[" .

rLes
1,..-<.-·· ·
.....-
•

.·.· . · CAVIT ~rioN· AND

NET POSIT IVE/
. . .

SUCTI ON HEAD
INTRODUCTION

Lesson 4 tackles the cavitation problem in the operation of a centrifugal pump,

specifically its causes and effects, and solutions. It also discusses the net.positive suction
head (NPSH) which can either be available/installed or' required.
.
The application of the concept and principle of cavitation in centrifugal pumps il?
illustrated by sample problems. Additional problems for students to solve and two -sets of
self-tes\ serve as evaluative tools. ·

LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

• define the cavitation problem in centrifugal pumps; •
• enumer~te its causes and effects;
• determine its occurrence; .
• explain ·n et positive suction head (NPSH) of a ~entrifugal pump;
• solve the cavit~tion problem using the NPSH;
• differentiate betwee11 the available or installed NPSH and ttie pump or required
NPSH;and .
·,-; solve problems involving the concept and pri~ciple of cavitation.
- -- -- -- -- ------ -- -- -------- ..

. , DEflNITION OF CAVITATION

I • Cavi;atlon Is a phenomenon which occurs In a cent

rlfugalpump whon th1d Pre1aur1

temperature of the liquid. This r~sults

w
In the ~rma
v:
at any point Inside the pu,:np drops belo th 8 por pressure corrospon 1ng to..__
tlon of vapo r bubbles Th:._~
and colla se with tre~e '-vat
vapor bubbles are carried along with the
flowing hqu!d P lldoUa
shock when a pressure that is higher is
reached. . th
• . .
In other words, cavltat,on 1s the formation
· of ca vities of wate r vapo r in e suct1
.
side of a pump due to low·suction pres on
sure. , ·

CAUSES OF CAVITATION IN CENTRIFUG

AL PUMPS
? -·.1 . 1. Low suction pressure
2. Low atmospheric pressure
3. High llquld temperature
. .....
·
4. High velocity
•
5, Rough surfaces and edges
6. Sharp bends

BAD EFF ECT S OF CAVITATION IN CEN

TRI FUG AL PUM PS
, 1. Noise accompanying the collapse of vapo
r bubbles
2. Vibration of the unit.
3. · Decrease in capacity .
4. Pitting due to chemical reaction
5. Corrosion

FACTORS AFFECTING CAVITATION

To prev ent cavitation, the suction pres

sure must be maintained abo ve the
pres sure from which it starts. The follo critical
wing poir.its should be considered: _
1. The barometric pressure at the point of
installation has a defin ite influence on
the suction lift that can·be permitted. It
must be considered for any installation
high altitudes. at
· . ·
2. The liquid temperature should be
as low as possible. As ttie vapo r pres
increases with the temperature, the avai sure
lable suction lift increases. ·
3. The velocities in the suction line shou
ld be kept law and shar p bend s should
avoi ded ta keep friction and turbulenc be ·
e lasses at a minimum.
· 4. The relative inlet velocity should
be kept law. .
5. Care ful rounding of inlet edges to
an airfoil shape, combined with a sma
vane thickness, will likewise reduce cavi ll Inlet
tation.
6 . The re should be a sufficient number of vanes to guid
fluid pres sure on the vanes law. e the wate r and to keep the •

- "0 f ,. ""1-d•bo ,..,,,,.,. ,,,,.,.._...-;- . .,,-w -----h-1 ..."'~ ---~ ----

-·-- --"' ·-·~ -~
• J6 ..........
~ . uU ...,.-_"' .~ok' In Flald,.Mac _!ler1..-:'.
-,_,;. ,.,""- - ' - - - -·-..--;.- -.,.~ -•--- :;;;:. , ..~ •
----- -:-... ..-:::; ,,..-
-----NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

• N~t Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Is the term us~d to describe pump cavitation
' characteristics. Specifically, It Is the pressure (head) In excess of the saturation
pressure of the liquid being pumped. , · ·
• The NPSH is the difference between the absolute dynamic pressure of the liquid
measure_d at th~ c~nterline of the pump and the saturation pressure corresponding
to the temperature of the liquid at the same point, all expressed in terms of linear -
measurement of the fluid flowing for practical purposes. It can never be a negative
value for the_liquid would then flash and vapor would bind the pump. ·
13 • · The NPSH also refers to the pressure at the pump suction flange, corrected to the
pump centerline, that prevents vaporization of fluid. ·

. -NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHA)

• ·Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) Is the net positive suction head that
Is available or existing at the pump Installation. It Is equal to the pressure head of .
the source of liquid or atmospheric pressure-if the source of water Is an open .
tank-plus or minus the difference In elevation between surface of liquid at source
and pump centerline minus vapor or saturation pressure of liquid at its temperature
minus friction losses betwee~ source of liquid and suction flange, all of which are in
the same linear dimension. ·

/ ,, NPSHA = HP ± H. - Hvp - HL
J ' . ,
C
where NPSHA = neti_positive suction head available, m
H = head corresponding to the absolute pressure on the surface of
P the liquid from which the pump draws; m
H. = height of fluid surface above or below the impeller center1ine, m
(+) if above the·pump centerline
(-) if below the pump center1ine
Hvp = head corresponding to the vapor pressure of the liquid at_!he
· existing temperature, m ·
Hi_ = head loss because of friction and turbulence between the surface
of the liquid and the pump·suction flange, m

L _,
 L.......:..:s--- Pump suction ·
. . line
I

l l ilill:, illllllll:/

II Figure 4.1: NPSHA Pump Installation

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIRED (NPSHR)

"'.~ ~ , :-.1: . ~et Positiv~ Suction Head Required (NPSHR) Is a performance· characteristic of a
· ·.,-:-- pump and is established through closed loop or·valve suppression tests cond_ ucted -
by the pump manufacturer. These tests consist of lowering the NPSHA provided to
the test pump until the pump head, power, or efficiency noticeably.decreases. NPSHR
!s established based on a predefined percentage reduction in head, power, or
efficiency. Usually NPSHR Is established as 3% head reduction in single-stage
pumps or 3% first-stage_head reduction in multi-stage pumps.

• The NPSHR is equal to the gauge pressure reading in linear dimension at suction
flange, corrected to the pump centerline minus vapor pressure or saturation
·pressure of water at a given temperature in linear measurement plus the velocity at
suction flange.

.• It is also measured at the pump by subtracting the gauge vapor pressure head in
meters or feet corresponding to the temperature of the liquid at the point of
measurement from the gauge pressure head in meters or feet taken at the suction
flange, corrected to the pump centerline for horizontal shaft pumps or to the entrance
eye of the suction impeller for vertical shaft pumps, and adding the velocity ·head at
the point of measurement.

NPSHR =(p" + z)-H.,.; + v2g

y
2

..,,

Where ( p; + z) = cor:rected pressure to the cente~ine of the pump, m

p" = gauge pressure at the. suction flange

1«~
Pump

I , . flange
Figure 4.2. NPSHR
r • Things to Consider In Determining the Value of NPSHR

stated values of NPSHR. .

.
1. The pump manufacturer should be consulted to determine the basis of the

2. The pumping system designer should provide some margin above the stated
NPSHR when designing for pump suction conditions. · · . ,

• Typical Margins Over the Publish.ed NPSHR · · ·· ·

1. · 10~ to 50°! - for a simple cold water pumping system · . .
2. . 50 Yo t~ 100 Yo - for a complex boiler feed pumping system with transient suction
operations · · . . , · . . _

. · SOLUTION FPR CAVITATION PROBLEM

' . . . ~·
• ·It is a must that the absolute pressure of the liquid Is always above the vapor pressure .
corresponding to the temperature of the liquid at the suction line of the pump. -To
avoid cavitation, the following should always be satisfied: · ·
1. NPSH must always be positive.
2. NPSHA ~ NPSHR

• Alternatives when NPSHA Is Negative or NPSHA < NPSHR

1. Change the plant layout, raising the tanks or heaters from which the liquid is
drawn or decreasing the suction lift.
2. . Use a pump of larger size and run it at partial loads or speeds.

CAVITATION PARAMETER

1 -,. Cavitation parameter or Thoma-Moody coefficient e is a dimensionless parameter

• I
usecrfo predict the occurrence of cavitation. .
'
NPSHR ·
e=_ TDH .
i
where TDH = total dynamic head, m

■ Critical values of e
e = 0.05 at N. = 1 000 rpm ~: :·
e = 0.10 at N, = 2000 rpm
= =
e 0.30 at N, 4000 rpm

■ · For different pump operating speed, . .

- e = 0.17S ➔ the beginning of cavi~tion and the minimum safe operati~ ·
· · value of e · . · · -

Yl·· Suction Specific ~~eed Required (S) is an ·index nur:nber descriptive o~ the suction
characteristics of a given pump design. It is the speed in rpm at which a pump Impeller
would operate if reduced proportionately in size _so as to deliver a rated capaaltY of 1 gpm
against an NPSHR of 1 ft. · ·

-
:J.idid I
 S• N/o f"
(NPSHR)·•
• suction specific speed, rpm
where S
N =
pump speed, rpm ·
= capacity of the pump, gpm . .
Q
= net positive suction head required, ft (based on a 3% heacs
NPSHR
reduotio.n as the manufacturer's standard) . . . . . •

. i1.o Suction Specific Spe~d Av~ilable (SA) ·is a·n in~ex number d~scripti~~ of the a_vailable ..
~uction conditions of the pumping system from ~hrch the p1,.1mp rs recefVl~g .suctro_n: It Is
the speed in rpm at which a pump impeller would operate if reduced p~oport1onately rh size
so as to deliver a rated capacity_of 1 gpm against a NPSHA of_1 ft. ·.
. N 'Q 1
S=-~v___,,~~ ~ -
(NPSHA)¾4

where SA = suction specific speed available, rpm

N = pump speed, rpm
a = capacity of the pump, gpm
NPSHA = net positive suction head available, ft

Note:
• S .:? SA - to prevent cavitation
• SA - S - the safety margin
• SA is a valuable criterion in determining the maximum permissible pump speed.

CAVITATION LIMITS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS IN TERMS OF SA

The cavitation limits for a ·safe operation of various types of centrifugal pumps may be
estimated in terms of SA as ta~ated below:
• Single-suction pumps with overhung impeller SA~ 7 500 to 10 000 • ·
..
• Sihgle-stage pumps with shaft running through the impeller inlet (for double-suction
pumps, use half capacity) . SA s 6 500 to 9 000

• High-pressure, multi-stage pumps (single suction) SA s 5 500 to 7 500

■ stage impeller (single·~uction)

High-pressure, multi-stage pumps with special ·first _
SAS7500to9000 .·
 · Pump's Specific Speed (N,) Is the speed In rpm at which the geometrlcally almllar
pump Impellers would operate to develop one foot of head when discharging one gallon per
minute. • · ·

S= Nfa
eq.2.
(TDH)¾

~ = (NPSHA )°"1
5
Combining eq. 1 and eq. 2,
. . 1 SA · (TDH)°'?5

' 4
Then, e = NPSHA = ( ~ 13
TDH .SA)
,,..:; .'l .
Pump's Performance Curve Is the graphical representation of the characteristics of a pump
operatii:tg at different capacities, hea~s, and efficiencies at constant s~ed.

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

'
Ex. 4.1} Assume a horizontal shaft pump handling water at 65°C. The suction nozzle Is
4.72 cm below the pump centerline, the pressure at this point being 221 kPag and the
velocity is. 2.74 m/s. What is the pump's N~SHR?

Given: Pump .

z = 4.72 cm
~~ P, • 221 kPg
V, • 2.74 mis
_L 1 '
11(,r-.. Suction
flange

Required:
Determine the pump's NPSHR.

Solution: .
f=rom steam tables (Keenan, Keyes), at 65.0C

p
181
= 2.503 kPaa and p = 980.5 kg/m 3

For the value of NPSHR

v2
NPSHR=H -H +-·
' " vpg 2g

. (p )
221 000 .
~here H11 = ~ + z = ~ _ ( . ) + 0.0472 = 23.02 m
80 5 9 81

:Jmp--~ ~ ~ I i m i t ~fi~i•J ~ - ; •
~..-------~---~ - ---
 For the val~e of Hvpg,
t\pg =P,., -P.,rn =2503 - 101325 • _10 ,3 m •
pg 980,5(9,81)

For the value of H11 ,

.H., = v,2 ~ (2.74)2 ~o 38 ~ - , .
29 . 2(9.81) . ANSWert

Therefore, NPSHR _
23.0_
2- = ·c-to:3) + 0.38 =_33-! -m. AN~

. Ex. 4.2] A pump is to _d.eliver water at a h~a~ of 40 m, the·wate~ t~mperature being 3Soc anci
the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg. At intake, the pressure 1s_a vacuum of 432 mm H
and the.velocity is 3.50 mis. Determine the values of NPSH and the cavita!ion parame~
"' . ~ . .

· . Given: A pump shown

P, .~ -432 mm Hg =:-57.6 kPag = 41 .66 kPaa
·. P1 1m = 760 mm Hg= 101.325 kPa
v, = 3.50 ml~
Required: . . Discharge
~ The NPSH and cavitation parameter Suction~ flange
flange ·.
. 2
Solution: 1 -
2
For the NPSH, NPSHR: Hg -H.,.,,, + v
' ' . .... 2g

. (-4 32 mm lig) 101325 Pa _ . ·

Where H.
9
=(.EL)= .760 mm Hg =- 5 913 m
P9 _ (992.95 kg/m 3 )( 9.81 m/s2 ) •

From steam tables (Keenan, Keyes), at t = 3~0 G

P181 = 6.632 kPaa and p = 992.95 kg/m 3
I
f H =P 111 - p~ = 6 632 - 98 660 =-_9 45
r vpg _pg
'
992.95(9.81)
• 2
· m
·.H -~-(3.50) _ . .
-:
29 2(9.81 ) - 0.624 m
V-

Then, NPSH =·-5.913-(-9.25) + 0.624 = 3.961 m ANSWER ·

For th~ Vaiue of Thoma-Moody coefficient
e~NPSHR=~ . ·.. ·
TOH . ·40 =0.099•0.10
Ex, 4.3) A plant located at an altitude of 1ooo m above sea level has an open feed-water
ature of
heater located 3 m above the pump Intake. The water In ·the heater has a temper
If the head loss In the suction line Is o. 30 m, determine
head at
8ooc. the available suction
the pump.

Given: Figure shown

. Note:
Atmosphere 1. Baromafrtc· prenure chana11 (for chan~e
uuuuu. al1itLtdi) ' ,, . . ..

T~ a. ¼•tjg per 1000 ft. rtn In erevatl~n · · . · · ·

b, 83,312 mm Hg per 1000 mriH In elevation

.L
2. Change In temperature ·
3.0m I, 3,see-F per 1000 ft riN
hr
2
0.3m b. 8,S'C per 1000 m rlN

quired:
Re_

TheNPSHA

Solution:
n.
AP= 1 inch Hg per 1 000 ft elevation·= 83."312 mm Hg per 1000 m elevatio

For the Pa1m at 1 000 m elevation, - ·.. ~ ...

83 312 Hg= 90.218 kPaf, ·
p = 760 -( · mm Hg)(1000 m),;, 676.688 mm ·_ ·
aim 1000 m · . , · _ _

From steam tables (Keenan, Keyes), at _80°C, Psat = 47.39 kPaa & p = 971.723 kg/m3

90218 =9467 m
~patm..:
~or HP, HP - pg ~ 971 :723 (9.8066) . .

- psat - : . . 4 7 390 . = 4 973 m

Fo~ Hvp, Hvp - pg - 971.723(9.8066) _ .

Solving for NPSHA,

NPSHA = 9.467 + 3-4.97 3-0.30 .= 7.194 _m ANSWER
Ex. 4.4) Water at 80°F Is pumped from a reservolr·as shown. The head
1011 due to,~
and turbulence Is 1.5 ft. What Is the availabl~ NPSH? . · •.
Given: The figure shown:

Required:

TheNPSHA

Solution:

.
=
From steam tables at BOOF, P.., 0.507 psi and SG
0.998 =
'
p 2 2
(14.7 psi)(144 in /ft )
For H ~ - aa1 - ..;.._ . \
_...:,__ ___:.. - 34 ft
. P' ' 'p - l -(
_
62.4 lb/ ft 3 }(0.998) -

p. (0.50
7psi){144in /ft2)
2
· ·
, For H H =-!!L =..;. ._- -~- --'- =1.17
3 ft .
vp' P _Y (62.4 lb/ft )(0.9.98) . .
Solving for NPSHA,
1
-~ PS~A = HP Hz-:- H~ ·~ HL = 34 - 8 -1.17 - 1.5 = 23.33
-
ft ANSWER

the pump be located above the top of an open tank that

m
Ex. 4.5] If a pump 'requir~s a minimum ~f 2.75 of NPSH, how
high ~n the centerli~e of.
supplies 27°C water to the pump?
The barometer varies from 686 to 732 mm Hg througl)ou
t the year. The tank is 1.83 m high, ·
the pipe friction is 0.70 m, and the velocity is 72 m/min.

~iven: The figu~e shown

his.= 0.70 in :

At 27°C, P.., = 3.567 kPaa . z

p =. 996.81 kg/m 3
Required:

The static suction lift

Solution:

Solving for palm: Patm ~-~ 86 mm Hg)(101.325 kPa )-

760 - 91.4591 kPa
~ mm Hg
Solving for HP, Patm = Pa1m = 91459.1 _ ~
. . 'Y (996.81)(9.81) - 9.35 m

Solving for H , p 1 = P..1 _ 3 567 .0

vp •m pg - (996.81)(9.81) = 0.365 m

Solving for H1 , H =pipe fri t' 1 ·

, r c ion ass + turbulence or velocity loss

H, =0.70+k(v2 )=0.70~(1.0)
l 2g . 1r~Y1
_i§Ql_
2(9.a1)
=O 7734
· m

Solving for HZ, NPSHA = HP - Hz - Hvp - HI

Hz = Hp - NP~HA - Hvp - H, = 9.35 ._ 2. 75 - 0.365 - 0.7734

Hz = 5.46 m (the critical distance when the tank is almost empty)

For the vertical distance or the static suction lift,

z = 5.46-1.83 = 3.63 m ANSWER

Ex. 4.6) Gasoline at 38°C.is being drawn from a closed tank having a pressure of 70 kPag.
The level of the gasoline in the tank is 2.5 m above the pump centerline. The suction line
friction and turbulence head losses amount to 0.60 m. The vapor pressure of the gasoline
is 48 kPaa arid the relative density is 0.72 . a) What is the available suction head of the
system? b) If the Thoma-Moody coefficient is 0.10 and the discharge is 400 lps, what is the
size of the drive motor required? Pump efficiency is 55%.

Given: The figure shQwn P = 70 kPag

Pv = 48 kPaa
T
2.5 m
t = 38°C
RD= 0.72
p = 720 kg/m 3
H, = 0.60 m
J_
TIP = 55%

~~ ~~~ro~afl!nN~'.J'Jlos.i.tmmw!'~

I
Required:
a) lheNPS HA
b) The BP If e • 0.10 and Q • 40~ lps

Solution: ·

· For NPSHA, NPSHA = HP + Hz - Hvp - H,

. . -
·= 70000+ 101325 =24 256
where HP (720)(9.81) . m

. = '' 48000 = 6 _80 m

HYP (720}(9.~1) .

Therefore, NPSHA = 24.256 + 2.5 - 6.8 - 0.60 = 19.356 m . ANSWER

.· ' NPSHA 19.356
Solving for TOH, HP = e = 0 _10 =193.56 m ANSWER

For the value BP,

. pgQ(TO H) . 720(9.8 1)(0.40) (193.56 ) .

BP= - - - - - - = _....;.___,;.,....;.___..,;,...;___~ = 994. 29 kW
·
· ANSWER
1000Tlp , - 1000(0. 55)

Ex. 4.7] A boiler feed pump draws water at 100°C from an open hot well. The suction pipe
Is
loss · is 0.60 m. If the cavitatio n parame ter is 0.10 and the barome tric pressure
737 mm Hg, "!hat must be the elevation of the water surface in the hot well relative to that
of the pump intake? The TOH is 73 m. · · ·

Given: The figure st.town:

Paun = 737 mm Hg
e = 0.10
Hr=0.6 0m
IDH=7 3m
. t= 100°c

Required:

· The value of H,
SOlutJon:
From NPSHA
. •
= Hp + H
. I
- Hvp .- .HI

. .
+
Hz= NPSHA -...::Hp . H\Ill +. HI

w~ere NPSHA = e("~DH) = 0.10(73); 7_30 ·m.. -.

,, F_rom stea~ tables,·at t = 100°c, p 111 =.101.

. . 325 kPa. a~d p = 958.31 ·.kg/~ 3

..
101325
P,1m· = (7~7 mni Hg)(
760 mm Hg
Pa)~ 98258.6 Pa
. •
H = 98258.6 _
10 45
P (958.31)(9.81) - · m
H = 101325 _ .
10 78
• vp (958.31)(9.81) - · m

Therefore, Hz= 7.30-10.45 + 10.78 0.6 = 8.23 m.+ ANSWER

· KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER:

• · Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is equai to the gauge pressure
reading in linear dimension at suction flange corrected to the pump centerline
minus vapor pressure or saturation pressure of water at a given temperature in
linear measurement plus the velocity at suction flange.
• Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) is the .net positive suction head
available or existing at the pump installation.
.

• Cavitation refers to conditions within the pump where cavities· filled with vapor
are formed due to the pressure drop in the suction side .
.
• Cavitation may appear along stationary parts of the pump casing or along the
impeller's moving ·vanes.
• Common effects of cavitation problem in the unit ~re noise and vibration, drop
. in head capacity and .efficiency, and impeller_vane corrosion and pitting .
• ' I

• To avoid cavitati~n. the absolute pressure of the liquid should always be above
the vapor pressure.
.. . . ' .
• Pump operating head Is the algebraic difference of discharge and suction heads.
,, This can also be· called Total Dynamic Head or TOH. .

• Net Positive Suc~lon ~ead (NPSH.) is· th~ dynamic pressure of.liquid at pump
suction, kPaa, less .the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature
at the same point, converted to meters tread of the liquid.

•.
 or equal to the NP
• To avoid ca~ltatlon, NPSHA sho'uld be great er than SH~
, = HP± H ..:. H - H W '
• The equation for NPSH A Is as follow s: NPSH A 1

the head corresponding to the absolute pressure

on the s~~aceL' 01 th 11 le
her,
surfa ce abov e llqulcl
from which the pump draws; H1 is the height of the fluid 8
or beto-,,
to the vapor P
the impeller centerline; Hvp is the head corresponding 888
loss beca us: llre Of
the liquid at the exist!ng temperature; and HL is the head 011_
the pump suctio~ f~rlct.1
and turbulence betwee_n the surface of th~ liquid _and · .. an98.
. •.

I <
r-
. pitOBL~MS

,') . A pump receives_water from an open ~nk wh~s~ -~ inim~m water level Is 1.5 m
, . below the centerline of the pump. The water is at 16oc and the friction lq~~ In the
pipe Is 1.2 m. For a water velocity of 1.02 mis, what is the NP SHA?
. @!jw~ter is su~plled to a ~ump fro"'.' an ~verhead ta~k who_9:0 pressure is 34.5 kPa~. The ·
• water level 1n the tank IS 5.2 m above the floor'. and the water is saturated. The pump .
cente-rline is 76 cm above the floor. 1'f the suction pipe carries 8 lps ~.
and is a standard 101 .6-mm pipe, calculate the NPSHA when the friction loss is 13.5 kPa. ·
•
-,z. Calculate the NPSHA for a pump that receives 150oc water at the rate of 79 lps
throug~ a ~ip~ whose ID is 25.4 cm. A suction gauge located 6 m below the pump
centerline indicates a pressure of 530 kPag, and the barometer Indicates a pressure
of 716 mm Hg. . . . .

·- 1"'4·. A pump receives water from a tank. If th~ pump needs 24 m of NPSHA, how high
must the water level be above the pump centerline If the·water is saturated at 1.724
kPag? The friction loss In the pipe averages 0.3 m for each 6 m of height and the
flow is 23 lps in a 15:24 cm ID pipe. .
,. ,6. If a pipe requires a minimum of 2.75 m of NPSHA: how high can the centerline of ·
the pump be located above the top of an open tank that supplies 27°C water to the
pump? The barometer varies from 686 mm Hg to 732 mm Hg throughout the year.
The tank is 1.82 m high, the pipe friction is 0.7 m, and the velocity is 1.22 mis. ..
(~ Determine the available suction head of a pump which is taking gas oil at a
temperature of 204°C from a closed tank in which the pressure is 60 kPag. The
specific gravity of the oil is 0. 78 and its vapor pressure is 63.25 kPaa. The loss in

t
the suction pipe is 0.61 m and the pump is located 3.65 m above the oil level in a
plant at sea level.
7. . A centrifugal pump receives 9.5 kg/s of water when the pump centerline is 2.75 m
ab·ove the water level that has a pressure of 31 kPaa. Calculate the water
horsepower, neglecting friction and velocity heads, if the discharge pressure gauge
reads 38 m. · ·
8. A test on a single-stage, double-suction radial-type pump operating at 1 200 rpm
and designed for 7 000 gpm of water gives the following data:
.,
0 1600 3100 4300 5700 7000- 7400 7900 8200
• Gpi:n
B Hp Input 297.5 237.5 270 305 345 377.5 390 400 395

Total Head, ft 222.5 220 . 215 210 202.5 194 187.5 175 162.5
a) Plot these curves and draw the efficiency _curve. _
b) On the same sheet, draw.the ,three performance curves for the pump operating
a
at 1 ooo and 1 400 rpm, checking few points to see that the relation between
the three curves are maintained. - · · . ·

L~ " ~Om~~~~~~~
. . .
 9. Detennine the available suction head of a pump which Is taking gas 011
of 4000F, from a closed tank in which the pressure is 85 psig. The sat ate
oil is 0.78 and its vapor pressure Is 90 psia. The loss in the suction _Peeific g~
pump is located 12 ft .above the oil level in a plant at sea level. . pipe IS2ftancs

..

. .

I>
 STUDENT'S SELF-TEST (SET A)

INSTRUCTION: Encircle the letter that rep resents the correct answer.
. .

1. It is equal to the gauge pressure reading In llnear dimension at suction flang·e corrected
to the pump centerline minus vapor pressure or saturation pressure of water at a given
temperature In linear measurement plus th fl
a) net positive suction head required eve1oc1ty at suet1on ange. \ .
.. b) net positive suction head available
c) total dynamic head
d) specific suction speed
. '
2. It Is the net positive suction head available or existing at the pump Installation.
a) net positive suction head available
b) net positive suction head required
c) total dynamic head
d) specific suction speed
3. It refers to conditions within the pump where cavities filled with-v;por are formed due to
a pressure drop in the suction side.
a) vibration of the unit
b) decrease in capacity
c) cavitation
d) pitting due to chemical reaction
4. Cavitation may appear along stationary parts of the pump casing or along the impeller's
moving vanes. This statement for a centrifugal pump is
a) true ·
b) false
c) not applicable
d) applicable only for a reciprocating pump
5. Common effects of cavitation problem in the u~it are noise and vibration; drop.in head
capacity and efficiency; and impeller vane corrosion and pitting. These problems occur
in a centrifugal pump due to
a) low suction pressure
b) low a~mospheric pressure
c) high liquid temperature
d) All of the above
6. To avoid cavitation, the absolute pressure of the liquid should always be above the
vapor pressure. The said statement for cavitation problem In centrifugal pumps Is
a) true b) false
c) not applicable d) applicable only for reciprocating pumps

4
 7. Pump operating head is i~e algebraic difference of dlscharg~
an~ auction
can also be called _. • • . . : _· _ he~.
· a) total dynamic head · ·
b) net positive suction head required
c) net static suction head
d) net positive suction head·available
8. The dynamic pressure of iiquld at pump suction, kPaa, less the
sat~ratio·~ ·
· corresponding to the temperature at the same point, converted to
meters he::
liquid Is known as
Of
a) total dynamic head
b) net positive suction head
c) total stall(? head
d) static suction head
9. To avoid cavitation, NPSHA should be
a) greate r than or equal to NPSHR
b) less than or equal to NPSHR
c) less than the NPSH.R
d) equal to NPSHR
10. A boiler feed pump receives 45 lps of water at 190°C and enthalp
y of 839.3
operat es agains t a total 11ead of 952 m with efficiency of 70%. Calcula
te ttie en
leaving the pump in kJ/kg: · ·
a) 870.1 ·
b) 650.5
c) 848.6
d) . 700.5

;J.36tC u~
 ~~
r_J;e§S
.
.
c:1 .-
.
.

. . .

Q.EC][PQ.OCATING
PUMPS

INTRODUCTION

leSS(?n 5 deals mainly with one of the·positive displacement pumps-the reciprocating

pumps. It presents and defines the different types of reciprocating pumps specifically the
steam or direct-acting reciprocating pumps and the indirect-acting reciprocating pumps.
The discussion also includes sample problems that apply the necessary equations In
the analysis and design computations involving these two types of pumps.
The section Key Terms and Concepts to Remember provides basic definitions,
principles, and related information on. reciprocating pumps, while a self-test and problem-
solving exercises serve ~o assess student comprehension.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

• define displacement and reciprocating pumps;
• enumerate the different types of reciprocating pumps;
• differentiate direct-acting and indirect:ac!ing pu~ps; .
·ty the sizes of direct-acting and indirect-acting pumps; and
• speer . . ti
solve problems involving recrproca ng pumps.
• ana Iyze an d - _, _
 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
• A reciprocating pump Is a machine In which the pumping action Is occompfllheci
by the forward and backward movement of.a piston Inside a cylinder, usua11y
provided with valves. It Is classified as .a posltly~ dlspla~ement pump. .
• In 1840, Henry R. Worthington invent d the ~rst direct-acting reciprocaung atean,
7
pump used for feeding water Into boilers. . . . .
• A displacement pump is a pump in which energy_ 1s penod1ca11~ added by
,, application of force to one or more movable ~oundane~ of an~ des,~ed number .·
·,,l - : of enclosed, fluid-containing volumes. This results . in a direct increase in
'J
I · pressure, up to the value required to mov~ the fluid through valve or port into the
_. discharge line.
I

TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS •·

!
'!
To r~cepitulate, the types of reciprocating pumps are as follows:
A. Piston and plunger type reciprocating pumps
1. · Steam or Direct-acting, double-acting pumps
a. simplex pumps
b. duplex pumps
2. Power or ll)direct-actlng pumps
a. Single-acting pumps
I. simplex pumps
ii. duplex pumps
iii. triplex pumps · .
iv. multiplex pumps
b. Double-acting pumps
i. simplex pumps
. V\- ii. duplex pumps
·, -· iii. triplex pumps
Iv. multiplex pumps
. 8. Diaphragm-type reciprocating pumps
1. Simplex-type pumps
a. Fluid operated type
b. Mechanically operated type
2. Multiplex-type pumps
a. Fluld operated type
b. Mechanically operated type

CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS IN TERMS OF

THE METHOD OF DRIVING THE WATER PISTON OR PLUNGER

1. Direct-acting reciprocating pump is a pump that is motivated by the force of steam

on the steam ~lston. The steam and water pistons are connected by a piston rod-
Any for~e apphed on the steam piston Is transmitted to the water piston. Steam ancl
water pistons are normally double-acting, which means that every stroke of th8
· water piston Is a delivery stroke.

~ IJ~ - = - ~ ~
 • ~eciprocating ~~mps may be ·of either ~he piston type or the f?lunger type.
Water

out

Steam in' Water Water

· in in
Figure ,5.1. Direct-acting Reciprocating Pumps

Cylinder and Piston Dimensions

· Example:

.2Q3 )(
~ )(
JQ5 rnrn
~ength of stroke (common to both cylinders)

I
i

I Diameter or bore of water cylinder_

Diameter of steam cylinder

2. Indirect-acting reciprocating pump is a pump in which water is driven by an electric

motor, internal combustion engine, steam turbine, gas turbine, or steam engine. It
is-also called a power pump. It has high efficiency and constant speed because of
- the type of drive. It is capable of delivering constant quantity of fluid against a variable
- he~d. It is either single-acting or double-acting.

• · The design of power pumps may be horizontal or vertical. _

Water
Connecting

·--- ~=-----_---- rod

',. . ;., _A Crank

in

Figure 5.2. Indirect-acting Reciprocating Pumps

 Cylinder and Piston Dimensions

Example:

..203...x 305mm
L------ Length of stroke
IL.- - - - - - - Diameter or bore of the cylinder

CLASSiFICATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS IN

TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF WATER CYLINDERS

1. Simplex pump - a reciprocating pump with one cylinder

2. Duplex pump - a reciprocating pump with two cylinders
3. Triplex pump - a reciprocating pump with three cylinders

FORMULAS

1. Direct-acting Pumps

a) . Approximate commercial speed of piston

V =1.38,/LF,
. where V = piston speed, m/min
L = length of stroke, mm
F 1 = temperature correction factor
= 1.00 for cold water
.••. = 0.85 for 32.2°C water
• = 0.71 for 65.5°C water
= 0.55 for 204.4°C water

b) Piston displacement

V. =~D 2 Vn
D 4
where VO = piston displacement, m3/min
D = diameter of water piston, m
V = piston speed, m/min
n = number of water cylinders
= 1 for simplex pump
= 2 for duplex pump
= 3 for triplex pump

c) Pump duty - the work done in the water cylinders expressed in N-m/million
joules · . ·

Pump d1,1ty = 9.807 mW (Hd - H,) X ae

1

----- . .- -: .,_. •r-------

=.::,_;;.----:~ - ~ . '· ~. ---
1000m, (h, :- h.)
~e.J.Cwdetioii~Ja Fl)!td M•~lll!t.!I\' ~ - ------
=-----~- -:::;:---~;-
---: :.-~---
~ -
 where mW= water pumped, kg/s
m, = s!eam used, kg/s .•
Hd = discharge head of pump m
H, = suction head of pump •~
~• : enthalpy of supply ste~m. kJ/kg
• - enthalpy of exhaust steam, kJ/kg .

d) Pump_duty In terms of N-m per 1 000 kg dry steam

Pump duty= ~807 mw (Hd - H,) 1O'

1000mI (hI -h)
e
x

where pum~ duty Is In N-m per 1000 kg dry steam

m, - ~ass flow rate of dry steam used, kg/s
Hd = d1sc~arge head of pump, m
Hd = suction head of pump, m
.., 2. Indirect-acting Pump

a) Rotative speed of directly coupled motor or the crank shaft

N =907.5.._
m .jL
where Nm = motor or crank shaft speed, rpm
L = length of stroke, mm
F1 = temperature correction factor

b) Piston displacement (rod neglected)

t.>l
V. = ~D2 Yn
0 4 .
" where VO = piston or volume displacement, ml/min
. L = length of stroke, m
D = bore or piston diameter, m
N = number of delivery strokes per minute
. = Nm' for single-acting pump
= 2N , for double-acting pump
n = i,u;;;ber of cylinders

c) Volumetric efficiency (for both direct-act!ng and indirect-acting pumps)

= actual volume flo~, ml/min(100 %)=..9.( 100 %)
11. Vo, ml/min . Vo

d) Slip (for both direct-acting and Indirect-acting pumps)

Sllp = 1 - .11. .

~ - - ~~ lf~PmCATIN N]MpCtltt.:
=
~ -.;.
~ ~~ ; ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ - -C=
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT-ACTING
RECIPROCATING PUMPS OVER CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Advantages
average
• The design is simpler and pumping action Is readily understood by an
mechan ic. ·
. ----fhe operation Is more flexible.
on.
__:---/•· ifne operation is fairly quiet and can be set on a slmple light f?undall
· ----· • It is not likely to become misaligned.
hundred
• It has a comparatively low initial cost and a capacity of up to several
liters per minute.

Disadvantages
• Oily exhaust steam
• Low thermal efficiency
• More inspection and maintenan_ce required

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
. .
dimensi ons for a duplex, direct-acting steam pump for the
Ex 5.1) Select the suitable
is at 93"C;
following boiler services : 265 1pm against 0.863 Mpaa boiler pressures water
of water; water
boiler water level is 5.5 m above pump; pump is 2.0 m below source
head and pipe friction.
cylinder, D = L; and volumetric efficiency is 90%. Neglect velocity

i~
Find the water power.

Given: The figure shown:

..
0.863 Mpaa
D= .L

-rL------1
Q =265 lpm A
5.5 m
TJ. = 90%
r_..._---'Pump>------IJ_
-.L-2

. Required:
a) Suitable dimensions of duplex, direct-acting pump
b) Water power ·

I
 .
_a) Determination of suitable dimensions ·

, .Solving for the piston displacement, .

· PD= .9. J0.265 m /min) _. 3

3
.

Tlv . 0.90 -0.294 m /min= 294 x 109 mm3/min

, From the equation of PD,

PD =( *)o v *)o2
n =(
2
( 1.38 JC F,)
=(%)o (1380Ji:F )n, when V =1380 'J[ F
2
1 1

where V = 1.38 Jr F, ➔ m/min '

V = 1380 J[ F, ➔ mm/min
.
D=L .

. Then, PD=( i)0 (1380.✓DF,)n

2
=( ¾ )(✓0f (1380)F,n
• • Solving for D, where F, = 0.6783 (interpola!ed) ·
2 2

D=[ 4PD
1t{1380)F, n
ls=[ - 4(294)10s
1t{1380)(0.6783)(2)
ls =13~.94-132mm
·.

Therefore, the suitable size is D >< L = 132 >< 132mm. ANSWER

. : b) For the water power or pump theoretical work

• Solving for the TOH of the pump, ·HA + TOH = H8 + HLAB

P v2 _ P - V,2 .
2-+_A_+z ·+TOH=_ll_+-8-+Za
pg 2Q A pQ 2Q .
where VA = o· vB = o· & HLAB = o
I I

3
• Solving for the TOH, where, at 93°C, p = 963.2 kg/m ·

TOH= Pa -PA +(i . z ) J863000-101325) +( 5.5 _ 2) = 84 _11 m

pg B A 963.2(9.81) ~

' · •• 1
•, '

~ .E1_ ·tiBII I ~
~ . ,
 • Solving for the water power,

pgQ(TDH)
wp-.:.....::..~-....:.
' 1000
WP= (963.2)(9.81)(0.265/60)(84.11) = _ ' kW
3 51
.1000 .

Ex. 5.2) Results of a test on a 254 ,c 152 ,c 305 mm' duplex, direct-acting pump are as
· follows: Test time, 60 minutes; speed, 38 strokes per minute per cylinder; TOH is 76 m;
I
I, 82.2°C water;.water pumpe~ Is 22680 kg. Determine: a) volumetric efficiency; b) water
power; and c) slip. ·
Given: A 254 ,c 152 ,c 305 mm duplex, direct-acting pump

Time = 60 mlnut~s
Speed = 38 strokes per minute per cylinder
Water temperature = 02.2°c
Mass of water pumped = 22680 kg
n = 2
TOH = 76 m
Required:
a) Volumetric efficiency, Ev
b) Water power, WP
c) Slip
Solution:
• For the piston speed,

V = (0.305 m/stroke) (38 strokes per min per cylinder)= 11 .59 m/min

• For the piston displacement, .

'

2
PD= ( ~) 0 V n = ( ~ }o.152)2 (11.59)(2) = 0.4206 m3/min
• For the pump capacity, at 82.2°C, p = 970.3 kg/m 3

Q= 22680 kg =0.39 m3/min

3
(60 min)(970.~ kg/m )
. a) Solving for the volumetric efficiency

a (100%) = ( 0.4
Ev= PD o.39 ) (100%) = 92.72% ANSWER
206
 b) Solving for the water power

WP= pgQ(TDH)
1000
WP= (970.3)(9.81)(0.39/60)(76)
1000 . =4.7 kW

· c) Solving for the slip

_Slip= 1-e_, = (1-0.9272)100% = 7.28% ANSWER

ex. 5.3) Results of-a test on a 254 1C 152 IC 305 mm duplex, direct-acting pump are as
folloWS: Test time, 60 minutes; steam used 567 kg at 1.38 Mpaa saturated steam; exhaust
at0.101 Mpaa; speed, 38 strokes per minute per cylinder; water pumped, 22 680 kg; TOH,
76 mat 82oC water. Determine: a) volumetric efficiency; b) water power; and c) pump duty.

Given: A254 IC 152 IC 305 mm duplex, direct-acting pump

lime = 60 minutes
Mass of steam used = 567kg
· Pressure of saturated steam = 1.38Mpaa
Pressure of exhaust steam = 0.101 MPaa
Speed ' = 38 strokes per min per cylinder
Mass of water pumped = 22680kg
Total dynamic head, TOH = 76m
Number of cylinders = 2 cylinders
Temperature of water = 82°C

Requlmd:
a) Volumetric efficiency, e.
b) Water power, WP
c) Pump duty .

Soiution:
- • For the piston speed,

v = (0.305 m/stroke)(38 strokes per min per cylinder)= 11 .59 rn/min

• For the piston displacement, ·

PD=(~ )0 vn =(~ }o,1s2)2 (11.59)(2} =0.4206 m /min

2 3
 .• For the actual volume fl~ rate, at 820C, v, • 1.0305 ,c 10-1 m3/kg, r • 970.40
· . (22680 kg) 4· 3 kw.,,
. , Q=m._(v., ~= 60 min (1.0305x10 kg/m )=0.3895m'lmln

a) Solving for the volumetric efficiency

·•• ·£y % )=92.61%

=(p~ }100.%)~(~:!~~:}100_

b) Solvlng for the water power of the pump

' .. WP= pgQ(TOH)

. 1000
~ (970.40)(9.81)(0.3895/60)(76) = 4 _7 kW
1000

c) Solving for the pump duty

· 9.807m (H -H )
Pump duty = • d • x 108
. 100Q(m,)(h, -h.)

where Hd - H, TOH 76 m = =
• h1
.=
h . =. enthalpy of supply steam at 1.38 Mpaa and saturated = 2 789.6 k.Mv
enthalpy o~ exhaust saturated water. at 0.101 Mpaa = h,·= 417.46 kJI;
'

Therefore, .

Pump duty=
9.807(22 680)(76)108 N•
· =0.0126-----
m
. . 1000(567)(2 789.6-417.46) Million Joules

Ex. 5.4) What size of 1 750-rpm motor should be used to dri~e a 100 >< 200 mm single-
acting triplex power pump? Pump ·efficiency = 88%; mechanical efficiency .= 90%, Wh8l •
V-belt pulley diameter should be used? Water temperature = 11 0"C. ·TOH = 24.6 kg/cm2 =
258.69m .

. Given: Single-acting, triplex pump

. Nm= 1750 rpm hP = 88% TOH = 258.69 m ·
Dw=100mm hm =90% t = 110.°C
L = 200 mm e
- y
= 95%

Required:
a) Size of the driving motor
b) Size of the V~belt pulley
 utJOn' .. .
5"' From steam tables,.at 110°C,·v, := 1.0516
. x 10"3 m3/kg, r .= 950.932 kg/m'
I ' ~ •

(24.6 kg/cm2 )(10·000 cm 2/m 2 ) ·

. _ For the TOH, TOH= . · · = 258.69 m
. .. ., ·· . (950.932 kg~_m3 ) .- ·,
. . . .

· For the ~rankshaft.rpm, N= 9o7 F, =(907)(0.6587 ) =42.25 rpm ·..

·.· .• . .j[ · ✓ 200 ·
where F1 = 0.65~7 (interpolated) ·

For the piston displacement,

P~=( if'LNn=( i}o,10)'(~.20)(42.25){3)=0.199 m'/min .

For the actual volume flow rate,
•
.Q = (_PD) (eJ = 0.199 (0.95) = 0.189 m3/min

a) Solving for the brake power of the driving motor

Pump brake power,

WP pgC(TDH)
BP=-=
. Tip · 100011p, . . -
_ (950.932){9.81){0.189/60)(258.69) =8 _64 kW
- 1000(0.88)

The~. moi or brake power B~M'

BP. .= BP·= 8.64 =·9.60 kW
M 11m 0.90

. Therefore, use, say, a 10-kW motor. ANSWER

--- - -- - -- --- - - - -- ~ - -- ~ -
b) Solvlng for the V-belt pulley size

From machine design textbooks, the type

f V-belt to be used for a 9.6-kW drive
er Is section "B" at 1800 rpm.
1..~ .- ommended . range of small pitch
· diam~ter is from 13r to 188 mm. If the small
pitch diameter is 137 mm, the _cranksh~ft
pulley diameter, for single reduction 1s
137 x 41.42 = 5 675 mm or 5.675 m, which
is unrealistic. Multiple reduction by belt
drive is not recommended. (Note: 41.42 is
the speed ratio). .

KEY ,TERM f AND CONCEPTS TO REMEMB

ER:
• A reciprocating pump, also known as a piston pum
p, is a pump in which moUon and '
pressure are applied to the fluid by a reciproca
ting piston In a cylin~er. ..
• A piston rod is a rod that Is connected to the
piston, and either moves o_r is moved ·
by the piston.

• Piston speed is the distance traveled by a pisto

n in a given time usually exp'ressed
in fpm or mis.

• The volume that the piston in a cylinder displ

aces in a single stroke is known as
volume displacement. It is 'equal to the product
of the distance the piston travels ·..
(stroke) and the internal cross section of the cylin
der. ·
• A direct~acting pump is a displacement-recipr
ocating pump in which the steam or
power piston-is connected to the pump pisto
n by means of a rod, without crank.
motion or flywheel.

• A displacement pump is a_pulTlp that deve

lops its action through the alternate filling
and emptying of an enclosed volume in a pisto
n-cylinder system.
• . A positive displacement pump is a pump in
which a measured quantity of liquid is
entrapped in a space, its pressure raised, and is
delivered like a reciprocating piston
cylinder, rotary vane, gear, or lobe pumps. .
.
• A_ gea: pump is a rotary pump in whic_h two meshing
gear wheels rotate in opposite

• •
directions so that the liquid is entrained on one
side: · '
side and discharged on the other

Rotary pumps are displacement pumps that deliv

two members in rotational contact. er a steady flow by the action of

~~--~!d~~~~-~:~n_•·~~~~•eii~~~
 • A screw-type pump ls a displacement pump that raises llquld by means of helical
Impellers In_the pump casing. _ · - _ _.

• i duplex pump is a reqipro~ting pump with tw~-p~rallel cylinders.

• A submersible pump_is one in which the pump it~elf and 'i'ts electric driving_ motor
are together in a protective housing that permits the unit to operate underwater.

• Submersible pumps are either rotary, centrifugal, ~r reciprocating pumps.

' ,

• A, regenerative p_ump, also known as a turbine pump, has a rotating-vane device

that uses a combination of mechanical Impulse and centrifugal force to produce
high liquid heads at low discharge. -

• A vertical turbine pump, also known as a deep-weal pump, is a multi-stage centrifugal

· pump used for lifting water from deep and small-diameter wells. A surface electfjc
motor operates the shaft.

• A hydraulic machine is powere~ by a motor activated by the confined flow of a

stream of liquid, such as oil or water under pressure.

• _ A hydraulic motor is activated by water or other liquid under pressure.

• A jet pump is a pump in which an accelerating jet entrains a second fluid to deliver
. ,, it at elevated pressure .

•• The rotative speed (N) in rpm, of an indirect-acting reciprocating pump for cold
water is given by the equation, N = 907(L--0• 5), where L is the stroke in mm. _

• A hydraulic pump, also known as a hydraulic ram, is used to fo~ce running water to
a higher level by using kinetic energy of flow. The flow of water in the supply pipeline
is periodically stopped so that a small portion of water is lifted by the velocity head
of a larger portion. -

• The science·and technology concerning the mechanics of fluids, especially liquids,

is known as hydraulics.

• Steady flow is a flow of fluids in which all_the conditi~ns at any one point in a pipe
line are constant with respect to time.

• Triplex pumps are three-cylindered pumps used to produce overlapping deliveries

and minimize pulsation. · , - ·

• The discharge capacity of a reciprocating pump Is given by the equation, Q =11v V0 ,

where VO Is the volume displacement In m3/s, Tlv Is the volumetric efficiency, and Q

L»Nih ._.,~
t Is the discharge capacity of the pump In m3/s. _

;§§
 .,
• A d/rect-acung, S1..... - 6lr/ven re cl p~ tln g
pump Is one In which the
connects directly tovafthe
1
rl-v
liquid piston or plunger.
1te1m Pllfon
.
, . .
• In , Henry R. Worthington inv -
1840 ented the first reciprocati .
water into a boiler. ng steam pump for feedin
- g
·
-
• There are two general
types of direct-acting ste
duplex. The .simplex type am pumps: the simple
has one steam and one x and the
type has two duplicate steam an water cylin~er, while the
d two water cylinders. duplex
• A plunger-type pump
Is a reciprocating pump wh
casing Instead of on the ere the packing is on the
moving piston. stationary
.
• A diaphragm pump . .
Is a reciprocating pump
~ operating parts from pu used as a diaphragm to
mped liquid In a mechan iso lat e the ·
ically actuated diaphrag
m.
• Diaphragm pumps, an
other design of reciprocati
thick pulps, sewage sludg ng pumps, are used for
e, acids or alkaline solut handling .
solids that wear out me ions, mixture of wate'r an
tal pumps, as well as liq d gritty
constant flow volume Is uid solutions or pulps wh
required. ere a ,
·
· · • The diaphragm in
a diaphragm pump is made
abrasion, and in spe?ial of special rubber that res
cases, oil and high tempe ists corrosion,
rature. . -
• Sludge pumps are pri
marily designed for pump
to be handled successfu ing sludge or substance
lly by ce~trifugal pumps. s too heavy
. .

-
,~osLEMS .
Th8 volumetr_ic efficiency of a '96 ,c 1·2a ,c 154 mm duple~, direct-acting pump Is
1
· go%. Determine a) the commercial piston speed; and b) the pump discharge rate.
•
·'1i' A duplex,If the226·temperature
x 134 256 mm, ~team boiler fe:d p~mp is operati~g at norm?I
>c
'l3/ speed. of feed water Is 93°c and the volumetric efficiency Is
. · 99°/~. determi~e the a) ~is~on speed; b) pump discharge rate; and c) pump speed in
. · strokes per min per cyhnder. · .

3. The following are t~e test results for a 254 ,c 152 ,c 306 mm duplex, direct acting
pump:
Time of test = 1 hr
Steam used at 1.4 Mpaa, Saturated = 568 kg
Steam exhaust pressure · = . 0.1o Mpaa
• Piston speed = 38 strokes per cylinder
Water pumped = 22 700 kg
Pump TDH = 76 m
. Water temperature = 82°C
Determine the a) pump discharge rate; b) pump volumetric efficiency; c) pump
waterpower; and d~_pump duty.

4. A 110 x 210 mm single ~cting, triplex, indirect-acting pump is driven by a 1760 rpm
electric motor. The temperature of water is 110°C and the pump TOH is 230 m. If
the pump efficiency is 88%, the volumetric efficiency is 95%, and the mechanical
efficiency is 90%, specify the size of the driving motor.

• 5. Select the suitable dimensions of a duplex! direct-acting, pump for the following
· boiler servic~: • · · ·
Pump discharge = 260Ipm
Boiler pressure = 860kPaa
. Feed water temperature = 94°C · ·
Boiler water level·above pump centerline = 5.5 m
Pump dimension = D. = L ·
Volumetric efficiency . = 90%
_ Neglecting the vel~city head and pipe friction, determine the wat~r power.

Q) A 254 x 152.4 m~ duplex direct-acting pump with 38.1 mm piston rods makes 35
double strokes per_cylinder per minute and delivers 511 l_pm of 38~C against a total
head of 140 m·. The steam is supplied to the steam cylinder at a pressure of 1.2
Mpaa a_nd exhaust to the atmosphere. Amount of steam supplied is 0.5 kg/sat 98%
quallty. Assume that the piston makes a full stroke. Determine the a) piston
displacement, m3/s; b) pump slip; c) water power delivered; and d) thennal efficiency
of the pump.

dttc
 7. Determine the discharge rate, In . lps, of a 254 ,c 152.5 ,c 305 mm duplex
. operating at 35 strokes per minute if the slip ~s 7% and the water is at ee•c.
' .... . . ~ . \

• 8. Determh,e _the actual_displacement of a 152.4 x 101.6 x 254 mm simplex,.dl~

·. .· acting pump in 1pm when the inlet pressure is 1,o~.675 kPag and t~e outlet presauri
· · · 'is 13~8: 675 kPag. ·water enters _~t 110~C,_slip is 12%, and the speed is 40 str~
· per min. · - _.

a
. , 9. ·select· duplex pump for boiler feed service. Suction pressure is 83 kPaa,-waie,:
.- · temperature is 88°C. and discharge pressure is 1136.675 kPag. Assume 70%
~- ·.· · . volume_tric efficiency, 56~:81 lpm, and 64.675 kPag to 55.675 k'.a~. -. ·
1

·10. The following data were taken during the rest of a pump: 38 ·550 kg/hr; _4-inch schelfule
• 40. lnleJ pipe; 3-inch schedule 40 discharge pipe; gauge in suction line located
. 8~.36 cm below the pump centerline reads 88.9 mm Hg vacuum; discharge gauge
located 45. 72 cm below the pump centerline reads 1 206.25 kPa, water temperature
Is 49°C, Input to pump 24 Hp. Find the developed head and the pump efficie_ ncy. ·..·

·_ 11. A fire pump delivers 40000 1pm on test. The suction g~uge reads 32.4 mm Hg
vacuum and Is 21.92 cm below the pump centerline. The discharge gauge reads ··
593 kPa and is 91.44 cm above the pump centerline. What is the pump efficiency if
the water temperature is 25°C and the input is 97 Hp? .

12. A centrifugal pump receives 34 000 kg/hr of 72oC water when the pump centertine •
is 274.32 cm above the water level in a vessel that has a pressure of 31 -kPaa.
Calculate the water power, neglecting friction and velocity heads, if the discharge
pressure gauge reads 38.~ m.

II
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UJI l.270S 43.67 1111.72 1411.1 2.S99.9 1129.42 1661.1 2797.S 2.8747 3.1343 6.0091
1123.SS 1475.9 2599.S 321 11.2"4 1.4911 I.S.411 1444.6 1080.9 252.S.S 1461.S 1231.6 2180.1 l.4418 1.0U2 S.5362
4.613 l.l7l0 G.9l 11·.s,s 1220.0 269).t 5.SIIO
2.8838 3.1181 6.0019 llJ I.S102 14.962 1456.4 1064.l 2520.7 1473.t l.4612 2.0491
1.2755 42.21 1121.39 1470.6 2599.0 1134.37 1662.5 2796.9 2.8929 3.1019 S.9941 324 11.883 1.5221 14.451 1461.4 1047.2 2515.7 1416.S 1200., 2617.4 3.4115 2.DI09 5.499S
UII 1465.l 2591.6 I 139.l3 16.S7.0 2796.3 326 12.197 I.SJ.... 13.95] 1480.6 1029.1 2510.4 1499.l 1111.l 26I0.6 l~I l.971S 5.4I06
1.2711 • 41.49 H3l.24 2.9020 3.0856 .S:9876
411S 1460.0 2.S91.l 1144.lO 1651.4 2795.7 lJI 12.511 1.5473 13.469 1492.1 1011.9 lSOU I.Sl2.l 11612 2673.4 l.5191 UllS 5.4613
uo 1.2107 40.79
40.11
1131.10
1142.97 1454.7 2597.6 1149.21 16'5.7 279.S.O
2.9112 3.0693
3.0S30
5.980S
S.9733
OD 12111 2.9203
2597.1 1154.21 1640.l 2794.3 lll 12.845 I..S607 12.996 ISOS.3 993.7 2491.9 IS25.l 1140..6 1665.9 1.5'°7 l.l909 5.4417
s.a 1.2159 J9.4l 1147.1.S 1449.l
3.0368 .S.9662 332 13.179 I.S747 12.S3S IS 17 .9 974.9 ·2492.1 1511.6 1119.l 2651..0 1.5119 1.1496 S.4115
1159.21 1634.4 '2793.6 2.9294 lJ4 IJ.S20 I.Sl93 12.016 I 530.7 95S.6 2416.3 IS52.2 1097.S 2619.7 l..5933 I.I076 5.4009
SIii 1.2116 31.n 1152.74 1443.t 2596.6 2.938S 3.020S S.9S90
1I.S7.61 1431.4 2596.1 116'.lO 1621.6 2792.9 J~ IJ.868 1.6047 fl.647 I 543.7 93S.I 2479.4 . I S6J-9 107S.O 2641..0 3.6UO 1.7641 S.3791
SJIJ 1.2911 ll.l2 1622.1 2792.1 2.9477 3.0041 5.9Sl8 S.lSIO
1.2940 37.49 1162.56 1433.0 259'.5 1169.34 !.ti 14.223 1.6209 11.217 ISS6.9 91S.3 2472.2 IS79.9 IOSU 2631.J J.6310 1.n10
UIS 1167.41 1427.4 2594.9 1174.31 1617.0 2791.3 2.9568 2.9878 5.9446
ll2' 1.2967 l6.16 1611.1 2790.5 2.9659 2.9714 S.9374 S.l3S7
SAU 1.2995 l6.l5 1172.41 1421.9 25M.l 1179..... 341 14.S86 • l.6379 10.797 1570.3 894.} 2464.6 I SM.2 1027.t 2622.0 J-'SM 1.6761
342 14.956 1.6559 10.)86 J584.0 172.S 2456..S 1608.1 1003.0 261 U l.6121 UlOS S.3126
2593.7 1114.51 1605.2 2719.7 2.975 I 2.9551 5.9301 344 15.333 1.67.SO 9.982 I 598.0 849.9, 2"7 .I 1623.6 977.l 2600.t 3.lOS2 U134 5.2117
MB l.l02l JS.61 1177.36 1416.l 2.9387 S.9229
1112.JI 1410.7 2S9l.O 1119.60 IS99.2 2711.8 2.9842 346 IS.718 1.6953 9.586 1612.2 826.4 2438.7 163...9 9.SO.S 2519.4 l.7211 I .S3S I S.2639
lll5 I.JOSI JS.OS 2.993-4 2.9223 5.9157 S.2311
Mn l.lOIO J.U7 1117.21 I.COS.I 2592.4 1194.69 1593.2 2787.9 341 16.112 1.7170 9.197 1626.9 102.0 2421.9 16S4.S 922.6 2577.1 3.7530 UIS2
ll99.4 2591.7 1199.11 1517.2 2781.0 3.002S 2.9059 S.9084
5.7'I J.ll09 JJ.90 1192.26 2.8894 S.9011 5.2112
I.JUI lJ.J4. 1197.25 1391.7 2590.9 1204.93 1511.1 2716.0 3.0117 350 16.513 1.7403 8.813 16'l.9 776.6 2411.4 1670.6 19).4 2S6l.9 l.7777 l.4llS
5.151 2S49.t S.1130
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s.,cz J.ll61 32.79 1202.25 1317.9 2590.2 1210.0, 1574.9 2715.0 3.0208 2.8730 5.893S 35,t 17J42 1.7927 8.0S9 1673.3 721.7 2395.0 I 7CM.4 130.4 2S34.I 3.1293 l.l240 5.1534
2.8S6S S.8865
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1376.3
2519.4
2511.6
1215.22
1220.40
I.S61.7
1562..S
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2712.9
3.0300
3.0392 2.8400 S.8792
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351
17.769
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1.8225
l.85S6
7.687
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2367.4
17222
1740.9
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6.220 J.l2S9 31.19 1217.34 1370.S 2517.J 1225.SI I.S56.l 2781.1 3.0484 2.8235 5.8711
6.ll.S I.J.290 30.61 1222J9 1364.6 2.Sl7.0 1230.71 I.S49.9 2780.7 3.0S76 2.8069 S.864S 360 l8.6SI 1.8925 6.94S 1725 .2 626.l 23S I .S 1160.s no.s 2411.0 3.9147 1.1379 5.0S26
362 19.106 1.9345 6.570 ""·5 s19.3 2111.1 1711.S 671.9 24St .l l.9463 1.0672 S.013S
Mil 1.3321 · 30.17 1227.46 13.Sl.7 2516.1 123.S.99 15'3.6 2779.6 3.0668 2.7903 S.IS71 364 19.571 1.9833 6.189 1765.2 S41.6 2313.1 1804.0 630.9 2434.9 ).9803 .9901 4.9704
6JOJ J.ll.sJ 1.9.G/ 1232.54 1352.7 251.S.2 1241.22 1537.1 2771.4 3.0760 2.7737 S.1497 3" 20.046 2.0416 5.795 17S7.I 502.1 2290.7 1121.1 511.l 2406.J 4.0176 .9044 4.9220
um Ull.S. 29.19 1237.6' 1346.7 2.S14J 1246.47 1530.7 2777.2 3.0152 2.7S71 S.1423 361 20.s-31 2.1145 S.380 1113.4 449.7 2263.1 IIS6.I Sl6.I 2373.6 4.0599 .IOS9 4.16SI
6.107 I.J.tl7 21.71 1242.74 1140.6 2.Sl3A 1251.73 I.S24.2 2775.9 3.09-45 2.7404 S.1341
6.1111 1.3450 1247.17 1334.5 2512.4 1257.02 I.Sl7.6 2774.6 3.1037 2.7237 S.8274 J7t 21.03 2113 4.92.S 1144.0 JM.S 2221.S ll90.S "J.6 2332.1 4.1106 .6165 4.7971
,.•
21.24 l71 4.7550
21.21 2.280 4.671 1162.S 344.l 2206.7 1911.G J9S.I 2306.1 4.1416 .6134
J.3413 21.n 1253.00 1321.4 2511.4 1262.JI I.Sll.O 2773.3 3.1130 2.7070 S.1199 l72 21.53 2.369 4J80 1115.2 294.l 2179.S 19)6.l )37.6 227].I 4.1791 .S233 4.7031
7.012 USl7 27J2 1251.16 1322.2 2580.4 1267.63 1504.3 2771.9 J.1222 2.6902 .S.8124 l7l 21.79 2.509 4.019 1916.6 225.0 2141.6 1971.l 251.0 2229.2 4.23)1 .3992 4.6324
7.116 1.3551 26J7 1263.l2 1316.0 2579.J 1272.96· 1497.6 2770.5 2.6734 S.80'9 374 22.05 2.180 3.404 1915.9 79..S 2065.4 2049.4 91.0 2140.4 4.JS29 .1406 4.'9JS
3.IJIS
1212 IJ515 26A3 1261.51 1309.8 2S71J 1271.31 1490.8 2769 I 3.1408 2.6S6S S.7973
7.321 1.3620 26.00 1273.70 1303.4 257~.2 1213.61 1414.0 21,1:1 l.lSOI 2.6397 S.7897 l74.ll6 22.09 3.ISS 3.ISS 2029.6 0 2029.6 2099.l 0 2099.3 4A291 0 4.4291
7.<06 J.3656 25..S1 1271.92 1297.1 2576.0 1219.07 1477.1 2766.2 3.1594 2.6227 S.782! Dcf'.wlica _. symbaia • P11t l.
7.545 1.3691 2S.IS 1214.15 1290.7 2574.9 1294.47 1470.1 2764.6 3.1687 2.6051 S.77'.1
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24J3 3.1111
1.166 l..l76' 1294.66 1277.1 2572.4 1305.34 1456.1 2761.4 3.1174 2.5711 5.7S9c2
7.J79 J.3802 23.94 1299.94 1271.2 2571J 1310.11 1....9.0 27S9J 2.SS47 .S.751.1
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Table I. •Saturation: Preuurea ., ...,
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T-p k Ila.
Entropy ·c •~• . . . '"....,. a.f:w ,-'!:.r ,.L~ BatllalpJ' • •• •
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s.... 1
11:.... .. u, I u., .....
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1, •• 64.97 1.0199 6204. 271.90 2191 .l 246).1
:J;s.3 •
' I 65.85 1.0204 5980. 275,51 2111.7 271.93 2146.l '
2611.2
.01 2SOl .l 2SOL4 .0000 9. I S62 9,1562 66.70 1.0209 2464.2 .1931 6.tll) 7.1)14
: .00 -~l;S.l '. 5772. • 279.14 2116.2 .275.61 2144.1 2619.7
.-o .II . l.aDl 20IU6
,... 2)70.0 2317.9
1.91 2496.9 . 2504.8 ..0288
.0S7S
9.077S
8.9999
9.1064 67.5)
68.33
1.0214 SS79. 212.60 lllU
2465.)
2466A 279.17 2342.0 2621.2 .9040· 6.9139 7.1179
.., ·I.It I.OOIH 111255 1.02111 .914.S 6.1904 7.ao.t
....
15.81 2492.S 2SOB.l 9.0S7l Sl98, • 215.H 2111.S 2467A 212.62 2340.o 2622.6
........ ........
.... l,.11 IJIOOI 1$9615 IS.II J.\64.7 2380.6 22.89 2418.S 2Sll .4 .0829 8.9112 9.0142 21S.91 2131.0 2624.0 .9246 6.1671 7.7924
... S.4S 1.0001 142ffl U.11 2160.0 2>12.9 69.10 1.0223 5229. '289.20 .9344 6.14.st 7.7I03 .
2179.2 2461A
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2174.9 2470.3
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1.0IOl IOI 696
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2316.9 •.• 3.S.17
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2481.6
2478.6
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2519.1 .1460 8.7631 •-9091
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7l.36
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4408. J07.0I
2170.8
2166.1
2472.1- 1
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au I.ODIM IOO JSS 4S.IO 2~.7
2391.9 S0.31_ 2473.1 2S2l.4 .1802 8.6727 8.8529 l12Al 2322.3 2614.7 .'956
I .01 I l
6.7104
6.6764
7,7061
7.6176
I.GODS "t22' SCUI 2341.6 75.87 l.026S 399), 317.Sl 21S9.S 2477.0 'f
.........
.1957 8.6322 77.0S 1.0272 317.51 2319.2 2636.a
.-s - 11.m ,.-1 17 9IO ·S4.ll 2331.6 2393.l 54.71 2470.6 2S2S.3 • .2102 1.5943
&.8279
78.18 1.0279
lBIS. - 322.47 2156.0 2471.S
122.SI 2116.2 2631.7 1.0259 6.6441 7.6'700
... 14.Jll I.OOOI 12 l6l Sl.ll 2335.1 2194.7 11.17 2461.3 2527.1 .2238 8.SS86
8.1044
79.27 1.0286
l6S2. 327.22 2152.7 2479.9 •127.26 2)1),A 2640.6 1AMOO 6.61)3 7.6')4
2396.0 . , 62.IO 2466.0 2528.8 8.782S 3503. lll.78 2149.S 2411.J
I•
.., M.IS I.CIOD9 ll 14' 62.IO 2333.2 .2168 80.32 1.029) 311.IJ 2310.6 2642.S I .0S36 6..Sl39 7 .6175
'MOlO 6Ul 2330.7 2397.2 66.54 2463.9 2.530..S 8.5250 8.7611 3367. ll6.19 2146.4 2412.6 1.8666 6..S.S.SI 7.6223
.... IS..N 1.0010 .2491 8.49)1 )36.21 2JOI.O 2644..2
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I.GOil l0ll7 70.09 2321.l 2391.4 70.10 2461.9 2.S32.0 8.7422
81.33 1.0300 1..0790 6.UU 7.607I
,..,u
)240, l40.44 210.4 248l.9
2SJl.5 .2607 8.4629 83.72 1.0316 2964. 350.48 340.49 2l0.S.4 264st
73.41 2326.0 2399.5 • 73.41 2460.0 8.7237 2136.4 -2486.8 1.8910 6.5029 7..St)t
....
61 GDC lS0.54 2299.) 2649.1
••••
1'1.58 2458.2 2534.9 .2719 8.4341 8,7060 85.94 I.Olli -.. 2732. 359.79 2129.8 1.1193 6,4422 7..S61S
l&.ll 61911 • 76.73 232:3.8 2400.6 76.7' 88.01 1.0146 2489.6 159.86 229).6 2653..S
25)6.) .2826 8.4067 2535. 368.48 212).6 1.14.S) 6.3167 7..SJ20
.-a n..82 1.0016 61216 . 79.14 2321.7 2401.6 79.IS 2456.4
2SJ7.6 .2928 8.3804
8.6192 89.9S . 1.0360 2365. 376.6)
?492.1 168.54 2281.J 1656.,
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2319.7 2402.6
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2454.8
245).1 2538.8 .3026 8.3552
8.6732
8.6579
2117.8 2494.5 376.70 228J.3 26'0..0
...... 6.2171
7.5041
7.4797
llll.42 I.GOit 91.78 1.037) 2217. 184.31 2112.4 2496.7
93.S0 1.0386 314.39 2271.6 2663.0
·- 21• 1..Dll20 S42S4 11.48 2315.9 2404.4 : 11.49 2451.6 2540.0 .3120
.3211
8.)311 8.64)2 95.14 1.0398
2087.
1972.
391.58
391.48
2107.2
2102.3
2498.8
2500.7
)91.66 2274.1 2665.1 1.2131 6.2017
1.2)29
6.2AJ4 7A'6t
J .4146
21.72 I.all S2219 91.16 2314.1 2405.l. " 91.17 2450.1- 2541.2 8.3079 8.6290 398..S7 2269 .I 2661.4
96.71 1.0410 6.162.S
2448.6 2542.) .3299 8.:.?856 1869. . 405.06 2097.6 2502.6 1670.9 I1.2517 7Al41
...~- .
ll.31 I.Dal) 50446 93.7S 2312.4 2406.1 ' 93.7S 8.61SS 98.20 1.0421 40.S.IS 2265.7
2447.2 .3384 8.2640 8.6024 1777, 411.34 2093.0 2504.4 411.4) .26fj 6.12S4 7..)Mt
ll..M I..GON 41742 96.26 2)10.7 2407 .0 96.27 2543.4 2261.1 167).2 1.2164 6.8902
47 IS2 98.69 2309.1 2407 .8 • 98.70 2445.8 2S44.5 .3466 8.2432 8.5898 7.l766
23.52 I..G026 99.6) 1.0432 1694.0
- 417.36 2088.7· 2506.1 417~6 22.SI.0 2675.5 I .l026 6.DS61
.3545 8.2231 101.00 1.0443 16111.4 423.13 2084.6 2507.7 T.l.sM
1..aon 4S665 101.04 2307.5 2408.S IOI.OS 2444.5 2545.5 8.5776 102.31 1.045) 423.24 2254.4 2677.6 -I.JIil 6Jt2. . 7.J4.)0
105.57 2441.9 2547.5 .1697 8.1848 8.5545 1549.5 428.68 2080.5 2509.2 428.79
25..16 I.DQJO 42964 I0S.S6 2304.4 2410.0 103.58 1.046.3 1486.4 2250.9 2679.7 1.3329 S..9MC 7.l27J
a.at I.DDJ2 40S72 109.83 2301.6 2411.4 109.84 2419.5 2549.3 .3840 8.1488 8.5327 4)4.0) 2076.7 2510.7 414.IS 2247.S •2681.7 I.J471 u,n
104.80 1.0473 1428.4 l.ll24
zu, I.DDJ5 31440·. 113.89 2298.8 2412.7 lll.90 2437.2 255 I. I .3975 8.1148 8.512) 439.20 ·2072.9 2512.1 439.32 2244.2 2613.5 I .J6al .S-'373 7.2111
IJIOJI J6U7 117.76 2296.2 2414.0 117.77 243.S.0 2SS2.8 .4104 8.0826 8.4930 105.99 1.0483 1374.9
a_., .,.
444.19 .2069.3 2513.S 444.32 2241.0 2615.4
107.13 1.0492 • 1325.4 l.l740 S-'104 72.Mil
a. 34800 121.4.S 2293.7 24152 121.46 24)2.9 2554.4 .4226 8.0520 8.474~ 108.24 I.OSOi 1279.4
449.02
453.70
2065.8
2062.4
-2514.8 • 449.IS
2516.1
2238.0 2617.1 1.3167 S.1145 7.2712
•--1 )3234 124.99 2291.l 2416.3 125.00 24J0.9 255.S.9 .4343 8.0229 8.4572 109.3 I 1.0510 1236.6 453.83 2235.0 2611.1 I .J91JO U ff6 7.2516
458.24 2059. I 2517 .3 458 ..19
lD.6'2. I..OOCS 31806 121.39 2289.1 2417.4 128.39 2429.0 2557.4 .4455 7 .995 I 8.4406 110.36 1.0519 1196.7 462.65 2055.9 2518.5
2232.1 2690.4 1_410, s.ns.s 7..2464
]1_41 1-'IMI
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29299,.
131.64 2286.9 2418.5 • ll I .6S
114.79
2427.2
2425.4
2558.8
2560.2
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.4665
7 .9686
7 .9431
8.4248 462.80 2229.2 2692.0 um s.1123 12141
IJIOSO 134.78 2284.7 2419.S 8.4096 111.37 1.0528 11.59.3 466.94 2052.7
112.36 2519.7 467 .I 1 2226.S 2693.6 1.4336 S.7191 l.22))
1.0536 1124.l 471.12 2049.7
-Cl6..16
I ..OOSJ
I.DOSI
I.DOM
21192
2S769
23739
137.11
144.94
I SI .SJ
2282.7
2277.9
2273.4
2420.5 137.82
2422.1 . J44.9S
242.S.O ISi .51
2423.7
2419.6
241S.9
2561..S
2564.5
2567.4
.4764
.4997
.5210
7.9187
7.8616
7.8094
8.3951
8.3613
8,3)04
113.U
114.26
115.17
1.0544
1.0552
1091.4
1060.4
475.19
479.15
2046.7
2043.8
2520.8
2521.9
2522.9
471.28
475.)6
479.3)
2223-.8
2221.1
2211.S
269.S.O • l.4444
2696..S I .4.S50
2697 .9 l.46Sl
S.7619
S.l. .7
S.1262
7..21ll
72017
7 .1914
1.0560 1031.2 483.02 2040.9 2523.9
J7.63 IJI069 220t4 157.66 2269.3 2426.9 157.67 2412.4 2570.0 .5408 7.7613 8.)020 483.20 2216.0 2699.2 1.4752 .S.lOU l.1114
J9- J.JI074 .20Sl0 163.39 2265.4 2428.8 163.40 2409.1 2572.5 .5592 7.7167 8.2758 116.06 1.0568 1003.6
......
486.80 2038.1 • 2524.9 486.99 2211.6 2700.6
116.93 1.0576 977.5 490.49 1.4149 S.6161 l.1717
•.2t IJJD1t 19231 . 161.78 : .5764 8.2515 117.79 2035.4 2525.9 490.68 2211.2 2701.1 1.4944 S.667' 7.IW
2261.7 2430.S 161.79 2406.0 2574.8 7.6750 1.0583 952.8 494.11 2032.7 2526.8 494.30 2208.1 2701.1
41...SI 1110) 173.17 2258.) 2432.2 173.18 240).1 2577.0 .S926 7.6361 8.2287 118.62" l.0591 I.SOJ6 S.MtS 7.ISJ2
--
929.3
.
497.64 2030.1 2527.7 497.84 2206.5 2704.J
......
42.67 I.GOl9 17099 178.69 119.43 1..s121 5...il6 1.1441
4].76 l..cN>M 16.20)
22S-S.0 2413.7 171.70 2400.3 2579.0 .6079 7.5994 8.2073 1.0598 907.0 SOI.ID 2027 .s 2528.6 SOUi 2204.2 2705..S U21S S.6141 l.1356
183.27 2251 .9 2OS.2 IIJ.29 2397.7 2511.0 .6224 7.5648 8.1872
~1!· • ·1.oo,a IS 399 117.64 2248.9 206.6 117.65 2395.2 2512.9 .6362 7.5321 8.1682 120.23 1.0605
.215 ' 121.02 • 1.0613
885.7 ·504.49 2025.0 2529.S 504.70 2201.9 2706.l 1..5101 ,S_jtlQ l.1271
. ,1 ,.s.a1 1.0102 14674 191.12 2246.1 2437.9 191.8) 2392.1 2514.7 .6493 7.5009 8.1502 .110 121.78 1.0620
865.S
846.2
507 .81
511.06
2022.5
2020.1
2530.4
2531.2
SOI.OJ 2199.1 2707.1 1..5)16 .S..510l 7.1119
47.t,J .115 122.53 l.0626 Sll.29 2197.6 270l.9 15461 S56e0 l.1109
•ff ' 4'A2
I.DIii
I .DI It
1341.S
12 361
199.66
206.91
2240.8
·221s.1
2440.4
2442.7
199.67
206.92
2118.]
2314.1
2588.0
2591 .I
.6738
..6963
7.4430
7.3900
1.1168
1.086) .J» 123.27 1.06)3
827.7
BIO.I
514.26
517.40
2017.7
2015.4
2532.0 514.41 2l9S.S 2710.0
25)2.8 -- Sl7.63 2191.4 2711.0
l..5S49 S.5411 7.IOJO
SUM 1.0126 1146.S 213.66 2231.2 2444.9 213.67 2380.2 2593.9 .7172 7.3412 8.051• 1.s621 S..532.s 7.D9Sl •
u..s.s I.DIJ4 10693 219.98 2226.9 2446.9 219.99 2376.6 2.596.6 .7366 7.29S9 8.0125 .115 124.00 1.0640 793.3 520.47 2013.1 253).6
.2Jt 124,71 520.72 2191.l Vil.I 1.5106 S..5171 7.m71
1.0647 777.1 523.S0 2010.8 2514.3 52).74 2119.l 2711.1
SJ.97 1.0141 10022 22.S.92 2222.8 2448.7 .235 12S.41 1.065) 761.6 1.5712 5.5023 7.GIOS
225.94 2373.1 2S99.I .7549 7.2536 8.0085 526.47 2008.6 2S3S.I S26.72 2117.l 2714.1 1.SI~ S.4177 7.07)3
j,SJ2 1.0147 9413 231.54 2219.0 2450.5 231.56 2169.9 2601.4 .7720 7.2140 7.9860 .MO 126.10 1.0660 746.7 529.39 2006.4 2SJS.I 529.65 2115.4 2715.0
t S6..S9 1.0154 1910 •. 236.86 221 S.l .J45 126.77 1.0666 732.4 1.5930 S.47l3 7.0663
2452.2 236.89 . 2366.8 2603.7 .7882 7.1767 7.96'9 S32.27 2004.3 2SJ6.5 S32.5l llU.S 2716.0 1.6002 S.4591 7.Gff4
57.IO J.0160 144.S 241.93 2211.8 2453.8 , 241.95 2361.8 2605.8 ,
--__
Sl.96 1.0166 .8035 7.1416 7.9451 .i.,e
1027 246.76 2208.5 2455,l 246.78 2361.0 2607.8 7.926) 127.44 1.0672 718.7 S3S. IO 2002.1 2Sl7.2 5JS.J7 21'1 ..5 2716.9
.8181 7.1082 .155 128.09 1.6072 S.445.S 7.0527
1.0679 70S.S Sl7.II 2000.0 2537.9 Sll.lS 21i9.l 2717.I 1.6142 5.4)19 7.0661
60.06 J .0172 7649 251.38 2205.4 24S6.7 2S 1.40 2358.3 7.908.S i ; 128.13 1.0685 692.8 -540.62 1991.0 2Sll.6 540.90 21'17 I 2711.l
61.ll 1.0171 7l07 2SS.II 2609.7 .1320 7.0766 129.37 1.6210 5.4116 7.0.JM
2202.l 2458.1 255.83 23SS.7 2611.6 7.8916 1.0691 680.S 543.32 1995.9 2539.l 541.60 2176.0 2719.6 1.6277 5.40~ 7.0))1
62.14 I.OIi) 6995 • 260.06 2199.4 2459.4 .1452 7.0464 .1'11 129.99 1.0697 661.7 545.97 1993.9 2Sl9.9 5-46.ll 2174.2
260.08 2353.2 2613.3 .8579 7.0176 7.8756 2720..5 1.6341 U927 7..0270
6).12 1.0189 6709 264.15 2196.6 2460.7 .264.18 2350.8 ~·
M.06 I.DIM 6446' 261.09 2615.0 .1701 6.9901 7.8602 Derminoas of symbols oa page I.
2193.1 2461.9 268.12 2148.S 2616.6 .8818 6.9637 1.uss
Derlllilioaa of aymbola OD page l.
(I) '9\
J f"
_____ _;.- _.,.. _____ ...,._. __.... _____ ... _.....
i
.-·. a. 11 - ._..~ •. . . , _ , . ....

/
~·
\ .
Table 2. Saturation: Preuurea
..
rm - f ' •
J ' '
,' .
rll
..
S~lc Vol•me Internal hero Enthalpy Entrop
==-
Sat.
u.- ... J:w 1.:-r 8aL
v.,.. Ll111114 y
,,.__
.
....
p Lr:w l•a,. a,
t ~, ::,;, ., u. u, h, h• h, .,.
l:•ap. ~t I
MPa T!t!,
Specilc Vohuae
Set. ~- lnternaJ Ene"IJ
.ns ll0..60 1.070] 6.U.l 541.59 1991.9 2540.5 541.89 2172.4 2721.3 s.3101
p
•c
t.
IJ,i111t1
.,,,,
\ape,
11>,, ,.t:,. l':,ap. ,~.
!lat.
Enthalpy
.
lll.ll 1.6408 !\eL Entropy
Ill.II
1.0709 646.) •SS I.I I 1990.0 2541.2 551.41 2170.7. 2722.1 1.6472 5.3677 7•0209 u, u. u. l.oc.uld •-•ap. \ -i,," .... ..._
....
1.0715 615.7 SSl.72 1981.1 2541.1 554.02 2168.9 2723.0 .75 167.78 h, h,., h,, l.~;,i t•111 V.._
.as lll.39 1.6535 5,3555 I.Ills 2SS.6 ., .,.
11
1.0720 W.4 556.23 1916.2 2542.4 556.54 2167.2 2723.8 ·" 168.)2
lll.97 1.0726 61S.• 551.71 1914.l 2543.0 559.02 216S.5 2724.S
l.659~ 5.3435 7·0!>" ,77 168.86
1.1121
1.1128
252.4 70l.64
711.00
1866.1
1164.2
2S74.7 1
2S7S.2
••
1.6658. 5.3317 6: ~~ .'71 169.)9 249.3 09.47 2057.0 2766.4
11"5
99 I.I 115 246.) 713.34 1862.2 2S7S.6 711.IS 20Ss.2 2767.0 2.0200 4.6647 6.6147
Ii .. l.OUl IOS.I 561.15 1982.4 2543.6 561.47 2163.1 2725.3 6 99
.7t 169.91 1.1142 7 IS.66 1860J 2576.0 •7 14.20 20Sl.A 2767.S 2.02SJ '-6802
4.6S49
•.' • h 1.6718 5.3201 I 243.3
....
IX.I I
ll4.67
1.07ll
I.Oro
.S96.S
517.S
S6l.S6
565.k
1980.6
1971.1
2544.1
2544.7
563.18
566.27
2162.2
2160.6
2726.1
2726.8
1.6777 5.3087 ,· It
6·98
... 170.43 l.1148 240.4
717 .95 I 858.S 2576.A 716.S2 20S I .6 2761 I
711.1) 2049.1 2761:.. 2.0306
2.0JS9
6.6751
4.64SI
6.6714
4.6JSS
l i
.JlS llS.22
llS..76
1.010
I.OlSC
Sll.l
570.2
568.29
570.61
1977.0
1975.2
254SJ
2545.1
568.62
570.95
2 ISl.9
2157.3
2727 .6
2728.3
1.6135
1.6893
S.2974
S.2863 91
6· ~
6:97
~ .II
.ll
170.9S
171.46
1.1155
1.1161
237.6
234.9
720.22
722.47
IIS6.6
1854.7
2S76.I
2577.2 721.11 2041.D 2769 1
2.041 I 6.6670
4.6260
t •.' ..SB 1300 1..llS9 562.0 572.90 l97lj 2546.4
1.6950 S.2754
9704
.IJ
.14
171.97
172.47
1.1168
1.1174
232.2
229.S
724.70
726.91
1152.9
I IS I.I
2577.6 7ll.JI 2046.l 2769:7
2571.0 725.62 2044.s mo.2
2.D462 4.6166 6.6621
2.0su 4.607J 6.65a,
.,.
~-' ll6..IJ 1.0l6S 573.25 2155.8 2729.0 I •7006 5.2646 6 96 729.I0 1849.2 2571.J 121.11 2042.1 mo.1 2.DS6J 4.5911 6.6544
SS4.0
,, ; .DS lll..lS
lll.11
1.DTIO 546.3
575.16
577.40
1971.7
1970.0
2546.9
2547.4
575.52
577.76
2154.2
2152.6
2729.7
2730.4
1.1061 5.2540 52
6•9601
.u
... 172.96
173.46
l.1181 227.0
731.27 1847.4 2578.7
730-04 204 I.I 2n I.2 2.8612 4.5190 6.6502
2.8662 4.SIOI) 6.6462
.. .... ....
I.OTIS 531.7 579.61 1968.32S47.9 579.97 2151.l 2731.l
1.7116 s.2415 6:95s 1.1187 224.5
2579.1 732.22 20)9.4 2ni ..
Ill.JI 1.0711 531.4 l.7169 5.2332 6 9SQ1 . 17 173.94 1.119) 222.0 73).42 1845.7
.. Ill.II
581.79 1966.62541.4 S82.16 2149.6 2731.1 1.1222 5.nJO 6:94 3 s2 .II
...
174.43
174.90
1.1200 219 .6 735.55
737.66
1843.9
1842.1
2579.4 734JI 2037.7 2772.1
2579.1 7l6.S2 2036".I 2n2..6
2m10 u111 6.6421
2.07sa 4.5623 6.6311
I.0716 524.3 513.95 1965.0 2541.9 1.1206 217.3
2S80.I 738.64 2034A m3.0 2AI06 4.55)6 Ul42
.JIIS Ill.JI 1..0791 517.3 516.09 1963.3 2549.4
514.33 2141.1 2732.4 l.727S 5.2 IJ0 6 940s 739.75 1840.4
740.75 20u.1 m3.5 2.0l5l 4.54SO UJOJ
.. 13'...ll 516.47 2146.6 2733.1 .tO 175.)8
l.D196 510.6 588.20 1961.7 2S49.9 1.7327 5.203 I 6:9lsa . ti 175.85
1.1212 215.0
741.83 1818.6 2580.S 2MOo 4.5364 6.6264
2733.7
2580.B 742.IJ 2011.1 mu
SH.S9 2145.1 1.7378 5.1933 6.9311 l.1218 212.7
504.0 590.29 1960.1 2550.4 590.61 2143.7 .ti 176.31 741.19 1836.9
.DI. 141..14 l.GI06 497.6 592.36 1958.S 2550.9
2734.4
1.7428 5.1836 6.926S .tl 176.78
1.1225 210.S 745.93 1835.2 2581.1 744.91 2029.s mu 2.0k6 4.S2IO 6.6226
592.75 2142.2 2735.0 1.12) I 208.4 2JJ9t2 4.5196 UIII
.JIS 141.ll
1.7478 S.1741 6.9219 ... 177.24 1.1237 206.3 747.95 1833.5 2581.S 746.96 2027.9 m4.1 2.1QJ1 u111 um
••11 2581.8 749.00 2026.l 2n5.3
-•~
491.4 749.96 1831.8
.lll Ml.79 l.Qll6
594.40 1956.9 2551.3 594.81 2140.8 2735.6 751.02 2014.7 mu 2.IOIJ 4-'0ll 6.6114
.. 142.26
485J -596.42 1955.4 2.S.Sl.8 596.13 2139.4 2736.2 l.7528 S.1647 6.9175 177.69 1.1243 204.2 2.1121 4.4950 uon
....
.m
Ml.72
143.11
I.Gill
l.Dl26
l..Olll
479.4
'13.6
468.0
598.43
600.41
1953.8
1952.3
2552.2
2552.7
598.14 2138.0
600.13 2136.6
2736.8
2737.4
l.7S77
1.7625
1.7673
S.1554
5.1462
5.1371
69130
6:9087 '
6.9044
·"
·"
...
171.14
178.59
179.0)
1.1249 • 202.2
1.1255 200.2
7Sl.9S
753.93
755.89
1830.2
1828.S
1826.9
2582.1 751.02 20n.1 2nu
2512.4 1s5.01
2512.7
2021.5 mu 2.1in 4.AIM 6-'0tl
602.37 l9S0.1 2553.1 1.1261 198.2 2019.9 2nu 2.121S 4A1'19 UIOS
602.IO 2135.2 2738.0 1.1120 s.1281 6.9001 . tt 179.47 1.1267 196.J
757.84 1125.2 2583.1 • 7S6.91 2011.4 2m.3 2.1259 4A710 6.59M
258l.4 75U4
I .,; At
Al
Al
143.63
144.Sl
145.40
I.Gll6
1..0145
462.S
451.9
604.31
608.14
lk9J
1946J
2553.6
2554.4
604.74 2133.1 2731.6
60I.S9 2131.l 2739.7
l.7766 5.1193 6.19S9 1
l.N
1.11
179.91
180.77
1.1273 194.44
759.77
761.68
1823.6
1822.0 258J.6
760.aa 201u 1111.1 2.IJ12 4.46)2 Utl4
2.p(s 4A5SS 6-5119
l.Ol55 441.7 61 l.90 1943.4 2S5SJ 1.7858 5.1018 6.1177 1.1284 190.80· 762.11 2015.) 2771.1
612.36 2128.4 2740.8 765.47 2.1317 4M71 6..5165
I 't Al
M
146.2'
147.10
1.0864
1.0173
432.1
422.8
6 IS.S9
619.21
1940.5
1937.6
2SS6.I
2556.9
616.06 2125.8 2741.9
619.68 2123.2 2742.9
1.7948
1.8036
S.0848
S.0681
6.1796
6.1717
1.14
1.16
I.II
181.62
182.46
183.28
1.1296
l.ll08
187.30
183.92
769.21
772.89
1818.8
1815.6
1812.5
2584.2
2514.8
2585.4
766.63
770.Ja
2012.2
2009.2
2771.t
2nu 2.1471 4.4ll6 6.S-7'6
2.1sn um •.snt
1.8122 S.OSl8 6.8641 1.1319 180.67 774.0I 2006.2 27IO.l
f A5 147.tl 776.52 1809.,4 2585.9 2.1614 4.40JO 6-5664
I.Oll2 414.0 6n.11 1934_9 2557.6 777 .74 2003.l 2711.0 2.171 l 4.3116 6.55'9
A 141..74 I.Gitt 405.S 623.25 2i20.7 270.9 1.8207 5.0359 6.8565 1.10 I"4.09 1.1330 177.Sl
....
A1 626.26 1932.1 2558.4 626.76 2118.2 2744.9 1.12 184.89 780.09 I 806.J 2586.4
14'.54 1.0900 397.4 1.8290 5.0202 6.8492 1.1342 174.49 711.14 2000.A 2711.7
r Al 629.70 1929.4 2559.1 630.21 2115.7 2745.9 1.14 185.68 78l.62 1803.3 2586.9 1997.S 2712.4 2.J 7't2 4.3144 6.55)6
I 1.135) 171.56 714J9
•
1~32 1.0909 389.6 633.o& 1926.1 2559.8 1.8371 5.0049 6.8420 787. I I 1800.l 2587 .4 2.IIM 4.l6DS 6.547)
ISi.io l.o917,. 382.1 633.60 2113.2 2746.8 1.8451 4.9898 6.1349 I 186.46 l.1)64 168.73 788.40 1994.6 2713.0 2.JM5 4.Jt67 6.5412
636.40 1924.1 iS60.6 636.k 2110.8 2747.8 I.II 187.2) 790.54 1797.4 2587 .9 791.16 1991.1 2713.6
l.8530 4.975 I 6.1280 1.1375 165.99 793.94 1794.4 2588.4 221121: 4.llll 6.5JSI
1su, 1.ori6 795.28 1919.0 2714.2 u um
t ..911
.51 152..60 1..0934
374.9
368.0
639.68 1921.6 2561.2
642.90 1919.0 2561.9
640J3 2108.S 2748.7 1.8607 4.9606 6.1213 l 1.20
Ul
187.99
188.74
I.I )IIS 163.33 797 .29 1791.5 2588.8 798.65 1916.2 2714.J
2.llt) 1tt
.51 1Sl.J4 l-'>942 361.3 64.0I 1916.S 2562.6
643.46 2106.1 2749.6 a-.1612. 4.9464 6.81'6 l 1.14 189.411
1.1396 160.77 800.60 1788.7 2589.3 IOI.ti 1913.4 271S.4
UI" 4~7 U2JJ
.5J 154.G6 l.09SI 154.9 646.65 2103.1 2750.5 1.8757 4.9324 6.8081 u, ;,1407 158.28 803.87 178S.9 2589.7 2.22J1 •.2t• U 176
....
.5t 649.20 1914'.0 2563.2 649.78 2101.S 2751.J 190.20 1.1417 ISS.86 IOS.21 1980.7 2716.0 2.2J19 4.2111 U 119
IS4.71 1.0959 348.7 652.28 1911.6 2563.9 6S2.87 2099.3 2752.1
1.88)0 4.9187 U017 I I.JI 190.9.3 1.1428 I SJ.SJ
807.0Q 178).0 2590.1 808.S) 1971.0 2716.S 2.2l7I 4.261.S 6.50l)
1.8902 4.9052 6.7951 810.19 1780.J 2590.6
.9 US.41 1,0967 342.7 I.JO
111.7S 1975.3 2717.1 uw 4.2561 •.soaa
655.32 1909.2 2564.5 6SS.93 2097.0 2753.0 191.64 1.1438 IS 1.25 2591.0
156.17 l.097S 336.9 1.8973 4.8920 6.789) l.lJ 813.44 1777.5 114.9) 19n_7 2717.6
I
.s, 6S8.32 1906.8 2565.1 658.93 2094.1 2753.8 192.34 1.1449 .149.0S 816.56 1774.1 2591.4 USl5 U4ll 6.49Sl
156.16 1.0983 131.3 1.9043 4.8789 6.7832 j 1.34 193.04 1.1459. 146.91 118.07 1970.0 2711.1 2.lSl2 4.llll 6.4900
157.Sl 661.27 1904.4 2565.7 661.90 2092.7 2754.S 819.64 1772.1 2591.7
1.()991 32S.9 664.18 1902.1 2566.J 1.9112 4.8661 6.777l 1.36 193.72 1.1469 144.83 121.18 1967.4 2711.6 2.2641 4.2 ltt 6.4847
JSl.20 I.D999 664.U 2090.5 2755.3 1.9180 4.8535 6.7714 1.31 822.69 1769 .4 2592.1 124.25 1964.J 27l9j
320.7 667.06 1S99.8 2566.8 194.40 1.1479 142.81 825.71 1766.8 2592.S 2.2714 4.21111 6.4795
667.71 2018.4 2756.1 127.29 I962.l 2719.6 um
• ISi.iS
1.9246 4.8411 6.7657
1.41
4.1965 U74J
•••
1.1006 31S.7 669.90 1897.5 2567.4 19S.07 1.1489 140.84 828.70 1764.1 2592.8
159.SO 1.1014 670.56 20l6.3 2756.8 4.8288 6.7600 1.41 ll0.30 1959.7 27t1..D 2..2142 4.IISO 6.469)
.....
310.8 672.70 I 895.3 2568.0 1.9312 195.74 1.1499 ll8.93 831.65 1761.S 2593.l
160.14 673.37 2084.2 2757.5 4.8168 6.754, 1.44 833.21 ltS7J 27'0.S UtOS 4.ITI7 6.460
1.1021 306.0 675.47 1893.0 2568.5 2082.J 2751.3
1.9377 196.39 1.1509 137.07 834.57 1759.0 259).S ll6..ll 1"4.7 27'0.t 2.2161 4.162.S US9)
160.77 1.1029 JOI.S 676.IS 1.9441 4.8049 6.7490 197.04 1.1519 135.25
M 161.)9 678.20 1890.8 2569.0 678.89 20IO.I 2759.0 1.41 837.46 1756.4 2593.9 ll9.14 ltll.2 2791.3 2.Jll2t 4.ISIS USM
l.1036 297.0 680.90 1888.7 2569.6 1.9504 4.7932 6.7436 197 .69 I.I 529 133.49 840.33 1753.9 2594.2 142.03 IMt.7 2791.7 uo,o 4.1406 6.44..
2078.0 2759.6
..,•
681.60 I .9S66 4.7817 6.7313
M
162.01
162.61
16321
1.1°'4
I.IOSI •
292.7
218.S
683.56
686.20
1886.5
1884.4
2570.1 •
2570.6
684.28
686.93
2076.0
2074.0
2760.3
2761.0
1.9627 4.7703 6.7331 I ....
1.50
1.55
198,3~
199.88
201.41
I.I 539
I.IS63
I.I 587
131.77
127.66
843.16 1751.3 2594.S
850.13 1745.1 2595.l
144.19
151.92
1947.l 27t2.l
1941.2 279).1
2Jl50
2.3291
4.1291
4.1 dJ1
U441
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