 4 presents the experimental view of the solar
tracker system. In Figure 4a, the general view of the system covering all the equipment is
of legsInand
shown. stands
Figure 4b,were arranged. Figure
the mechanical 4 presents
part of the system the experimental
prepared as aview of the solar
dual-axis is shown.
Figure 4c shows the mechanical parts of the single-axis system. Afterward, islinear
tracker system. In Figure 4a, the general view of the system covering all the equipment
shown. In Figure 4b, the mechanical part of the system prepared as a dual-axis is shown.
mounting was made to two of the systems for the operation of the system, which we call
Figure 4c shows the mechanical parts of the single-axis system. Afterward, linear mounting
the solar tracker. A single motor was installed on the system, which was considered a
was made to two of the systems for the operation of the system, which we call the solar
single-axis
tracker. Asolar
singletracker, andinstalled
motor was two linear motors
on the system,were mounted
which on the system,
was considered which was
a single-axis
considered a dual-axis
solar tracker, solar motors
and two linear tracker. LDR
were sensorsonused
mounted to determine
the system, which wastheconsidered
angle of thea sun
were
dual-axis solar tracker. LDR sensors used to determine the angle of the sun were installed and
installed in two systems considered for solar trackers. Two LDR sensors, north
south forsystems
in two the single-axis
consideredsolar
for tracker system,
solar trackers. Two and
LDR four LDR sensors,
sensors, north andnorth, south,
south for the west
andsingle-axis solardual-axis
east for the tracker system, and four were
LDR system, LDR sensors,
installed.north, south,
Figure west and east
5 presents for the and
the control
dual-axis LDR
mechanical partssystem,
used were
in theinstalled.
solar Figure
tracker5 presents
system.the Incontrol
Figureand5a,mechanical parts label
linear motor
information, Figure 5b LDR sensor connection type and location, Figure 5c linear5bmotor
used in the solar tracker system. In Figure 5a, linear motor label information, Figure
LDR sensor connection type and location, Figure 5c linear motor mechanical connection
mechanical connection type, Figure 5d Arduino board connection type, Figure 5e the
type, Figure 5d Arduino board connection type, Figure 5e the connection type and general
connection
view of the type andunit
control general view of
and Figure 5f the control view
the general unit of
andtheFigure
energy5fmeters
the general view of the
are shown.
energy meters are shown.

(a)

(b) (c)
Figure
Figure4. 4.
Experimental
Experimentaldemonstration
demonstration ofofsolar
solartracking
tracking system
system on on rooftop;
rooftop; (a) general
(a) general view view
of the of the
triple
triple portable system, (b) mechanical parts of the dual-axis solar tracker system, (c) mechanicalmechanical
portable system, (b) mechanical parts of the dual-axis solar tracker system, (c) parts
parts of the
of the single-axis
single-axis solarsolar tracker
tracker system.
system.
Energies 2023,
2023, 16,
16, 4197
x FOR PEER REVIEW 1314of
of 22
23

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 5. The mechanical and control parts of the solar tracker system; (a) datasheet of linear motor
Figure 5. The mechanical and control parts of the solar tracker system; (a) datasheet of linear
used in solar tracker system. (b) The assembled version of the LDR sensor used in the solar tracker
motor used in solar tracker system. (b) The assembled version of the LDR sensor used in the solar
system; (c) an assembled linear motor used in the solar tracker system; (d) Arduino board and
tracker system;
connection used(c)
inan
theassembled linear
system; (e) motor
control used
panel in the
and solar tracker
connections system;
of the solar (d) Arduino
tracker board
system; (f)
and connection used in the system; (e) control panel and connections
energy analyser that records production data in each portable system. of the solar tracker system;
(f) energy analyser that records production data in each portable system.
The three prepared systems were moved to their predetermined locations and fixed so
The three prepared systems were moved to their predetermined locations and fixed
that they would not cast shadows on each other. For each of them, the cables of the panels
so that they would not cast shadows on each other. For each of them, the cables of the
were connected and assembled. The energy cables of the panels were first connected to the
panels were connected and assembled. The energy cables of the panels were first connected
solar charger, then from the solar charger to the solar inverter, and lastly, from the inverter
to the solar charger, then from the solar charger to the solar inverter, and lastly, from the
to the consumption point. A connection was made from the inverter output to the energy
inverter to the consumption point. A connection was made from the inverter output to the
analyser with the help of current transformers, and thus, the production data were followed
energy analyser with the help of current transformers, and thus, the production data were
with the help of the analyser. The LDR sensors used for the two systems with the mobile
followed with the help of the analyser. The LDR sensors used for the two systems with the
system were connected to the digital inputs of the Arduino UNO card. Thus, the LDR sensor
mobile system were connected to the digital inputs of the Arduino UNO card. Thus, the
transferred the data it received from the movement of the sun to the Arduino. These data
LDR sensor transferred the data it received from the movement of the sun to the Arduino.
allowed Arduino to enable the panel to follow the sun by changing the direction and giving
These data allowed Arduino to enable the panel to follow the sun by changing the direction
output to linear
and giving output motors. Calculations
to linear of LDR sensor
motors. Calculations ofdata
LDRcoming
sensor through the Arduino
data coming throughIDE the
software were made, and outputs were adjusted to ensure correct
Arduino IDE software were made, and outputs were adjusted to ensure correct movement. movement. Since the
Arduino
Since the UNO
Arduino boardUNO canboard
give can5 V give
as an5 output, 5-V relays
V as an output, 5-Vare used
relays toused
are supply 36 V to36the
to supply V
motors through the power supply. The relays, which give output
to the motors through the power supply. The relays, which give output according to 5 V according to 5 V coming
from
coming thefrom
Arduino, provideprovide
the Arduino, the movement by pulling
the movement a 24-Varelay
by pulling 24-V through whichwhich
relay through a 36-Va
supply passes. To provide the supply voltage of the motors, a
36-V supply passes. To provide the supply voltage of the motors, a power supply withpower supply with a 220-V a
input
220-V input supply and 36-V output is used. Thus, as a result of the data coming fromLDR
supply and 36-V output is used. Thus, as a result of the data coming from the the
sensor, the solar
LDR sensor, tracking
the solar system
tracking waswas
system operated
operated byby running
runninglinear
linearmotors
motorsthanks
thanks to to the
the
Arduino software
Arduino software written
written specifically
specificallyfor forthis
thissystem.
system.
The
The next
next step
step inin the
the operation
operation of of the
the system
system was was the
the monitoring
monitoring of of production
production data.data.
Daily production data were taken at the same time each day from
Daily production data were taken at the same time each day from each analyser in the three each analyser in the
three systems shown in Table 9, and these data were recorded. The
systems shown in Table 9, and these data were recorded. The records were then used to records were then used
to compare
compare thethe efficiency
efficiency of the
of the threethree systems.
systems.
 Energies 2023, 16, 4197 15 of 23

The production data of the three solar systems installed were recorded for 15 days.
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW The recordings were taken daily and simultaneously at the same time each day. 14The
of 22data
relating to the records received are shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Table
The 9. Productiondata
production data of
of three portable
the three systems
solar installed.
systems installed were recorded for 15 days.
The recordings were taken daily and simultaneously at the same time each day. The data
400 W PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR PANEL SYSTEMS
relating to the records received are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Fixed Single Axis Double Axis
Date Single % Double %
System (W) System (W) System (W)
Table 9. Production data of three portable systems installed.
10.09.2021 1503.47 1867.67 1976.60 24.224 31.469
400 W PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR PANEL SYSTEMS
11.09.2021 1476.65 1839.23 1955.17 24.554 32.406
Fixed System Single Axis Double Axis
Date
12.09.2021 Single % Double %
(W)1482.64 1842.79
System (W) 1953.76
System (W) 24.291 31.776
10.09.2021
13.09.2021 1503.47
1515.77 1867.67
1872.29 1976.60
1992.76 24.224
23.521 31.469
31.468
11.09.2021
14.09.2021 1476.65
1421.13 1839.23
1759.55 1955.17
1866.50 24.554
23.813 32.406
31.339
12.09.2021 1482.64 1842.79 1953.76 24.291 31.776
15.09.2021 1748.26 2185.26 2321.37 24.996 32.782
13.09.2021 1515.77 1872.29 1992.76 23.521 31.468
16.09.2021
14.09.2021 1942.27
1421.13 2421.56
1759.55 2567.29
1866.50 24.677
23.813 32.180
31.339
15.09.2021
17.09.2021 1748.26
2073.18 2185.26
2591.59 2321.37
2751.05 24.996
25.006 32.782
32.697
16.09.2021
18.09.2021 1942.27
2062.14 2421.56
2580.07 2567.29
2747.17 24.677
25.116 32.180
33.219
17.09.2021 2073.18 2591.59 2751.05 25.006 32.697
19.09.2021 1948.26 2428.53 2587.35 24.651 32.803
18.09.2021 2062.14 2580.07 2747.17 25.116 33.219
20.09.2021
19.09.2021 1915.45
1948.26 2403.95
2428.53 2562.54
2587.35 25.503
24.651 33.783
32.803
20.09.2021
21.09.2021 1915.45
1864.35 2403.95
2308.42 2562.54
2453.48 25.503
23.819 33.783
31.600
21.09.2021
22.09.2021 1864.35
1218.29 2308.42
1500.79 2453.48
1601.60 23.819
23.188 31.600
31.463
22.09.2021 1218.29 1500.79 1601.60 23.188 31.463
23.09.2021 1472.87 1819.91 1941.89 23.562 31.844
23.09.2021 1472.87 1819.91 1941.89 23.562 31.844
24.09.2021 2144.16
24.09.2021 2144.16 2674.28
2674.28 2849.08
2849.08 24.724
24.724 32.876
32.876
TotalTotal 25,788.89
25,788.89 32,095.89
32,095.89 34,127.61
34,127.61 24.376
24.376 32.247
32.247

(a)

Figure 6. Cont.
 Energies
Energies 2023,
2023,2023, 16, x PEER
16, x16,
FOR FOR PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 15 of1522of 22
Energies 4197 16 of 23

(b) (b)

(c) (c)
FigureFigure 6. production
6. The The production data
datadata of the solar
of the tracker systems; (a) 15-day production data graph of the
Figure 6. The production ofsolar tracker
the solar systems;
tracker (a) 15-day
systems; production
(a) 15-day datadata
production graph of the
graph of the
fixed
fixedfixed system;
system; (b)
(b) 15-day15-day production
production data
datadata
graphgraph of
of the the single-axis solar tracker system; (c) 15-day
system; (b) 15-day production graph of single-axis solarsolar
the single-axis tracker system;
tracker (c) 15-day
system; (c) 15-day
production
production data data
graph graph
of ofdouble-axis
the the double-axis
solarsolar tracker
tracker system.
system.
production data graph of the double-axis solar tracker system.

Figure
Figure
Figure 7. 15-day
7. 15-day
7. 15-day
production
production
production
comparison
comparison
comparison
chart of
chartchart
the
thethree
of theofthree threesystems.
systems.
systems.
3.1. Cost Analysis of Solar Tracker Systems
3.1. Cost
3.1. Cost Analysis of Solar
Analysis Tracker Systems
To makeofa Solar
moreTracker
accurateSystems
comparison between the portable sun tracker systems, a
cost analysis and study on how much budget should be allocated for each system were
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 17 of 23

completed. Cost analysis was created by pricing the data taken from the production data of
these budgets. In particular, a comparison of the prices for the two proposed and studied
tracker systems will help future studies in making the right choice. The quantities and
prices of the materials used in the installed systems are explained in Tables 10–12. In the
cost analysis calculations made during the period when the system was operating, the unit
price of electricity was accepted as 0.16 cents in kWh. Comparative analyses are shown in
Tables 13–15.
Table 16 shows the findings of the analysis, which show that the single-axis tracker
system pays for itself 0.39 years later than the fixed system, and the double-axis system
does so 1.48 years later. The single-axis system will be more lucrative and effective than the
fixed system, according to this analysis. The amortization period of the dual-axis system is
18% longer than that of the fixed system. When choosing between two-tracker systems, it is
recommended that the decision be made according to the feasibility study to be conducted
at the locations where the power plants will be established.

Table 10. Cost analysis of the fixed system.

Cost Analysis of Fixed System

Material Name Number Unit Price ($)
400 Watt Panel 1 number 315
Mechanical Parts 1 number 75
Linear Motor 0 number 0
LDR Sensor 0 number 0
Arduino Uno 0 number 0
Energy Analyser 1 number 25
Solar Charge
1 number 30
Controller
Solar Inverter 1 number 72
Cable 10 meter 5
Solar Gel Battery 1 number 59
Total 581

Table 11. Cost analysis of a single-axis tracker system.

Cost Analysis of Single Axis Tracker System

Material Name Number Unit Price ($)
400 Watt Panel 1 number 315
Mechanical Parts 1 number 75
Linear Motor 1 number 180
LDR Sensor 2 number 0.2
Arduino Uno 1 number 15
Energy Analyser 1 number 25
Solar Charge
1 number 30
Controller
Solar Inverter 1 number 72
Cable 10 meter 5
Solar Gel Battery 1 number 59
Total 776.2
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 18 of 23

Table 12. Cost analysis of the double-axis tracker system.

Cost Analysis of Double Axis Tracker System

Material Name Number Unit Price ($)
400 Watt Panel 1 number 315
Mechanical Parts 1 number 75
Linear Motor 2 number 360
LDR Sensor 4 number 0,4
Arduino Uno 1 number 15
Energy Analyser 1 number 25
Solar Charge
1 number 30
Controller
Solar Inverter 1 number 72
Cable 15 meter 7
Solar Gel Battery 1 number 59
Total 958.4

Table 13. Total gains of the systems.

15 Days Production
Systems Unit Price ($/kW) Total Profit ($)
(kW)
Fixed System 25.788 0.16 4.13
Single Axis System 32.095 0.16 5.14
Double Axis System 34.127 0.16 5.46

Table 14. Installation cost comparison of tracker systems with a fixed system.

Systems Installation Cost Difference Ratio

Fixed System 581 — —
Single Axis System 776.2 195.2 25.15
Double Axis System 958.4 377.4 39.38

Table 15. Installation cost comparison of a single-axis tracker system with a dual-axis tracker system.

Systems Installation Cost Difference Ratio

Single Axis System 776.2 — —
Double Axis System 958.4 182.2 19.01

Table 16. Depreciation analysis of systems.

Systems Annual Gain (year/$) Installation Cost ($) Depreciation Period (year)
Fixed System 99.03 581 5.87
Single Axis System 123.24 771.2 6.26
Double Axis System 131.05 963.4 7.35

3.2. Performance of the Solar Tracking System

The performances of the three different systems that were applied were analysed with
the method explained below, and it was stated that the actual results and the calculated
results were close to each other.
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 19 of 23

The EUMETSAT Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM SAF) produced
the initial edition of the SARAH solar radiation data record from which the PVGIS-SARAH
solar radiation data made accessible here were generated [36]. The two primary ways
that PVGIS-SARAH differs from the CM SAF SARAH data record are that it uses photos
from two METEOSAT geostationary satellites that encompass Europe, Africa, and Asia (0◦
and 57◦ E) and that it derives its hourly values from a single satellite image. We are also
supplying PV-specific data records, such as the irradiance on ideally sloped surfaces, in
addition to the data supplied by CM SAF.
The productions of the three applied systems were measured and analysed in detail.
Energies
As a result of this analysis, the fixed-axis solar energy system production data are18shown
Energies 2023,
2023, 16,
16, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 18 of
of 22
22
in Figure 8. Production data and comparison of single and dual-axis tracking systems are
shown in Figure 9.

Figure8.
Figure
Figure 8. Monthlyenergy
8.Monthly
Monthly energyoutput
energy outputfrom
output fromthe
from thefixed-angle
the fixed-anglePV
fixed-angle PVsystem.
PV system.
system.

Figure
Figure9.
Figure 9.Monthly
9. Monthlyenergy
Monthly energyoutput
energy outputfrom
output fromthe
from thetracking
the trackingPV
tracking PVsystem.
PV system.
system.

4.4.Discussion
Discussion
Thedemand
The demandforforcleaner
cleanerand andenvironmentally
environmentallyfriendly
friendlyenergy
energyproduction
productionisisincreasing
increasing
for the electricity generated from solar energy. Obtaining maximum efficiency
for the electricity generated from solar energy. Obtaining maximum efficiency from solar from solar
energy is important in terms of sustainability. Because fixed-angle solar panels
energy is important in terms of sustainability. Because fixed-angle solar panels are unable are unable
to utilize
to utilize solar
solar energy
energy effectively,
effectively, itit is
is challenging
challenging toto achieve
achieve optimum
optimum efficiency.
efficiency. Some
Some
studieshave
studies havebeen
beeninitiated
initiatedto toobtain
obtainmore
moreenergy
energyfrom
fromestablished
establishedsolar
solarpower
powerplants.
plants.Solar
Solar
tracking systems are at the forefront of these studies. Thanks to this system,
tracking systems are at the forefront of these studies. Thanks to this system, which enables which enables
more electricity to be produced by following the sun all day long, more instantaneous
electricity is produced from the same installed power plant. Developing technology has
made it possible to work more efficiently in energy production.
In this study, solar tracking systems developed to keep the electrical energy
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 20 of 23

more electricity to be produced by following the sun all day long, more instantaneous
electricity is produced from the same installed power plant. Developing technology has
made it possible to work more efficiently in energy production.
In this study, solar tracking systems developed to keep the electrical energy produced
from solar energy panels at the maximum level were compared. Three different systems
have been established. The first system installed is the fixed solar energy system, the second
is the single-axis solar tracking system moving between the east and west direction, and
the third is the dual-axis solar tracking system moving between the east and west direction
and the north and south directions. These systems are placed in the same place as the
switchboards with the same conditions and characteristics. The production data of 15
days were taken from these panels and compared. Production gains were compared by
calculating the installation costs, and how long it took the systems to pay for themselves
was analysed. The results of the analysis helped to choose the most suitable system among
the systems. The production rates resulting from these results are shown in Table 17. The
results obtained are examined in light of this information; Table 18 shows that the actual
measured values and the values obtained as a result of the analysis are close to each other.
Depreciation data of the installed systems are shared in Table 16 and explained in detail in
the cost analysis section.

Table 17. Comparison of production data.

Systems Annual Production (Kw) Difference Difference Ratio

Fixed System 53.78 — —
Single Axis System 72.34 18.56 25.65
Double Axis System 79.00 25.22 31.92

Table 18. Comparison of Portable systems with PVGIS-SARAH.

Systems Production Ratio of Portable Systems Production Ratio of PVGIS-SARAH

Fixed System — —
Single Axis System 24.38 25.66
Double Axis System 32.25 31.92

They compared the efficiency obtained from the single-axis solar tracking system
and the fixed plate system in their study, where they designed and implemented a dual-
axis solar tracker. The results of their study, in which four LDR sensors, Arduino as a
microcontroller (controller) and a motor as an actuator are used, contain values parallel
to the results of this study. They stated that the solar tracking system has an efficiency
difference of 30–40% compared to the fixed systems [37]. In this study, it can be clearly
seen that solar tracking systems are more efficient than fixed systems. This result is also
supported by literature studies. Considering the application life of the solar energy system,
it was emphasized that the financial burden brought by the tracking system to the existing
system is not very important. It has been demonstrated by the application data that the
single-axis system is 24–25% more efficient than fixed systems and dual -axis system 32–33%
more efficient than fixed systems.

5. Conclusions
In this study, solar tracking systems developed to keep the electrical energy produced
from solar energy panels at the maximum level were compared. Three different systems
have been established. The first installed system is a fixed solar energy system; the second
is a single-axis solar tracking system that moves from east to west; the third is a double-axis
solar tracking system that moves from east to west and from north to south directions.
Energies 2023, 16, 4197 21 of 23

Production data from 15 days were taken from these panels and compared. Production
gains were compared by calculating the installation costs, and how long it took the systems
to pay for themselves was analysed. The results of the analysis helped to choose the most
suitable system among the systems. Thus, some results emerged from a comparison of the
data obtained. The results of these studies are presented below:
X The study emphasized the importance of solar energy, a renewable energy source,
which is characterized as environmentally friendly, sustainable and clean energy,
instead of fossil fuels that harm the environment. Systems that will obtain more
efficiency from solar energy have been designed and contributed to their sustainability.
X When the energy production of the installed systems is compared to the fixed systems,
it is seen that the single-axis solar tracking system produces 24.367% more electricity,
and the dual-axis solar tracking system produces 32.247% more electricity.
X Comparing several solar tracking systems reveals that the dual-axis system generates
7.871% more power than the single-axis system.
X It has been observed that the installation and operation of the solar tracking system
do not require additional load compared to normal fixed systems.
X Thanks to smart control, accurate sun tracking was performed with the production
results.
X It has been calculated that the single-axis tracking system pays for itself 0.39 years
after the fixed system and 1.48 years after the dual-axis system. As a result of this
analysis, it has been seen that the uniaxial system is more profitable and efficient than
the fixed system. The amortization period of the biaxial system is 18% longer than
that of the fixed system. It was stated that when choosing between biaxial tracking
systems, the decision should be made according to feasibility studies to be conducted
at the locations where the power plants will be established.
As a result of this study, there will be an increase in the amount of energy produced
from solar energy, which is environmentally friendly and clean energy; this will increase
the interest in solar energy and provide ease of investment thanks to the solar tracking
device. This study, which will contribute to the sustainability of nature, will encourage the
use of clean energy. Thus, the number of solar power plants will increase, and the use of
fossil fuels will decrease; therefore, the damage to the environment will also decrease.
Future studies should be carried out to reduce the installation costs of uniaxial and
biaxial systems and to make more sample applications to eliminate fixed systems.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.A. and T.D.; methodology, T.D.; software, H.A.; valida-
tion, B.E., H.A. and T.D.; formal analysis, B.E.; investigation, H.A.; resources, H.A.; writing—original
draft preparation, B.E.; writing—review and editing, M.G.; visualization, M.G.; supervision, T.D.;
project administration, T.D.; funding acquisition, T.D. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the Scientific Research Project Unit of Adana Alparslan Türkeş
Science and Technology University under the project number 21303008. The authors would also like
to Kıvanç Textile company due to its contribution.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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