SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical Science
Quarter 4 Week 1 Module 1
Earth in the Universe
Physical Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 Module 1: Earth in the Universe
Second Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Module

Developers/ Writer:

Mrs. JANNIS MAY V. ANTOLIJAO – Master Teacher I - APAS National High School

Content Editors:

Ms. CELIA C. GEPITULAN – Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School

Mrs. JOCELYN C. BUTANAS – Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School
Mr. BONNIE JAMES A. SACLOLO- Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School

Language Editor:
Mrs. ROQUESA B. SABEJON – PSDS North District 7

Management Team:

Chairperson: Dr. RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD – Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. BERNADETTE A. SUSVILLA – Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs. GRECIA F. BATALUNA – CID Chief
Mrs. VANESSA L. HARAYO – EPS, LRMS
Dr. RAYLENE S. MANAWATAO – EPS, Science

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Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Office Address : APAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, Apas, Cebu City
Telephone number: (032) 4167141

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 What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
• cite a proof how Greeks knew that earth is spherical; (S11/12PS-IVa-38)
• observe examples of astronomical phenomena known to astronomers before
the advent of telescopes; (S11/12PS-IVa-41)
• describe how Brahe’s innovations and extensive collection of data in
observational astronomy paved the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of
planetary motion. (S11/12PS-IVb-44)

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Read the statements below. Choose and write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet.
1. Who discovered the laws of planetary motion?
A. Copernicus B. Galileo C. Kepler D. Newton
2. What is referred to as the motion of the earth around the sun?
A. revolution B. rotation C. season D. orbit
3. Who gave a true explanation that earth is spherical based on star’s position and
constellations?
A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Seleucus
4. Who used the round earth theory and shadows to measure the circumference of
the earth?
A. Bede B. Plato C. Eratosthenes D. Alexander the Great
5. Which spiral shape galaxy the Earth belongs?
A. comet B. cartwheel C. black eye D. milky way
6. Who calculated the length of the year as 365 and 6 hours.
A. Aristarchus B. Copernicus C. Eudoxus D. Ptolemy
7. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about uniform circular motion and epicycles
which were cataloged by Ptolemy in 150 A.D.?
A. The sun is the center of the universe.
B. The earth is the center of the universe.
C. Heavenly bodies move in circular motion.
D. The objects in the heavens are made from perfect material and cannot
change their intrinsic properties.
8.Which of the following is NOT included in the Kepler’s law of planetary motion?
A. equal area C. elliptical orbit
B. law of periods D. laws of motion
9.Who postulated the heliocentric theory?
A. Copernicus B. Heraclitus C. Ptolemy D. Pythagoras
10.Which of these devices is used to study “the heavens” systematically?
A. gramophone B. microscope C. telephone D. telescope
11. Who proposed that the Earth is not only round, but it also revolves around the
sun?
A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Seleucus
12. Who created a map which shows Earth as being round?
A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Seleucus
13. Which is used as the basis for ancient calendars?
A. tides C. phases of the moon
B. eclipse D. alignment of the moon and sun

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14. Which is/are other names of the North Star?
A. Polaris C. Ursa Minor
B. Alpha Umi D. All of the above
15. Who proposed the sun-centered theory?
A. Brahe B. Copernicus C. Kepler D. Ptolemy

Lesson 1 Earth is Sphere According to Greeks

Earth was thought to be anything but a sphere by ancient people. Mesopotamians
and Egyptians saw the Earth was flat, as did the early Greeks. Greeks proposed
theories and proved that the earth was round. Greek philosophers in the early times
thought about the concept of earth which is round but failed to give explanation
about it, like what Plato believed and shared to the people of Athens but showed no
explanation, not until his great student Aristotle was able to show proof that the
earth is round.

What’s In

Check it out the Flat Earth Theory.

Will you consider earth as flat? How
would you prove it? If it is not.
Have you traveled the world?
a. Have you been to outer space?
b. How would you prove by then?

What’s New
Without using a telescope, try locating the planets Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn in the night sky. Do this tonight and let us figure out
which of the heavenly bodies were you able to see. But, how to locate Venus and
Jupiter?
For those who do not have a cellphone and internet connection: Please do the
following:
1. Go out at sunset and look west, Venus and Jupiter pop out of the twilight even
before the sky fades completely black. The two brilliant planets surrounded by
evening blue is a beautiful sight if you go out at the same time tomorrow. The view
improves because Venus and Jupiter are converging in Mid-February, they are about
20 degrees apart by the end of the month the angle narrows to only 10 degrees. So
close that you can hide them together behind your outstretched palm their combined
beauty grows each night as the distance between them shrinks. A special night to
look is Saturday February 25th when the crescent moon moves in to form a slender
heavenly triangle with Venus, Jupiter, and the moon as vertices. One night later
Sunday February 26th it happens again, this arrangement will be visible all around
the world from city and countryside alike. The moon, Venus and Jupiter are the
brightest objects in the night sky. Together they can shine through urban lights, fog
and even some clouds. After hopping from Venus to Jupiter in the late February the
moon exits stage left but the show is far from over. In March Venus and Jupiter will

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continue their relentless convergence until on March 12th and 13th the duo lies only
3 degrees apart a spectacular double beacon and the sunset sky.
Now you will be able to hide them together behind a pair of outstretched fingertips.
There is something mesmerizing about stars and planets bunched together in this
way and no you are not imagining things when it happens to you the phenomenon
is based on the anatomy of the human eye.
For those who own a cellphone and have internet connection: Open the link.
File: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa8mRSeDbok) or you may download

Star Walk 2 in your Android phones.

Draw and write your answer in a separate sheet.
What do you see in the night sky tonight? Which planet do you see?
Month: _____________Date: _____________ Time: ____________ Location: ____________

After doing the activity. Try to determine which astronomical phenomena were you
able to experience?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What is It

Greeks Knew that the Earth is Round.

A. “On the Heavens” by Aristotle
1.Due to the position of the stars and
constellations seeming to change as a person
traveled either north or south.
2.Pointed out that the shape of the earth’s
shadow outline is always curve during the
lunar eclipse.
B. Alexander the Great –
helped spread the theory of Aristotle as far east
India who conquered the world. In history
known as
“Hellenistic” period due to the Greek influence
across the globe where the world was thought
to be flat among the philosophers in
Mesopotamia under Greek Seleucids and
Egyptian philosophers under Greek Ptolemies
C. Seleucus of Seleucia – who lived in D. Eratosthenes – a Geek philosopher in
2nd century BC, proposed that not only Egypt, used the round earth theory and
earth is round, but it also revolves shadows to measure the circumference of the
around the sun. earth.

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 E. Claudius Ptolemy – In the 2nd century
AD, he created a map which shows the earth
as being round in which was held as the most
popular map in the Middle Ages.

Ptolemy’s Map

Lesson 2 Astronomical Phenomena Known to

Astronomers Before the Advent of Telescopes
Which planets are easily seen in the sky without the aid of telescopes?
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are easily seen in the sky
without the aid of telescopes. These planets can be easily confused with stars
and are only seen at specific times of the day. The best time to look for these
planets would be before sunrise and after sunset.
Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations used a
primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon,
in systematically observing the motion of the
sun. By looking at the shadows that the
gnomon casts, they were able to observe that
the sun rises in the eastern part of the sky,
reaches its highest point in midday, and sets
in the western part of the sky.
Gnomon (Shadow Caster)
Understanding the Cosmos
PHASES OF THE MOON
Ancient people have observed that the
moon changes its path and its
appearance within a period of 29.5
days. They observed that the moon
changes its appearance from thin semi-
circular disk to full circular disk. These
phases of the moon are the basis of
ancient calendars.

LUNAR ECLIPSE
Besides their observation in the
different phases of the moon, they also
noticed that there are times when the
moon or part of it seemed to be covered
by a shadow for a moment. A lunar
eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its
shadow on the moon when the Earth is
between the Sun and the Moon,
wherein the moon changes into a dark
or blood red color. (S –E – M)

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 SOLAR ECLIPSE
The occurrence of a solar eclipse was
also observed. A solar eclipse occurs
when the Moon is in between the Sun
and the Earth, and the moon partially
or completely blocks out the sun.
(S – M – E)

MOTION OF THE STARS VISIBILITY OF PLANETS

It was also observed that the stars Astronomers have discovered that Mercury,
appear to be attached to a celestial Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are planets
sphere that rotates around an axis in because they have noticed that the stars are
one day. This axis intersects the in a fixed position with respect to each other
celestial sphere at a point in the (like how constellations are always grouped).
northern sky and is presently close to But there are very bright stars that change
the northern star, Polaris. Also, the
positions periodically. These “stars” do not
constellations’ positions in the night
belong to any group of constellations in the
sky vary depending on the time of the
year. sky. Thus, they are called "wanderers”.

Lesson 3 Tycho Brahe’s Innovations and Johannes

Kepler’s Discovery
Nikolaus Copernicus Claudius Ptolemy

Heliocentric Theory or Geocentric Theory or earth

sun – centered theory, – centered theory, where
where the sun is center of earth is the center of the
the universe. universe.

Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler

– he developed his own - he proposed the three laws

model of cosmos - where of planetary motion
planets orbiting the Sun, a. The Law of Ellipses
b. The Law of Equal Areas
but the Sun orbiting the
c. The Law of Harmonies
Earth.

What’s More
Observe how and when a specific constellation changes its position in
the night sky.
For those who do not own a phone or internet connection. Do this!
Find North using the Stars. Ursa Major also known as the Big Dipper. Ursa Major
looks like a butcher’s cleaver or a saucepan. It can lead us to find Polaris also known
as the North Star. From the very tip of Ursa Major you will need to follow an imaginary
straight line towards the constellation Ursa Minor which is host to the brightest star

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in that region of the sky Polaris. If you walk towards it, you will be heading North.
Extend it by six times the distance you will be looking in the general vicinity of
Polaris.
Orion is one of the largest most recognizable constellations in our night sky. Let us
find North with Orion in the northern hemisphere. It is a huge constellation twice
the size of Ursa Major and shaped like an hourglass. At the center of the hourglass,
you can see bright stars known as Orion’s belt and has free smaller fainter stars
beneath it known as Orion’s sword.

For those who own a cellphone and internet connection. Do this! Use your phone.
Download the App. Star Chart- Mapping the Sky or Star walk 2 with your Android
phone. Open the link. File:(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14b8LyoHq74)
Write your answer in a separate sheet. Draw the constellation that you see tonight.

1. Which constellation did you find? Big Dipper? _______________________________

2. Do stars have fixed position? ________________________________________________
3. Does a constellation’s position change? ______________________________________
4. Does this prove that the earth is round? _____________________________________

What I Have Learned

Make a graphic organizer on what you have learned in the following.
Write your answer in a separate sheet.
Greeks who made a great impact on the discovery that the earth is round.

Geek
Greeks

1. Mention 5 examples of astronomical phenomena and describe your

experience.
Astronomical phenomena Experience

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 What I Can Do
How to Prove that the Earth is Round?

Watch a sunset!
Pick a nice spot from which you can watch a sunset (we will call this point A). Ideally,
you'd have a clear horizon in front of you, and behind you would be some sort of
elevated point that you can quickly access (a hill, a building with at least two floors,
or perhaps the tree; we'll call this point B).
Watch the sunset from point A, and once the sun is out of sight, hurry on over to
point B. With the added elevation provided by point B, you should be able to see the
sun above the horizon. If Earth were flat, the sun would not be visible at any elevation
once it had set. Because Earth is round, the sun will come back into your line of
sight.
If you do not have a hill, you could even try lying on your stomach to watch the
sunset and then standing up to get a higher line of sight.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Read the statements below. Choose and write the
letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which best describes Earth’s revolution? The Earth ________________________.
A. bounces C. orbits around the sun
B. spins on its axis D. spins around the moon
2. Which astronomical phenomena you DO NOT experience daily?
A. solar eclipse C. daily motions of the stars
B. rising of the sun in the east D. setting of the sun in the west
3. The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of
the cubes of their average distances from the sun. Which law describes it?
A. Law of motion C. Law of harmonies
B. Law of ellipses D. Law of equal areas
4. Who invented the telescope?
A. Tycho Brahe C. Johannes Kepler
B. Galileo Galilei D. Hans Lippershey
5. Which of the followings statement DOES NOT describe the Ptolemaic universe?
A. The sun is the center of the universe.
B. The earth is the center of the universe.
C. All motion in the heavens is in a uniform circular motion.
D. The objects in the heavens are made from perfect material and cannot
change their intrinsic properties like brightness.
6. Which statement below DOES NOT talk about the Copernican Theory?
A. The Earth is the center of the universe
B. The stars are fixed but appear to move because of the Earth’s motion.
C. The sun is fixed in space and all other spheres are revolving around it.
D. The Earth has more than one motion, turning on its axis and moving in a
spherical orbit around the sun.
7. Which devices can tell the time of the day?
A. gnomon B. obelisk C. sundial D. all the above

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8. Which of the following proved that the earth is NOT the center of the Universe?
A. relative position of the orbits of Mercury and Venus, the orbit of Venus was
closer to Earth than that of Mercury.
B. retrograde motion an apparent change in direction that is observed in a
planet’s motion as it travels across the sky.
C. A only
D. both A and B
9. Who developed the heliocentric theory model of the universe and in the process
initiated the scientific revolution?
A. Tycho Brahe C. Claudius Ptolemy
B. Johannes Kepler D. Nicolaus Copernicus
10. Which heavenly body does Ursa Major move around?
A. sun B. moon C. earth D. pole star
11. Who developed the model of the cosmos where planets orbit the sun?
A. Brahe B. Copernicus C. Kepler D. Ptolemy
12. Who proposed the earth-centered theory?
A. Brahe B. Copernicus C. Kepler D. Ptolemy
13. Which of the phenomenon occurs when the moon is in between the sun and
Earth?
A. high tide B. low tide C. lunar eclipse D. solar eclipse
14. Which primary direction is the sunrise?
A. East B. North C. South D. West
15. Which is referred to as “wanderers” among the heavenly bodies?
A. moon B. planets C. stars D. sun

References
Anagram n.d.” Solar and Lunar Eclipse”. Pinterest. Accessed July 8, 2020
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/740842207436084393/
De Caelo, A., Grimm, S. and Wirsung, M. (1519). “On the Heavens, Aristotolean
Universe”. Wikimedia Commons. January 1. Accessed June 30, 2020
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotelian_Universe.jpg
Frenz, E. (2018). “7 Ways to prove the earth is round”. Crosstalk CellPress
Martin, W. (2012).” Earth as Flat”. Launchhistory. June 20. Accessed June 30,
2020 http://www.armenica.org/history/maps/Babylonian-clay6BC-
Nelson, B. n.d.” Flat Earth Theory”. Accessed June 30, 2020
https://brianpaulnelson.com/Flat-Earth-Theory
Universal History Archive. (1754)” A map of the world by Ptolemy”.
Gettyimages.January Accessed June 30, 2020
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/map-of-the-world-known
Wiki source. (1891).” Nicolaus Copernicus”. Popular Science Monthly/Volume
39/June n.d. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_39/June
_1891/Sk etch_of_Nicolaus_Copernicus
Wikimedia commons. (1911).” Claudius Ptolemy”. /Popular Science
Monthly/Volume 78/April n.d. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V78_D326_Ptolemy.png
Wikimedia commons. (1911).” Tycho Brahe”. Popular Science Monthly/Volume
78/n.d. Accessed June 30, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V78_D333_Tycho_Brahe.pn
Wikimedia commons. (2016)” Johannes Kepler The Renaissance Mathematicus”.
WordPress. August 11. Accessed June 30, 2020.

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 https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2016/08/11/not-a-theology-
student/johannes_kepler/ Dapple, Dap. (2013).” Tycho Brahe, Johannes
Kepler and the Planetary Motion.Youtube.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3ALuycrCwI
Mont, Serg (2017). It is all Perception Ptolemy, Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54wccgRnoPo
See Venus and Jupiter in HD Just Your Naked Eyes. (2012) Video from Space,
science.nasa.gov https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa8mRSeDbok Star
Chart – Mapping the Sky with Android (2014). Google UK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14b8LyoHq74
Wenkel, Dan.” Tycho Brahe, the scandalous astronomer”. (2014). TedEd.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QDvKzY4aq
Canoy, W. C. (2018)” Astronomical Phenomena Known to Astronomers before the
Advent of Telescopes”. The Earth in the Universe, Physical Science.Accessed
June 30, 2020.
Superstar Worksheets.Phases of the Moon Worksheets.
https://superstarworksheets.com/science-worksheets/phases-of-the-
moonworksheets/
Physical Science (2017). “Concepts of Physical Science”. 3G Elearning FZ LLC
pp.89-96

Answer Key

the equator, the farther the known constellations go toward the horizon to be
4. Yes (different constellations are visible from different latitudes, the farther you go from
sun, this means that we see the stars drift from east to west every night)
3.Yes (the apparent motion is caused by the earth’s rotation and its orbit around the
each other, so it appears fixed relative to each other)
moving through space but they are so far away we can’t easily see them move relative to
2.Yes (stellae fixae or fixed stars that appears to remain in the same position, stars are
1.Big Dipper/ Orion

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Tiny white dot which do not twinkle on the Northern part which is Saturn and the
fainter one which is Jupiter.

Using the Star walk 2 App this is how it would look like. Saturn and Jupiter are
seen here in the Star walk 2 App.

Saturn

Jupiter

Moon
The astronomical phenomena that I experienced are Visibility of Planets with the
use of naked eye and the Phases of the Moon and Motion of the Star which is the
Sun, the nearest star in our galaxy by determining where it rises and sets.(5 points
please refer to the highlighted words)

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What 2. Can
FiveI Examples of astronomical phenomena (5 pts) (Answers may vary
Do (5 points)
on the part
Watch of experience)
a sunset!
ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA EXPERIENCE
1. PHASES OF THE MOON See different phases and location of the
moon in the sky.
2. MOTION OF THE STARS Watching the stars at night and see them
twinkling.
3. VISIBILITY OF PLANETS Searching them in the sky those
heavenly bodies which are very bright
and do not twinkle.
4. SOLAR ECLIPSE Using a pail of water and watching the
moon partially or completely blocks the
sun or using sunglasses
5. LUNAR ECLIPSE Earth casts a shadow on the moon, it is
so dark or reddish in color.
will be considered the “hourglass”.
Orion the “Hunter” in detail on the left for checking purposes picture on the right
located but for checking include only Big dipper.
For visual purposes, the little dipper is shown in the picture to see where Polaris is
This is how it would look like during the Star walk 2 App
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call

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