hange E hange E

XC di XC di
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 hange E hange E
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or

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What is Floor ?
 The horizontal surface with their necessary supports which provide
accommodation to its user to live at different levels in a building are called as
floor.

 Floors are divided into three parts, named as

 Ground Floor: the floors constructed at plinth level of different buildings.

 Suspended Floor: the floors which are constructed above the ground floor. These floors are
called as first floor, second floor and so on.

 Roof: the top most covering over the building to protect from sun light, rain, wind and protect
interior floors from weather changes are called as Roof.
 hange E hange E
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Components of building
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Flat Roof

Sloping Roof

Second floor

First floor

Ground floor
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Components of Floor
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1. Sub-grade
2. Sub-Base
3. Floor covering or paving

Sub-
base

Sub-
Grade
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Ground Floor
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Its base usually consists of three layers:-

• Ground floor rests on the soil which acts as sub-grade of the ground
floor. The sub-grade soil should be well compacted or consolidated.
• Sub-base consist consists of two layers
• 10 cm thick layer of coarse sand is provided over well
compacted sub-grade soil to prevent raise of moisture due to
capillary action and to prevent dampness.
• 10 cm thick layer of lime concrete (1: 4: 8) or lean cement
concrete (1: 8: 16). This layer of concrete is known as base
concrete.
• Floor covering: various materials are used for floor covering of
ground floors are: bricks, tiles, concrete, terrazzo, mossaic, timber
etc.
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Types of Ground floor
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1. Murum or Mud floor

2. Brick Floor
3. Tile floors
4. Flag stone floors
5. Cement concrete floors
6. Terrazzo floors
7. Mosaic floors
8. Timber floors
9. Linoleum floors
10. Rubber floors
11. Cork floors
12. Asphalt floors
13. Glass floors
14. PVC floors
 hange E hange E
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1. Cement Concrete floor: the floors having cement concrete as its toping are known as
Cement concrete floors.
Thickness of the floor 2- 5 cm
Method of Construction:
a) Preparation of surface of subgrade: the top of surface of murum or earth filling is levelled,
well watered and rammed.
b) Laying of sand layer: After preparation of sub-grade, a layer of clean and dry course sand
about 10 cm thick is evenly spread over the subgrade.
c) Laying of the hard core: some times, a hard core of dry bricks or rubble filing about 5 to 10
cm thick is laid.
d) Laying base concrete: over the layer of rubble filling or coarse sand in the absence of hard
core, a layer of base concrete consisting of lime concrete (1: 4: 8) or lean cement concrete
(1: 8: 16) about 10 cm thick is evenly laid and compacted.
e) Construction of form work:
a) The topping is generally laid in rectangular panels not exceeding 1.5 m square in size.
b) The floor divided into symmetrical panels by wooden and iron screeds.
f) Laying of topping: After constructing the form work, the topping consisting of cement
concrete (1: 2: 4) of 2 to 5 cm thick, is laid and finished as desired.
 hange E hange E
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Monolithic Construction: the topping using 1: 2: 4 cement concrete laid in 45
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minute to 4 hours after placing the base concrete is called as Monolithic.

Non-monolithic Construction: topping is laid either single or two layers on third
day after placing the base concrete.

Suitability:
• These floors, with topping 2.5 cm
to 3.5 cm thick topping, are mostly
used for residential, office and other
similar buildings where heavy wear
is not expected.
• 5 cm thick – Colleges, factories,
corridors location of heavy wear
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2. Terrazzo floors: The floor having their topping consisting of terrazzo finish are
t F-
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PD
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known as terrazzo floors.
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Method of Construction:
a) Preparation of surface of subgrade: the top of surface of murum or earth filling is levelled,
well watered and rammed.
b) Laying of sand layer: After preparation of sub-grade, a layer of clean and dry course sand
evenly spread over the subgrade.
c) Laying base concrete: After lying the layer of coarse sand, the base concrete is laid and
compacted cement concrete floor.
d) Laying of under layer: After base concrete a 3.2 cm thick layer of CC is laid
e) Fixing of dividing strips: After laying the under layer, the metal strips of Alumina, Brass,
copper or glass inserted in this layer before the concrete gets hardened.
f) Laying of topping or terrazzo mix: The terrozzo is then prepared and laid .
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e) Grinding: two days after terrazzo mixture becomes hardened sufficiently, it is grounded by
hand or grinding machine in the presence of water.
f) Finishing the final surface: Apply oxalic acid over the surface and after one day polished
with superior quality of polish.
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to
3. Murum or Mud floors: The ground floor consisting of murum or mud as its
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toping material is called as Murum or Mud floor

• These floors are cheap and easily repairable. But these floors do not provide
impervious surface.
Suitability: These floors are generally used for unimportant building in rural
areas.
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4. Brick floors: the floor having its topping consisting of bricks is known as

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brick floor.
• These floors can be easily constructed and repaired. But this type of floors
provide rough surface. They can easily absorb water.
Suitability: these floors suitable for stores and godowns.
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5. Tile floors: the floors having its topping consisting of

.

.
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tiles.
• The floor tiles are commonly used in following sizes
• 15 cm x 15 cm 1.8 cm
• 20 cm x 20 cm x 2 cm
• 22.5 cm x 22.5 cm x 2.2 cm
Suitability: these floors are used for Paving courtyard of
buildings.

6. Flag stone floors: The floors having its

topping consisting of stone slab is known
as flag stone floor.
Suitability: these floors are suitable for
sheds, workshops, godowns, store etc.
 hange E hange E
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N 7. Mosaic floor: the floor having mosaic

N
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tiles or small regular shaped marble cubes, k e r- s o ft w a

square or hexagonal, embedded into

cementing mixture.

8. Timber floors: the floors having wooden

members (strips, planks or blocks) are as
topping.
Suitability: wooden floors are used for
buildings at hill station, auditoriums, ball-
rooms etc.
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Y
9. Linoleum floors: The floors having

Y
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printed varieties or linoleum of plain.

Suitability: these floors are suitable for
hospitals, canteens, residential, office and
industrial buildings, railway coaches and
ships etc.

10. Rubber floors: the floors having

rubber sheets
Suitability: Shops, offices, theaters,
public libraries etc. These type of
floors suitable for cold countries not
recomonded for countries like India.
 hange E hange E
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to
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11. Cork floors: the floors having cork
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carpets or cork tiles is known as cork

floor.
Suitability: In theaters, Churches, public
libraries. Such should not be used as
basement or ground floor.

12. Asphalt floors: the floors having its topping

as asphalt mastic as topping.
Suitability: Schools, office buildings etc.
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13. Glass Floor: the structural glass fixed in a

frame work.
Suitability: these floors are used in special
situations (like lighting requirements)

14. PVC floors: the floors consisting

PVC sheets or tiles.
Suitability: residential and office
buildings and also in railway
coaches.
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Suspended floors

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Suspended floors classified as

1. Timber floors
2. Steel Joist and flag stone or precast concrete slab floors
3. Jack arch floors
4. R.C.C floors
5. Reinforced brick floors
1. Timber floors: floors having their topping
along with their structural supports
consisting of timber are known as wooden
floors
• Suitability: these floors are not being
commonly used in these days because they
are neither sufficiently fire resisting nor
water proof.
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2. Steel Joist and flag stone or precast concrete slab floors: These floors having its
topping consisting of flag stone or precast concrete slab supported on steel joist or
beam is known as steel joist and flag stone or re cast concrete slab floor.
Suitability: these floors not commonly used in these days. The have been modified in
the form of steel joist with concrete arch floors.
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3. Jack Arch floors: the floors having their topping supported on jack arches
k

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resting on bottom flanges of steel joists are known as jack arch floors
Suitability: Jack arches not constructed in these days because of their major
defects such as their ceiling is not plain and steel get rusted.
 hange E hange E
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or

or
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to

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k
RCC floors: the floors having their topping supported by RCC structural members
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such as slabs, beams, girders, are known as RCC floor.

Suitability: these floors mostly used in these days in domestic as well as in office
buildings.
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or
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to

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.c

.c
w

w
Reinforced Brick floors: Similar as RCC floors.
tr re tr re
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