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7 views

adsc 5t-q5

Uploaded by

Tulsi R. Khanal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q.

5) Explain about Strut and Tie Model (STM), with its basic approach, assumptions and
illustrate its applications in the solution of real field problems. (Hint: take reference of ACI
318 and just explain basic things as learner)

The Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) is a powerful tool for the analysis and design of structural
concrete members, particularly in regions where traditional beam theory assumptions break
down. Its foundation lies in modeling concrete as effective in compression and reinforcement
steel as effective in tension. This method is particularly beneficial for irregular or discontinuous
regions of structures, often termed D-regions, as opposed to B-regions where classical beam
theory applies.
Key Features and Principles of STM
1. Truss Analogy:
o STM simplifies the structure into an idealized truss system comprising
compression struts (concrete) and tension ties (reinforcement steel),
interconnected at nodes.
2. D-Regions vs. B-Regions:
o D-Regions: Areas where stress distributions deviate from linearity, such as near
concentrated loads, supports, or geometric discontinuities.
o B-Regions: Sections where stress distribution approximates classical linear
behavior and plane sections remain plane.
3. Components:
o Struts: Compression elements representing stress fields.
 Shapes include prismatic, bottle-shaped, or fan-shaped, depending on
lateral spread.
o Ties: Tension elements, typically reinforcement steel.
o Nodes: Intersection points of struts, ties, and concentrated forces. Classified based
on the forces they resist (e.g., C-C-C, C-T-T).
4. Design Process:
o Identify and Isolate D-Regions: Define irregular regions requiring STM.
o Develop Truss Model: Establish load paths as struts and ties, maintaining
equilibrium.

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o Strength Checks: Evaluate nominal strengths Fn using reduction factors ϕ.
o Reinforcement Detailing: Provide ties with sufficient anchorage and transverse
reinforcement for crack control and confinement.
5. Code and Application:
o Included in Appendix A of ACI 318, STM aligns with compressive and tensile
stress trajectories for optimal performance.
o Used for both buildings and bridges, with slight variations in AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications.
Strength Considerations
1. Struts:
o Nominal compressive strength:
Fns=fceAcs
where fce incorporates a reduction factor βs (e.g., 0.75 for confined struts, 0.6 for
bottle-shaped struts without transverse reinforcement).
2. Ties:
o Nominal tensile strength:
Fnt = Atsfy + Atp(fse+Δfp)
Incorporates steel yield strength and, if applicable, prestressing effects.
3. Nodes:
o Compression strength at node faces:
Fnn=fceAnz
The fce factor depends on stress uniformity and confinement.

Applications in Real Field Problems


STM is particularly useful in designing:
 Deep beams: Where the span-to-depth ratio is low, and stress fields are complex.
 Corbels: Short cantilever beams with concentrated loads.
 Pile caps: Regions transferring loads from columns to piles.
 Openings in shear walls/slabs: Areas where stresses are disturbed around the opening.
 Beam-column joints: Zones of complex stress interaction.

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Practical Considerations
 Anchorage: Ensuring proper tie anchorage is critical to structural integrity.
 Crack Control: Reinforcement in D-regions helps mitigate cracking and maintains
serviceability.
 Serviceability: Elastic analysis is employed for deflection checks, while STM ensures
compliance with strength limit states.
STM is a versatile and robust tool, offering insights into detailing and load transfer mechanisms
in complex structural configurations, ensuring both strength and ductility in irregular regions.

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