In this test you will apply what you have learned in the unit. Answer the questions below.

Submit this to your teacher when you are done.

Question 1: Kinetic Theory (7 points)

a. Use the kinetic theory to describe the motion of atoms in a solid. (2 points)

The kinetic hypothesis states that atoms in a solid vibrate in fixed locations and are
densely packed. Although they are immobile, they vibrate more when the temperature
rises.

b. Describe what happens to molecules at absolute zero. (2 points)

Theoretically, molecules can no longer move at absolute zero (0 K), which means that
atoms or molecules are in their lowest conceivable energy state and have no kinetic
energy.

c. Put the following phase states in order from least kinetic energy to greatest. (1 point)

●​ Gas _1____
●​ Solid __3___
●​ Liquid _2____

d. How do intermolecular forces and the kinetic energy of a substance determine the phase
the substance is in? (2 points)
The equilibrium between the molecules' kinetic energy and the intermolecular forces
acting on them determines a substance's phase. Molecules move more at higher
temperatures (increased kinetic energy), which may overcome intermolecular interactions
and result in a phase change to a gas. Molecules tend to remain solid or liquid due to
stronger intermolecular forces.

Question 2: Phase Diagrams (6 points)

Use the phase diagram for CO2 to answer the following questions.
a. What happens to carbon dioxide at –40°C as pressure is decreased from 10 atm to 1
atm? (1 point))

Carbon dioxide will sublimate (go straight from solid to gas) when the pressure drops from
10 atm to 1 atm at -40°C.

b. What happens to carbon dioxide at 12 atm pressure as the temperature is increased from
–70°C to –40°C? (1 point)

As the temperature rises from -70°C to -40°C at 12 atm pressure, carbon dioxide will
transition from the solid to the liquid phase.

c. Identify the melting point line on the phase diagram. (You may describe it or label it on the
phase diagram.) (1 point)

The boundary line between the solid and liquid phases on the phase diagram is known as
the melting point line.

d. How does one determine the melting point of a solid at a particular pressure using the
phase diagram? (1 point)

Find the point on the phase diagram where the pressure matches the line dividing the solid
and liquid phases to find the melting point of a solid at a given pressure.
e. Frozen chunks of CO2 ice are often used to keep food cold when other forms of
refrigeration are not available. Use the phase diagram of CO2 to explain why frozen CO2 is
called dry ice when used in normal atmospheric pressure conditions around 1 atm. (2
points)

Because CO2 sublimates straight from a solid to a gas without first becoming a liquid at
standard atmospheric pressure (around 1 atm), it is known as dry ice. Because it doesn't
create liquid water like conventional ice does, this is why it's called "dry" ice.

Question 3: Solids (7 points)

Identify the type of solid from the description. Select from the following choices: metallic

solid, network solid, molecular solid, ionic solid, or amorphous solid.

Network solid (such as diamonds or quartz)

b. This solid conducts heat well and has a range of hardness. (1 point)

Metallic solid

c. This solid is hard and depends on charge attractions to hold it together. (1 point)

Ionic solid

d. This solid does not have a regular crystal structure. (1 point)

Amorphous solid

e. This solid has a very low melting point and is soft. (1 point)

Molecular solid

f. This solid has high melting point, does not conduct electricity, and does not dissolve in
water. (1 point)

Network solid
g. This solid has a high melting point and conducts electricity only when dissolved. (1 point)

Ionic solid

Question 4: Solutions (10 points)

a. A lawyer (who understands chemistry) is hosting a tea party. She plans to serve sugar for

the iced tea. (5 points)

i. What is the solvent? (1 point)

The solvent is water (the liquid that dissolves the sugar).

ii. What is the solute? (1 point)

The solute is sugar (the substance being dissolved).

iii. What is the sweetened tea mixture called? (1 point)

The sweetened tea mixture is a solution.

Since sugar does not separate into ions in solution, the sweetened tea is not an electrolyte
combination.

v. Is the sweetened tea a homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture? Explain your

As a result of the sugar being evenly dissolved in the water, the sweetened tea is a
homogeneous combination.

b. The lawyer loves mint tea, but all she has is mint oil. Is this a good choice to add to make
mint tea? Why or why not? (1 point)

Since mint oil is nonpolar and will not dissolve well in the polar solvent (water), it is not a
good option for producing mint tea.

c. The lawyer is in a very big hurry and needs her tea party to end as quickly as possible. She
debates whether to set out sugar cubes or granulated sugar. Which will she most likely
select for the guests to use for their tea? Give a scientific reason for her choice. (1 point)

Because the smaller granulated sugar particles have a bigger surface area in contact with
the water, they will dissolve more quickly than sugar cubes.
d. Still worried that the tea party will last too long, the lawyer makes sure each guest has a
spoon. Give a scientific reason why this would help. (1 point)

By swirling the tea, a spoon can accelerate the dissolution of sugar by increasing the
surface area of the sugar that comes into contact with the water.

e. The lawyer's daughter (who is taking chemistry in high school) suggests that her mother
serve hot tea instead of iced tea. Give a scientific reason why this would speed things up. (1
point)

The dissolution of the tea is accelerated by heating it because the molecules have more
energy to travel at higher temperatures, which speeds up the dissolution of sugar.
f. Normally the solubility of sugar in hot tea is about 700 g for a cup of tea, yet one guest
dissolved 750 g of sugar in his tea. What kind of solution did he have? (1 point)

The visitor most likely had a supersaturated solution, which is one in which the sugar
content is higher than usual. When sugar is dissolved in hot tea and then gradually cooled,
this occurs.

Question 5: Melting and Boiling Points (10 points)

a. Put the following solids in order from highest boiling point to lowest boiling point. (2

points)

●​ H2O _3____
●​ CH4 __4___
●​ (CH3)2CO __2___
●​ Al(s) __1___

b. Sugar and salt are both white, crystalline powders that dissolve in water. If you were given
an unknown sample that contained one or both of these solids, how could you determine
what your unknown sample contained (without tasting it)? (2 points)

The solubility behavior of the unknown sample could be used to identify it. Salt separates
into ions in solution, whereas sugar dissolves in water to form a solution. To differentiate
between them, a conductivity test might be useful.
c. You have a new box of breakfast cereal that contains cereal bits and fluffy marshmallow
bits. Your brother shakes the box and then pours himself a bowl of marshmallow bits,
leaving you with a bowl of only cereal bits. What form of separation technique did he
(selfishly) undertake? What property does this separation technique depend on? (2 points)
(2 points)

Your brother employed the sifting method of separation, which is based on the size
difference between the marshmallows and cereal pieces.

d. Some animals that live in extremely cold environments protect themselves from freezing
by increasing the molality of certain chemicals in their cells. Define molality and explain how
it protects these animals. (2 points)

Molecules of solute per kilogram of solvent is the definition of molality. Animals can
survive in freezing temperatures by lowering the freezing point of the fluids inside their
cells by raising the molality of specific molecules.
e. One use of CaCl2 is for salting roads in the winter. How much would the freezing point of
water decrease if a 3.23 molal (m) solution of CaCl2 were achieved? Show your work. (Kf =
1.86°C/(mol/kg) for water and i = 3 for CaCl2.) (2 points)

Water's freezing point would drop by ΔTf = i * Kf * m.

3 * 1.86°C/(mol/kg) * 3.23 m = 18.03°C is the value of ΔTf.

The new freezing point would be -18.03°C since the previous one would have dropped by
18.03°C.
Question 6: Ideal Gas Law (10 points)

a. If the volume of an ideal gas is 2 L at 3 atm, what volume is it at 4 atm? Use Boyle's law.
Show your work. (1 point)

P1 * V1 = P2 * V2

(3 atm) * (2 L) = (4 atm) * V2

V2 = (3 * 2) / 4 = 1.5 L

b. MRI machines use superconducting magnets to make images. In order to stay

superconducted, the magnet wires are submerged in liquid helium. (9 points)

A substance that has no electrical resistance below a specific temperature is called a

ii. Liquid helium boils at 4.2 K. What temperature is that in Celsius? (1 point)

To convert 4.2 K to Celsius:

T(°C) = T(K) - 273.15

T = 4.2 - 273.15 = -268.95°C

iii. What is the relationship between the vapor pressure of a liquid and its boiling point? (1
point)

A liquid will boil at a lower temperature if the air pressure is lower because a liquid's vapor
pressure rises with temperature.

iv. Helium is a gas at STP. What does STP stand for? What are the values for STP? (1
point)

Standard Temperature and Pressure is referred to as STP. For STP, the values are 1 atm
and 0°C (273.15 K).

v. How many liters of He gas would 1 mole of He occupy at STP? (1 point)

vi. If the magnet loses its superconducting properties, all of the liquid helium could
suddenly turn to a gas. If an MRI machine contains 1950 L liquid He with a density of
0.125g/mL, how many liters of He gas would be formed at 25°C and 1 atm? Use the ideal
gas law. Round your final answer to two significant figures. Show your work. (4 points)

Using the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT,

V = (nRT) / P.

For helium, n = mass / molar mass = (1950 L * 0.125 g/mL) / (4.0026 g/mol)

Use ideal gas constants and temperature for calculation.

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