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‫ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﻜﻭﻨﻪ‬:‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﻤﺯﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ‬/.‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ‬

:‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻫﻴﺭﺒﺭﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻴﺩﻨﺒﺭﺠﺭ‬

‫ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺸﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝـﺭﻭﺍﺩ‬.Hirbert Freudenberger
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
.‫ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺃﻭل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴـﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻪ‬

The concept of Burnout first received serious attention when

Hirbert Freudenberger used the term to denote a state of physical and
emotional depletion resulting from conditions of work. However the
concept was popularized by Maslach who developed the first instrument
to measure it.
The purpose of this paper is to determine the concept of Burnout
and the process of its development.

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‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ )ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ‪ Maslach‬و ﺠﺎﻜﺴـﻭﻥ‬

‫‪ (1984، Jackson‬ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ )ﺇﻴﺴﻠﺒﺭﺝ ‪ Easlburg‬ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ (1994 ،‬ﺇ ﹼ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1974‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠـل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻴﺭﺒـﺭﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻴـﺩﻨﺒﺭﺠﺭ ‪Hirbert‬‬
‫‪ Freudenberger‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻝﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺩ ﻨﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﻜﻭﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻴﺩﻨﺒﺭﺠﺭ ‪ ":‬ﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻨﻬﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﻫﻕ ﺍﻝﻔـﺭﺩ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻔﺭﻁ" )ﺴﺎﻓﻭﺭ‪ Savoie‬و ﻓـﻭﺭﺠﻲ ‪Forget‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﻓﺕ ﻜل ﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗـﺩ‬
‫‪ (1983،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺇ ﹼ‬
‫‪ (1984،‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺒﺘﻌﻁل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﻔﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ )ﻻﻜﺴﻭﻨﻴﺭ ‪Laxenaire‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻭﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻡ ﻝﻜﻥ ﻻ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﻤﺸﻲ ﻷﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺸﻬﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻁـﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻭﻻ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ)‪ (1986‬ﺍﻝﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ) ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ( ﻭ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ )ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴل ( ﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺸﺎﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﻁـﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ)‪ 1976‬ﻭ‪ (1982‬ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻤﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ )‪) (1984‬ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ‪ (1984 ،‬ﺇﻝـﻰ‬

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‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ "ﻝﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ" ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻏﻠـﺏ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺎﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ )ﺒﻴﺯﻱ ‪ ، Pezet‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻊ( ﻴﺘﻤﺘـﻊ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﻌﻠﻪ "ﻜﻴﺱ ﺤﺸﻭ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ" )‪ (fourre tout‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻭ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ "ﻓﺭﻭﻴﺩﻨﺒﺭﺠﺭ" ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻜﺘﺸـﻑ ﻤﺼـﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺴﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺃﻭل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻝﻪ ﻭﺃﻭل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺇ ﹼ‬
‫ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻴﻭﺍﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻪ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺴﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺀﺍ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻷﺴﺒﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺘﺩﺍﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ )ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ‪ (1984 ،‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ‪ " :‬ﺘﻨـﺎﺫﺭ‬
‫ﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤـﺩﺙ ﻝـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻥ‪".‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ‪Emotional exhausion‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ‪Depersonalization‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.Lack of personal accomplishment‬‬
‫ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1-2‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ )ﺸﻴﻭﺕ ‪ Schutte‬ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ (2000،‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ "ﻜﺴـﻤﺔ ﻤﻤﻴـﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ" ﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻩ ﺸﻴﺭﻭﻡ ‪" :(1989) Shirom‬ﻜﻌﺭﺽ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ"‬
‫) ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﻭﻨﻙ ‪ Bunk‬ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ (1994،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ )ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ‪ (1984 ،‬ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ‬

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‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‪ ":‬ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻔﺭﻁ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭﻴﻥ"‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻝﺩﻯ )ﺒﻴﺯﻱ‪ (1999 ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ‪ ":‬ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻁﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺯﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ"‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺫﻫﺏ )ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬
‫‪ Taris‬ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ (1999 ،‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪" :‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺘـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﺯﺍﺌﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ‪ depleted‬ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻔـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻜﺎﻭﻝﻲ ‪ (1995) Cowley‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻀﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻡ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻐﻤﺭﻩ )ﻋﻥ ﺴﺘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪-‬ﺭﻴـﺵ‪Stanon-‬‬
‫‪ Rich‬ﻭ ﺇﻴﺯﻭ‪-‬ﺃﻫﻭﻻ ‪ (1998 ، Iso-Ahola‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ ﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2-2‬ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ )ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ ‪ (1984 ،‬ﺇﻝـﻰ‪ ":‬ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻠﻘـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨـﻪ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ‪ " :‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭﻴﻥ ﻜﺄﺸـﻴﺎﺀ " )ﺠﺎﻜﺴـﻭﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ (1986،‬ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻝﺩﻯ ) ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪" (1999 ،‬ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ) ﺸﻴﻭﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ ( 2000،‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ‪" :‬ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺨﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ"‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ) ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ‪ ( 1996 ،‬ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺴﻭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻫﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﻭ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻁﻭﺭ ﻫـﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫)ﺴﺘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪-‬ﺭﻴﺵ ﻭ ﺇﻴﺯﻭ‪-‬ﺃﻫﻭﻻ ‪ (1998 ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻀﻴﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺤﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺸـﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺃ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻭﻨﻬﻡ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﻔﻘـﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﻜﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻠﺹ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺯﺒﺎﺌﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺸـﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺒﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل )ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ ﻭ‬

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‫ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪ (1986،‬ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻝﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل‬
‫) ﺒﻴﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻊ( ﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﻩ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻻ ﻤﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬ ‫ﺯﺒﺎﺌﻨﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ‪ detached‬ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ )ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ (‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺯﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) ﺒﻴﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻊ (‬
‫‪ -3-2‬ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻝﻘﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ )ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ‪" (1984 ،‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ" ﻭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ) ﺸـﻴﻭﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪" (2000 ،‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﻠﺒﻲ ﻝﺫﺍﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ"‪ .‬ﻭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ ) ﺘـﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﻭ ﺁﺨـﺭﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪" : (1999‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل"‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ) ﺒﻴﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻊ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺯﺒﺎﺌﻥ ﻓﺎﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻬـﻥ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺫﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻜﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﺯﻭﻥ ﺒﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻝﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺇﺤﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻌﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﻭ ﻭ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻝﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﻡ ﻭ ﻴﻅﻨـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﺨﻁﺌﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﻬﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﻝﻪ ﺸﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎ ) ﻋﻥ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪.(1986 ،‬‬
‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺘﺒﻠـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺠـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴـﻭﻥ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﺫﺕ ﺨﺫﻭﻩ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﺎ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺫﻝﻙ‬

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‫ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪ (MBI) Maslach Burnout Inventory‬ﻭ ﻫـﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﺼـﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺁﺨـﺭﻴﻥ ﻫـﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺩﻴﻠﻲ ‪ (1979) Dely‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨـﻪ‪" :‬ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺘﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻝﻬﺎ" ) ﻋﻥ ﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﻭﺴـﻑ ﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪.( 1996‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﻴـﻨﺱ ‪ Pines‬ﻭ ﺃﺭﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪Aroson‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺇ ﹼ‬
‫ﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﻓﻲ‪ (1981) Karfy‬ﺃﻀﺎﻓﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨـﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺸـﺩﻴﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻡ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻝﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﻌﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻪ )ﻋﻥ ﺭﺍﻜﻭﺒﺎﻭ ‪ Raquepaw‬ﻭ ﻤﻴﻠﺭ‪ ": (1989 ، Miller‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ "‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻗﻭﻝﺩ ‪،(1984) Gold‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺸﺭ ‪ ،(1983) Macher‬ﻜﻴﺭﻴﺎﻜﻭ ‪ ،(1987) kyriaco‬ﺩﺍﻭﺍﻨـﻲ ‪،(1987) Dawani‬‬
‫ﻨﻭﺭﺍﺘﻴل ‪ ،(1989) Nauratil‬ﻓﺎﺭﻭﺠﻴـﺎ ‪ ،(1987)Farrugia‬ﻓـﺎﺒﺭ ‪،(1984) Faber‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻙ ‪ (1983) Beck‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ‪ ":‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻝﻠﺤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻭ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‪ ":‬ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ – ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻠﻘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺫﻭل" ) ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﺸﺩﺍﻥ‪ .(1997 ،‬ﻓﻬﻡ ﻴﺭﺒﻁﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﺭﻜﻠﻲ ‪ Berkley‬و ﺯﻤﻼﺌـﻪ )ﻋـﻥ ﺴـﻜﺎﺭﻓﻭﻥ‪ (1985 ،‬ﻴـﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ "ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺤﻭﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻝـﺯﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ )‪ (1982‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ ﻤﺸـﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺴـﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻀـﻤﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻝﻶﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ )ﻋـﻥ ﺃﻜﺭﻝـﻲ‬
‫‪ Ackerley‬ﻭ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‪.(1988 ،‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺭﻓﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻅﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺭﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﻀﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻬﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺭﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺭﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻜﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﺫﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻋﺒـﺭ ﺍﻝـﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫)ﺸﻭﻓﻠﻲ ‪ Schaufeli‬ﻭ ﺒﻴﺘﺭﺯ‪ (2000 ،Peeters‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻭﻭﻝﺒﻲ ‪ Wolpin‬ﻭ ﺯﻤﻼﺌـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (1990‬ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻴﺩﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺴﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼـل‬
‫ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1-3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎﺴﻼﺵ ﻭ ﺠﺎﻜﺴﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ ﺃﺒﻌـﺎﺩ ﻴﻤـﺭ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﺎ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺒﺈﻨﻬـﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻔﻌـﺎﻝﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ‪ ‬ﺘﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺠـل‬
‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜ ‪‬ﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﻴـﺭﺓ )ﻋـﻥ ﺒﺭﻭﻨﻭﺴـﺕ ‪ Pronost‬ﻭ ﺘـﺎﺏ‪،Tap‬‬
‫‪.(1997‬‬

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‫‪ -2-3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺩﻝﻭﻴﺵ ‪ Edelwich‬ﻭ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺴﻜﻲ ‪:Brodsky‬‬

‫ﻝﻘﺩ ﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﺩﻝﻭﻴﺵ ﻭ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺴﻜﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻝﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠـﺎﺀ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫)ﺸﻭﻓﻭﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺘـﺭﺯ‪2000 ،‬؛ ﺒﺭﻭﻨﻭﺴـﺕ ﻭ ﺘـﺎﺏ‪1997 ،‬؛ ﻜﺭﻭﻨﺒﻴـﺯ ‪،Crombez‬‬
‫‪ (1985‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺒﺎﻻﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺒﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻁﻤﻭﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻜل ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺨﺩﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻴﺘﻌﺏ ﻭ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻗل ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻭﺩ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻘـﺹ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻴﺼﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻴﺸﺘﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌـﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ؛ ﻓﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸـﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﻝﻭﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ‪ :‬ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻨﺏ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺠﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺎﺀل ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺘﻪ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺨﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻜﻭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻼﻤﺒﺎﻻﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻴـﻨﻘﺹ ﺃﺩﺍﺅﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﺤﺒﻁﺎ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺇﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﺒﻘـﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗل ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﻴﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﺭ‬
‫‪ -3-3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺘﻴﻴﺯﺭ ‪: Etiezer‬‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺘﻪ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﺘﻴﻴﺯﺭ )‪ ) (1981‬ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﻭﻨﻭﺴـﺕ ﻭ ﺘـﺎﺏ‪ (1997،‬ﺴـ ﹼ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﻏﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻨﻜﻭﺹ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻐﻀﺏ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻀﺏ ﻓﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻨﺏ )ﺍﻝﻐﻀـﺏ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝـﺫﺍﺕ( ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻻﺩﻏـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜ ‪‬ﻡ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻜﻭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺒـﺎﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌـﺎل ﺼـﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺜﺭﺜﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺴـﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺤل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭ ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻬﺭﺏ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻭﻥ ﻝﻪ ﻀﻐﻁﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺌﺎﺏ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) ﺒﻌﺩ ( ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬
‫) ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻭﺏ‪ (...‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻹﺤﺒﺎﻁ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4-3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﻭﻓﻭﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺘﺭﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺸﻭﻓﻭﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺘﺭﺯ ) ﺸﻭﻓﻭﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻴﺘﺭﺯ‪ (2000 ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ) ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ(‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻝﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻝﻤﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠـﺔ ﻤﺘﻠﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻬﻜﺎﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﻬـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠـل ﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻨﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻜﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻘل ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5-3‬ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺒﻴﻭﺭﻙ ‪ ، Burke‬ﻭ ﺸﻴﺭﺭ ‪ Schearer‬ﻭ ﺩﻴﻴﺯﻜﺎ‬
‫‪:(1984)Diezca‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺒﻴﻭﺭﻨﻙ ﻭ ﺸﻴﺭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻴﺯﻜﺎ )‪ (1984‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺩﻭﺍ ﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﻝﻼﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﺒﺩﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﺎل ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺠل ﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺸل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺄﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ )ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﻭﻨﻭﺴـﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺏ ‪.(1997 ،‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝـﺯﻤﻥ ﻭ ﺘﻨﻘﺴـﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﺘﻭﺭﻁ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﺜـ ‪‬ﻡ ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺴـﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ( ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻜﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻓﺭﻝﻲ ‪) (1985) Everly‬ﻋﻥ ﻋﺴﻜﺭ‪ (2000 ،‬ﺃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻝﻠﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺤل‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨـﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨـﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻀـﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫـﻭ ﺤﺘﻤـﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍ ﻝﻀـﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪.‬‬

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:‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺤـﺩﻴﺙ‬،‫ ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬،(2000) ،‫( ﻋﺴﻜﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ‬1
.‫ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ‬
‫ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻀﺒﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝـﺩﻯ‬،(1996) ،‫( ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ‬2
‫ ﺹ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﻝﺴـﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸـﺭﺓ‬،39 ‫ ﺍﻝﻌـﺩﺩ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝـﻨﻔﺱ‬،‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬
.(119-110)
‫ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬،(1997) ،‫( ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻨﺼﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﺸﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ‬3
‫ ﺃﺒﺤـﺎﺙ‬،‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒـﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ ﺹ ﺹ‬،(‫ )ﺏ‬2 ‫ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‬،13 ‫ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‬،‫ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻝﻴﺭﻤﻭﻙ‬
.(56-37)
‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬
4) Ackerley, G.D., Burell,J., & Holder, D.C., & Al, (1998), Burnout among
licensed psychologist , In Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol.
19, N°6, pp 624-631.
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