ORGANIC NAME REACTIONS

PREPARED BY: YOOSAFALI T K , GHSS BANGARA MANJESHWARAM (14038) , 9947444175

YOUTUBE CHANNEL: CHEM DSM

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1. Finkelstein reaction :- Alkyl iodide is prepared by Finkelstein reaction
Alkyl chloride or bromide is treated with sodium iodide in acetone solvent, alkyl iodide is formed.
CH3 CH2Cl + NaI → CH3 CH2I + NaCl
2. Swartz reaction :- Alkyl fluoride is prepared by Swartz reaction.
Alkyl chloride or bromide is heated with metallic fluorides such as AgF , Hg 2F2 ,etc. alkyl fluoride is formed.
CH3 CH2Cl + AgF → CH3 CH2F + AgCl
3. Sandmeyer’s reaction.

When aniline is treated with sodium nitrite and

dilute HCl (or Nitrous acid), benzene diazonium
chloride is formed (This is called diazatisation) .
When benzene diazonium chloride is treated
with Cu2Cl2, chlorobenzene is formed.
When benzene diazonium chloride is treated
with Cu2Br2, bromobenzene is formed.
This reaction is called Sandmeyer’s reaction.

4. Zaitsev’s rule :- According to Saytzeff’s rule, when two alkenes can be formed by dehydrohalogenation, the
major product is more alkyl group substituted alkene.
When 2-bromo butane is treated with alcoholic KOH , But-2-ene (2- butene) is the major product
𝑨𝒍𝒄.𝑲𝑶𝑯
CH3 CH2CH (Br) CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH3 CH2 CH= CH2 + CH3 CH= CH CH3
2-bromo butane But-1-ene But-2-ene (major)
5. Wurts reaction :-Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to form higher alkanes is called Wurts reaction.
𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓
𝐑 − 𝐗 + 𝟐 𝐍𝐚 + 𝐗 − 𝐑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝐑 − 𝐑 + 𝟐 𝐍𝐚𝐗
𝑫𝒓𝒚 𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓
𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝒍 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂 + 𝑪𝒍 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
6. Friedel Craft reaction :

When chlobenzene is treated with

CH3Cl in the presence of anhydrous
AlCl3, a mixture of ortho and para
chloro toluene is formed.(Friedel
craft alkylation)
 When chlobenzene is treated with
CH3COCl in the presence of
anhydrous AlCl3, a mixture of ortho
and para chloro acetophenone is
formed.(Friedel craft acylation)

7. Wurts-Fittig reaction :- When aryl halide and alkyl halide react with sodium in dry ether , alkyl benzene is
formed.

8. fittig reaction :- Aryl halides react with sodium in dry ether diphenyl is formed.

𝑪𝑶𝟐
9. Kolbe’s reaction :- Phenol + NaOH → Sodium phenoxide ⎯ Salicylic acid

When sodium phenoxide is treated with carbon dioxide under temperature 413 K and pressure 4-7 4
atmospere, sodium salt of salicylic acid is formed. This salt on acidificat
acidification
ion give salicylic acid(2-hydroxy
acid(2
benzoic acid
10. Reimer –Tiemann reaction::-When
When phenol is heated with chloroform and alkali, salicylaldehyde
(2- hydroxyl benzaldehyde) is formed.

Phenol + Chloroform+ aqueous NaOH → Salicylaldehyde

11. Lucas test : - To distinguish 10, 20 and 30 alcohol
𝑨𝒏𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒁𝒏𝑪𝒍𝟐
R–OH + HX ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R –X
X + H2O
Lucas reagent is a mixture of concentrated HCl and anhydrous zinc chloride.
 Reactivity order is ,Tertiary alcohol> Secondary alcohol> Primary alcohol
Alcohol is water soluble, but alkyl halide is does not and give turbid solution.
Tertiary alcohol gives immediate turbi
turbidity.
Secondary alcohol gives turbidity after five minutes.
Primary alcohol gives turbidity only on heating.
12. Williamson’s ether synthesis :- When alkyl halide is heated with sodium alkoxide , ether is formed is called
Williamson’s ether synthesis.
CH3ONa + BrCH2 CH3 → CH3O CH2 CH3 + NaBr
By this method both symmetric and unsymmetric ethers can be prepared.

For the preparation of alkyl aryl ether, alkyl halide and

sodium phenoxide must be heated.
Reason: Halogen attached to benzene ring is not reactive.

C6H5ONa + BrCH2 CH3 → C6H5O CH2 CH3 + NaBr

For the preparation

ation of ether having tertiary alkyl group, tertiary alkoxide must be used. Otherwise alkene is
the product.
13. Rosenmund’s reduction : Aldehydes are obtained by the reduction of acid chloride in the presence of
palladium and barium sulphate is called Rosenm
Rosenmund’s reduction.
𝑷𝒅 𝑩𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑹𝑪𝑶𝑪𝒍 + 𝑯𝟐 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ RCHO
e.g. Conversion of benzoyl chloride to benzaldehyde

14. Stephen reaction: Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imines with stannous chloride and HCl which on
hydrolysis gives aldehyde.
𝑯𝟐 𝑶
RCN + SnCl2 + HCl → R CH= NH ⎯ R CHO
15. Etard’s reaction : Toluene is oxidized to benzaldehyde using chromyl chlorides is called Etard’s reaction.

16.Gattermann-Koch
Koch reaction :
 When benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride or CuCl, benzaldehyde is formed .
17. Tollens test(Silver mirror test) : Tollens reagent is ammoniacal silver nitrate solution .
Aldehydes give silver mirror with tollens reagent. Ketones does not.
RCHO + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3 OH- → RCOO- + 2Ag + 2 H2O + 4 NH3
18. Fehling’s test: Fehlin’s solution is alkaline solution of copper sulphate containing some sodium potassium
tartrate.
Aliphatic aldehyde give red brown precipitate with fehling solution .
Aromatic aldehydes and ketones do not give this test.
RCHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH- → RCOO- + Cu2O + 3 H2O
Red brown precipitate
19. Haloform( iodoform) reactions.eactions.
Aldehydes and ketones containing CH 3CO- group when treated with iodine and alkali ( sodium hypo iodite )
give the corresponding iodoform (yellow precipitate) . This reaction is called iodoform reaction .
It is an example of haloform reaction.
It is used to distinguish methyl ketones from other ketones.
Only methyl ketones gives yellow precipitate of iodoform

20. Clemmenson’s reduction : Reduction of aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding hydrocarbons in
the presence of zinc amalgam and concentrated HCl is called clemmenson reduction.

𝒁𝒏 𝑯𝒈 /𝑯𝑪𝒍
𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑
𝒁𝒏 𝑯𝒈 /𝑯𝑪𝒍
𝑪𝑯
𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑶 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑
21. Wolf –Kishner reduction: Reduction of aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding hydrocarbon by
treating with hydrazine followed by heating with KOH in ethylene glycol solvent.

𝑲𝑶𝑯 /𝑬𝒕𝒉𝒚𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒈𝒍𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒍

𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 + 𝑵𝑯𝟐 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯
𝑪 𝟑
𝑲𝑶𝑯 /𝑬𝒕𝒉𝒚𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒈𝒍𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒍
𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑶 − 𝑪
𝑪𝑯𝟑 + 𝑵𝑯𝟐 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑
22. Aldol condensation :-
Aldehydes and ketones having alpha hydrogen when treated with dilute alkali give beta hydroxyl aldehyde
or beta hydroxyl ketone. This on heating give alpha beta unsaturated aldehyde or ketone. This reaction is
called aldol condensation.
Acetaldehyde ( ethanal) has α- hydrogen and so it give aldol condensation
 𝒅𝒊𝒍
𝒅𝒊𝒍.𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 ∆
𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 + 𝑯𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯(𝑶𝑯) − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 → 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯 = 𝑪𝑯 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶

Ethanal 33-hydroxy butanal

al (Aldol) But-2-enal
But

23. Cannizaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not contain αα- hydrogen when treated with concentrated
alkali, one aldehyde is oxidized to acid and the other is reduced to alcohol .
Formaldehyde( Methanal ) and benzbenzaldehyde give this test because they have no α-- hydrogen.
Acetaldehyde
cetaldehyde does not give this test.
H-CHO + H-CHO
CHO + Conc. KOH → CH3OH + HCOOK
Formaldehyde Methanol Potassium formate

24. Hell-Volhard –Zelinsky

Zelinsky reactio
reaction.
When carboxylic acids having alpha hydrogen are treated with chlorine or bromine in the presence of red
phosphorus, alpha halo acids are produced. This reaction is called HVZ reaction.

𝑩𝒓𝟐 ,𝑹𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔

CH3 - COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯ Br-CH2 - COOH
Ethanoic acid 2-bromo ethanoic acid
𝑪𝒍𝟐 ,𝑹𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔
CH3 CH2 COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH3 CH(Cl) COOH
Propanoic acid 22-chloropropanoic acid
25. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction:- Acid amides on reduction with bromine in the
presence of alkali give primary amines having one carbon atom less than the parent amide. This reaction is
called Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction.
𝑹 − 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑩𝒓𝟐 + 𝟒 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝑹 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑩𝒓 + 𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑩𝒓𝟐 + 𝟒 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑩𝒓 + 𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

26. Gabriel ohthalimide synthesis :- By this method pure primary amine is produced.
 Phthalimide is first treated with KOH to form potassium phthalimide. It is then treated with alkyl
halide followed by hydrolysis give pure primary amine.
27. Carbylamines reaction :- Aliphatic or aromatic primary amines on heated with chloroform and alcoholic KOH
, produce foul smell isocynide or carbylamines. This is a test for primary amine.
Secondary and tertiary amines do not give this test.
So Carbylamines reaction is used to distinguish primary amines from other amines.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝑹 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑪𝑯𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑲𝑶𝑯 ⎯ 𝑹 − 𝑵𝑪 + 𝟑 𝑲𝑪𝒍 + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑪𝑯𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑲𝑶𝑯 ⎯ 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑵𝑪 + 𝟑 𝑲𝑪𝒍 + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

Methanamine methyl carbylamine

𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 − 𝑵𝑯𝟐 + 𝑪𝑯𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝟑 𝑲𝑶𝑯 ⎯ 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 − 𝑵𝑪 + 𝟑 𝑲𝑪𝒍 + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Aniline Phenyl carbylamines

28. Hindsberg Test :- To distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary amines

Hindsberg’s reagent is benzene sulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)
(i) Primary amine react with benzene sulphonyl chloride((Hindsberg’s reagent) gives
N-alkyl benzene suphonamide which is soluble in alkali
RNH2 + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2NHR
(ii) Secondary amine react with benzene sulphonyl chloride (Hindsberg’s reagent ) gives N,N-dialkyl
benzene suphonamide which is insoluble in alkali.
R2NH + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2NR2
(iii) Tertiary amine do not react with benzene sulphonyl chloride (Hindsberg’s reagent)

PREPARED BY: YOOSAFALI T K , GHSS BANGARA MANJESHWARAM (14038) , 9947444175

YOUTUBE CHANNEL: CHEM DSM

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