Modifier

A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that provides more information about another word in a sentence. Modifiers describe, limit, or
clarify meaning. They can be adjectives, adverbs, or more complex structures like phrases and clauses.

Types of modifiers

1. Pre-Modifiers
2. Post Modifiers

1. Pre-modifiers (Before the modified word)

Determiner (the, one)

Example- Jamuna is __ (pre modify the adjective with determiner) longest river in our country.
Ans: the

Pre-determiner (all, few)

Example: ___ (use a pre determiner) the students are present today.
Ans: All

Adjective (noun এর দ োষ, গুণ, অবস্থো, পররমোণ ইত্যোর )

Example: I saw a ___ (use an adjective to pre modify the noun) car.
Ans: red/black/new/old/Bangladeshi/broke

Intensifier (very, much: ত্ীব্রত্ো দবোঝোতত্)

Example: Messi is a ___ (pre modify the adjective with an intensifier) good player.
Ans: very

Possessive pronoun (my, our, their, your, his, her, its)

Example: They completed ___ (use possessive) task.

Ans: their

Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)

Example: ___ (use demonstrative to pre modify the noun) mobile works well.
Ans: this/that

Plural example: ___ mobiles work well.

Ans: those

Article (a, an, the)

Example: They bought __ (pre-modify the noun with article) football from the market.
Ans: a

Quantifier: পররমোণবোচক (many, more, much)

Example: There are ___ (use quantifier) flowers in my garden.
Ans: many

Infinitive (to+v1)

Example: They went market ___ (use an infinitive) shirts.

Ans: to buy

Present participle (v1+ing)

Example: We saw a ___ (use present participle) robot

Ans: moving/running/walking/talking

Past participle (V3)

Example: There was a ____ (past participle) bus on the road.

Ans: broken

Nominal (mixing word)

Example: It was a ___ (use nominal) news

Ans: heart breaking

Noun Adjective (noun যখন adjective হত়ে যো়ে)

Example: Rana is a __ (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) student.

Ans: school/college

2. Post-modifiers (After the modified word)

Appositive (More description about the subject)

Example: Kazi Nazrul Islam, _____, (use appositive to post modify the noun) wrote many poems.
Ans: a great poet

Present participle

Example: I saw a car __ (present participle) in water.

Ans: going/running

Past participle

Example: I found my chair __ (past participle) in the room.

Ans: broken

Infinitive phrase

Example: The boys went market __ (post modify the noun with infinitive phrase).
Ans: to buy a football

Prepositional phrase
Example: There are many problems ____ (prepositional phrase).
Ans: in our country

Adverb

Example: They finished the work ____ (adverb).

Ans: properly

Practice
[Dhaka Board-2023]

Cricket is an (a) --- (pre-modify the noun) game. It is not a game of (b) --- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. A (c) ---- (use a noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) match is played between two teams. (d) --- (use a distributive pronoun to pre-modify the noun) team consists
of eleven players. A cricket field must be (e) --- (post-modify the noun). It requires two wooden bats, a ball & two sets of stamps. (f) --- (use a
numeral adjective to pre-modify the noun) Umpires conduct the game. Sometimes, a third umpire is required (g) --- (use an infinitive to post-
modify the verb) an acute confusion. (h) --- (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) the A opportunity, the batter hits the ball away at a good
distance and runs to the opposite wicket. If (i) --- (use an indefinite pronoun to pre-modify the noun) batter is out, next batter comes in his place.
Both teams try (j) --- (use an adverbial phrase to post modify) to out all batters of the opposite.

Answer: (a) international /elite; (b) our; (c) cricket; (d) Each; (e) well-maintained; (f) Two; (g) to resolve/clear; (h) Having/Taking; (i) any; (j) hard
enough.

2. [Rajshahi Board-2023]

People around were just watching as the (a) (pre-modify the noun) boy started (b) (post-modify the verb) into the (c) - (pre-modify the noun)
canal. Then the traffic constable came. (d) (pre-modify the noun with a present participle) no time, he jumped into the canal. The (e) - (pre-modify
the noun with an adjective) constable did not think of his (f) - (pre-modify the noun) life. He was (g) - (use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) kind that he risked his life. People (h) - (post-modify the noun) by canal praised him (i) - (post-modify the verb with an adverb). This type
of person is a model (i) - (post-modify the noun). A

Answer: (a) young; (b) drowning; (c) deep; (d) Wasting; (e) police; (f) own; (g) so; (h) standing/sitting; (i) enormously/ greatly/cheerfully/a lot/
tremendously; (j) for the society/ of dedication and sacrifice.

3. [Cumilla Board-2023]

Amerigo, (a) --- (use noun in apposition) lives alone. His parents now live separate and none of them wants (b) --- (use an infinitive to post modify
the verb) his responsibility. (c) --- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mother told him to go away because she is married to another man. (d)
--- (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) streets are now his home. He wanted (e) --- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) money from his
father to buy a (f) --- (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) ticket. But his father did not answer. He earns his living by working hard. (g)
(use adverbial to pre-modify the verb) he finds work. (h) --- (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) works are risky for him. Once he sold ice
cream (i) --- (use a A prepositional phrase to post modify the verb). But he got (j) --- (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) money in return from
the owner of the ice cream shop.

Answer: (a) a street child; (b) to take; (c) His; (d) The; (e) some; (f) bus; (g) hardly; (h) These; (i) on the beach; (j) no.

4. [Jashore Board-2023]

Language plays a (a) (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) important role in our life. We use language from the time we wake up (b) till we
go to bed at night. We use language not only in our (c) noun) hours. but also in our dreams. We use language (d) (post-modify the verb) (pre-
modify the (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) what we feel and to say what we like or dislike. We also use language (e) (post modify the verb
with an infinitive) information. Language is (f) (pre-modify the adjective) present in our life. It is an (g) noun) part of our life. As an (h) (pre-modify
the (pre-modify the noun) nation we also have a language. But we had to struggle (i) (use adverb to post-modify the verb) to establish the right to
our language. Many (j) (pre- modify the noun with ar adjective) sons of our country sacrificed their lives for our mother-tongue.

Answer: a) very; (b) in the morning; (c) conscious/active; (d) to express; (e) to share/to gather; (f) always; (g) integral/inevitable; (h) independent;
(i) a lot/hard/enormously; (j) brave/courageous

5. [Sylhet Board-2023]

Drug addiction among the young generation has become a (a) noun) concern. Drug is mainly used as medicine (b) (pre modify the (use an infinitive
to post modify the verb) diseases and an excess of taking drug for no disease is called drug addiction. It has grasped the young generation (c) take
drugs to forget (d) (pre modify the noun) Drug addiction causes (g) (post modify the verb). They (use possessive to pre modify the noun) sadness.
(e) people take drugs (f) (use adverb to post modify). (pre modify the noun) harm to human body. (h) (use a participle) them aware, we can remove
this curse from our society. All concerned should take initiatives (1) (use an infinitive to post modify the verb) it. The criminals should be punished
with an (j) (use a noun adjective) hand.

Answer: (a) major; (b) to cure; (c) heavily; (d) their; (e) Young; (f) widely/recklessly; (g) severe; (h) Making: (i) to prevent; (j) iron

6. [Barishal Board -2023]

Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bangla literature. He was a (a) (pre modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) (post modify the verb) in almost
all branches of Bangla literature. Nazrul, (c) - (use an appositive to post modify the noun), won the attention of everybody in his childhood. He
wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d) ---(use a possessive to pre modify the noun) poetic flair. He composed (e) --- (pre modify the noun) songs
(f) --- (post modify the noun with an adjective clause). His literary works have enriched (g) (pre modify the noun) Literature. His poems and songs
played a great role (h) --- (use an infinitive to post modify the verb) in our war of Liberation. He (i) --- (pre modify the verb) sang the songs of
equality in his poems. He is (j) --- (pre modify the noun with determiner) pride, no doubt. A

Answer: (a) revolutionary/rebel; (b) relentlessly /tirelessly; (c) an orphan child/a prodigy; (d) his; (e) many; (f) which are loved/appreciated by all;
(g) Bengali/Bangla; (h) to encourage people; (i) always; (j) our

7. [Dinajpur Board-2023]

An (a) (pre-modify the noun) student is he, who has (b) pre-modify the noun) good qualities. he studies (c) knows that the (d) never neglects (e)
(ase a quantifier to (post modify the verb). He (pre-modify the noun) duty of a student is to study. So, he (use a possessive) duty. He even makes
the proper use of (f) (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment. Sabuj. (g) (post modify the noun with an appositive) of our class is an
example of a good student. Sabuj is (h) (pre-modify the adjective) helpful to us. I try (i) a boy like Sabuj. I want to be one of the (j) class. (modify the
verb with an infinitive) (pre-modify the noun) stars in the

Answer: (a) ideal; (b) many; (c) regularly; (d) main; (e) his; (f) every; (g) a student; (h) very; (i) to be; (j) brightest

8. [Mymensingh Board-2023]

The purpose of education is to bring about (a) (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) changes in (b) (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun)
behaviour. It also brings changes in our lives and society (c) (use a relative clause to post-modify the noun). If it fails to do so, it can't be called
education. Education is not only receiving certificates and getting grades. It is (d) _ (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) more than that,
we can apply our (e) use a part participle to pre-modify the noun) knowledge in our engagement with the world that lies (f) an adverb to post-
modify the verb). We can do that in (g) (use (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) ways. One way is civic engagement which is (h) (use an
adverb to pre-modify the verb 'appreciated') appreciated all over the world. Civic engagement means working to make difference in civic life (i)
prepositional phrase to post-modify the noun life'). A person (j) (use a (use a past participle to post modify the noun) civically is concerned about
civic issues like injustice, discrimination and other forms of social ills.

Answer: (a) positive/effective; (b) our; (c) in which we live/where we live; (d) much/far; (e) acquired; (f) around; (g) many/different; (h) greatly; (i) of
a person; (j) behaved

9.[Chattogram Board -2023]

We know that (a) --- (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) species are important for maintaining (b) --- (pre-modify the noun) balance. If one is
lost, the whole natural environment changes (c) --- (post- modify the verb). In order to protect the environment from being spoilt, we should
protect (d) --- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) wildlife. (e) --- (use determiner to pre- modify the noun phrase) good news is that many
countries are taking action (f) --- (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). George Lay Cock, (g) ---(use appositive to post-modify the noun)
writes, "Mankind must develop a concern for wild creatures and determine that (h) --- (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) wild species
will not perish (i) --- (use prepositional phrase as post-modifier). We have to save wild animals (j) - (use relative clause as post-modifier).

Answer: (a) all; (b) environmental/ecological (c) drastically/ often for worse) greatly: (d) our; (e) The; (f) to protect (the wildlife); (g) a famous
environmentalist/author of several books on wildlife; (h) these; (i) in the near future; (j) which are in the risk of extinction

10.Dinajpur Board; 2017

Sabbir is (a)- (use a determiner to pre modify the noun phrase) ideal student. He prepares (b)- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons
in collaboration with teachers. He does (c)-(post modify the verb) in every examination as he does not waste time. He knows time once lost is lost
forever. So, he utilize every moment. During his free time he goes to his native village. He teaches (d)-(pre-modify the noun) people. He wants (e)-
(use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb) illiteracy from his village. (f)-(use present participle to pre-modify the verb) illiteracy from his
village, he wants to bring about massive development there. He is (g)-(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) devoted to God. He says
prayer (g)-(use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times a day. He never tells a lie. He respects his parents very much. His father, (i)-(post modify
the noun phrase with an appositive) supports him cordially .His mother, an ideal housewife, (j)- (pre-modify the verb) supports him very much .
Such a student like Sabbir is rarely found nowadays.
Ans: (a) an (b) his (c) well (d) literate (e) to remove (f) removing (g) greatly (h) five (i) a farmer (j) always

11. Jessore Board: 2017

A village doctor is a very (a)-(pre-modify the noun) person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b)-(pre-modify the verb) known as quack. A
village doctor is not a (c)- (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He usually sits in a small dispensary (d)-(post-modify the verb). He treats the patients (e)-
(use a participle phrase to post-modify the verb). A doctor is not a (f)-(pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g)-(pre-modify the verb)
furnished. He cannot supply costly medicine to (h)-(pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i)-(use an
intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j)-(pre-modify the noun) villagers.
Ans: (a) familiar (b) popularly (c) qualified (d) in the village market (e) using his little knowledge (f) rich (g) poorly (h) his(i) very (j) poor

12.Cumilla Board=2017
. A balanced diet is to a good mixture of (a)-(pre-modify the noun) foods. It is essential for us (b)-(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a
healthy life. There are many benefits of eating (c)-(pre-modify the noun) diet because it prevents (d)-(use determiner to pre-modify the noun)
diseases. AS a result, we do not get sick (e)-(most-modify the verb with an adverb). We should not select (f)-(pre-modify the noun with
possessive) diet according to our needs. We should not eat the (g)-(use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) foods for the whole week .We can
keep fit (h)-(use a participle) a balance diet. But it is not easy (i)-(post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balance diet. Here (j)-(use a
determiner) naturist can help us.
Ans: (a) notorious, (b)to lead, (c) balanced, (d) many, (e) often/easily, (f)our, (g) eating, (i)to prepare, (j) a

13. 2018 kha set

Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bengal Literature. He was a (a)-(pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b)-(post-modify the verb) in every
branch of Bengali Literature. Nazrul, (c)-(use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the
death of (d)-(use possessive pronoun) poetic flair. He composed his songs (e)-(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). His songs are-
(f)-(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bengali Literature (g)-(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb). His
literary works have enriched (h)-(use a noun adjective) literature. He was (i)-(use an article) secular poet. He sang the songs of equality (j)-(use an
adverbial phrase).
Ans: (a) rebel, (b) profusely, (c) our national poet, (d) his, (e) to inspire us, (f) very, (g) greatly, (h) Bangla, (i) a (j) all his literary period

14.Cumilla board-2019
Newspaper plays a very (a) --------------- (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and abroad. Only
(b) -------------- (pre- modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) ---------------- (post
modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspaper (d) ---------------------- (post-modify
the verb). Newspaper helps one (e) -------------- (post – modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world. (f)---------------(pre-modify the
verb with a participle phrase) regularly one can be aware of everything. There are (g) ------------- (pre-modify the noun) kinds of newspapers. One
should select the newspaper (h) -------------------- (post – modify the verb). One should choose the (i) ------------------------ (pre-modify the noun)
newspaper because many newspaper present news partially. Whatever the paper the paper is it (j) ---------------- (pre-modify the verb) helps a
man.
Ans: (a) Vital/important/significant (b) Bookish, (c) To improve, (d) Regularly, (e) To know, (f) Reading newspaper, (g) Many/various/different (h)
Carefully/judiciously (i) Right/impartial (j) Always/definitely

15. Rajshahi board-2019

Taking food is essential. We take food (a) ----------------- (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). We cannot survive on earth if we do
not take food. In fact (b) ----------- (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun phrase) living beings need to take food. But it is a matter of great regret
that (c) ----------------- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) food is being adulterated. (d)------------- (Use a noun-adjective to pre-modify the
noun) adulteration is increasing (e) _------------------- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adverb) alarmingly that we cannot stop it. (f)------------
(Use a determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) dishonest businessmen use (g) --------------------- (pre-modify the noun) chemicals in food and
fruits to make illegal and quick money. But they do not think about (h) --------------- (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) health (i) ------------
----- (use present participle) adulterated food, people get sick. They are often attacked with different fatal diseases. So (j) --------------- (use a
gerund) food safety is a must today.
Ans: (a) To get energy (b) All (c) This (d) Food (e) So (f) Some (g) Harmful/poisonous (h) Peoples (i) Taking/eating/having (j) Ensuring

16. Barisal Board 2019

The roads (a) --------------------- (use an adjective phrase to post modify the noun) are beset with problems. (b)--------------- (pre-modify the
noun) driving is one of them. Most of the drivers are not (c) ------------- (pre-modify the participle) trained. They are not well educated. They can (d)
---------------- (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) put their signature and read Bengali. They are indifferent to (e) ----------------- (use a noun
adjective) life. They do not realize that life is (f) ----------------- (use a determiner) valuable than time. They drive (g)_--------------(post modify the
verb). They do (h) ------------ (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) drive consciously. Even they themselves are not conscious of (i) ---------------
- (use a possessive) own lives. They drive (j) ------------- (use an adverb phrase to post modify the verb) and try to overtake others.
Ans: (a) Used in Bangladesh/constructed (b) Rash/reckless (c) properly (d) Only (e) Human (f) More (g) Recklessly (h) Hardly (i) Their (j) with great
speed/as since

17. Dhaka Board 2017

Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ------ (post-modify the verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing. Trees are being cut
in large scale and thus it causes (b) -------- (pre-modify the noun) imbalance. Besides there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest
(c) ------------------------ (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Thee (d) ---------------------- (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the
noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. News areas of the world are (e) ------------------
----- (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of deforestation. So, we must stop (f) ----------------- (use a participle to
most –modify the verb) down trees unnecessarily. (g)-------------- (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees indiscriminately will be
hazardous for our future existence. If we destroy trees (h) ---------------- (use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb) one day the country will
turn into a great desert. The (i) ------------------ (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) temperature will cause green house effect. Necessary
measures should be taken (j) ---------------- (use n infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb).
Ans: (a) indiscriminately/unnecessarily (b) environmental/natural (c) to earn illegal money (d) sea (e) being (f) cutting (g) cutting/felling (h ) in his
manner/at random (i) increasing (j) to stop deforestation

18. A balanced diet is a good mixture of (a) --------------------- (pre-modify the noun) foods. It is essential for us (b) ------------- (post modify the
adjective with an infinitive) a healthy life. There are many benefits of eating a (c) ------------------- (pre-modify the noun) diet because it prevents
(d) ----------- (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) diseases. As a result we do not get sick (e) --------------- (post modify the verb with an
adverb). We should select (f) ---------------- (pre-modify the noun with possessive) diet according to our needs. We should not eat the (g) ----------
------- (use adjective to pre-modify the noun) foods for the whole week. We can keep fit (h) _-------------- (use a participle) a balanced diet. But it
is not easy (I) --------------------- (post modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Here (j) ----------- (use a determiner) nutritionist can
help us.
Ans: (a) nutritious (b) to lead (c) balanced (d) many (e) often/easily (f) our (g) same (h) eating (i) to prepare/to choose (j) a

19.Dhaka Board 2019

Arsenic is a (a) ----------------- (pre-modify the noun) substance. It is (b) -------------------- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
dangerous for human health. (c)---------- (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) substance is found in the water of the tube well. There are
(d) ------------------ (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) village in (e) -------------- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. Most of our
(f) ----------- (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) people drink tube well water. As a result many of them are suffering from arsenic
problem. This problem is (g) --------------- (pre-modify the verb) found in north .Bengal. We should take proper measures (h) --------------------
(post-modify the verb with an infinitive phrase). Government is trying to mark the tube wells having arsenic (i) ------------------- (use a participle to
post modify the verb) red color. People should be refrained from drinking water of (j) ----------------- (use demonstrative to pre-modify the noun)
tube wells. Otherwise they will suffer from arsenics is.
Ans: (a) poisonous (b) very (c) this (d) many (e) our (f) village (g) largely (h) to get rid of this problem (i) using/painting (j) these

20. [Adamjee Cantonment College, Dhaka]

My friend and I visited Rome last summer. (a) —, we flew from New York to Rome in first class. It was fantastic! (b) — we arrived in Rome, we (c)
— went to the hotel and took a long nap. (d) —, we went out to find a great restaurant for dinner. (e) —, a scooter appeared out of nowhere and
almost hit me! The rest of the trip had no surprises. (f) —, we began to explore Rome. (g) — the afternoons, we visited ruins and museums. At
night, we hit the clubs and wandered the streets. (h) —, everything went smoothly. One night, (i) — I was getting some ice-cream, I saw an old
friend from high school. Imaging that! (j) —, we caught our flight back to New York. We were happy and ready to begin work again.

21. [BAF Shaheen College, Dhaka]

The people of Bangladesh have expressed their shock (a) — (post modify the verb) at the reaction of the Pakistan Parliament. Pakistan strongly
protested the execution of two (b) — (pre- modify the noun collaborators who committed crimes against humanity on their own people in 1971.
There is a demand for apology from (c) — (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) government for the crimes of its army during the
liberation war of Bangladesh. Recently Pakistan’s National Assembly may be within its rights (d) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-
modify the verb) for the execution of two collaborators. But it is quite clear to us that Pakistan always tries to erase its past history. To erase (e)
— (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) history is not easy because history continues to follow all of us. Pakistan, (f) — (post modify
the noun with an appositive), cannot come out of its military influence. As a result, the country has become (g) — (use an intensifier to pre-
modify the adjective) barbarous. So Pakistan is going down (h) — (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). The founder of Pakistan Mr. Jinnah was
physically (i) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak and so, the state always tried to show its physical strength since (j) — (use a
possessive to pre-modify the noun) birth.

EP