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2008 Hansen Bode and Fano Impedance Matching

This document presents second-order accurate FDTD equations for dielectric interfaces in 3D, demonstrating their efficiency compared to standard methods through numerical experiments. It acknowledges support from the Science Fund of China and includes references to related works. Additionally, it discusses bandwidth improvement factors for impedance matching networks and provides insights into RFID technology and antenna design.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views3 pages

2008 Hansen Bode and Fano Impedance Matching

This document presents second-order accurate FDTD equations for dielectric interfaces in 3D, demonstrating their efficiency compared to standard methods through numerical experiments. It acknowledges support from the Science Fund of China and includes references to related works. Additionally, it discusses bandwidth improvement factors for impedance matching networks and provides insights into RFID technology and antenna design.

Uploaded by

Darin Nožina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4.

CONCLUSIONS
The second-order accurate FDTD equations at dielectric interface
in 3D case are presented based on the 2nd order accurate FDTD
technique in 2D. The numerical experiments have demonstrated
the flexibility and efficiency of this technique in the application in
3D case.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the Science Fund of China
(No.60171011) and (No.60571056).

REFERENCES
1. X. Zhang and K.K. Mei, Time-domain finite difference approach to the
calculation of the frequency-dependent characteristics of microstrip
discontinuities, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech, 36 (1988),
1775–1787.
2. T. Hirono, Y. Shibata, W.W. Lui, S. Seki, and Y. Yoshikuni, The
second-order condition for the dielectric interface orthogonal to the
Yee-lattice axis in the FDTD scheme, IEEE Microwave Guided Wave
Lett 10 (2000), 359 –361.
Figure 9 The comparison of S21 of the microstrip dual band filter 3. K.P. Hwang and A.C. Cangellaris, Effective permittivities for second-
order accurate FDTD equations at dielectric interface, IEEE Micro-
0.62 mm in the air region and ⌬zf ⫽ 0.20 mm in the dielectric wave Guided Wave Lett 11 (2001), 158 –160.
4. Q.X. Chu and H. Ding, Second-order accurate FDTD equations at
region. There is 10,000 time steps of ⌬t, ⌬t ⫽ 0.22 ps, and 110 s
dielectric interface, Microwave Opt Technol Lett, in press.
is spent. To show better accuracy of the method in this article, the 5. Q.X. Chu, 2nd-order accurate FDTD equations at dielectric interface,
normal FDTD method is also employed with the same number of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conf Proc 2 (2002), 1212–1214.
uniform grids of 41 ⫻ 51 ⫻ 10, and the mesh sizes ⌬x ⫽ 0.82 mm, 6. Q.X. Chu and H. Ding, Second-order accurate FDTD equations at
⌬y ⫽ 0.85 mm, ⌬z ⫽ 0.40 mm and time step ⌬t ⫽ 0.22 ps, dielectric interface for TE modes, IEEE Antenna Propag Symp Dig 1
10,000 time steps are used and time cost 115 s. Furthermore, the (2005), 205–208.
standard FDTD method with the finer grids of 80 ⫻ 100 ⫻ 16 is 7. Q.X. Chu and Y. Feng, Second-order accurate FDTD equations for the
adopted, and its result can be considered as the reference to analysis of cylindrical dielectric resonators, IEEE Antenna Propag
compare the other methods, and ⌬x ⫽ 0.41 mm, ⌬y ⫽ 0.42 mm, Symp Dig 3 (2003), 762–765.
⌬z ⫽ 0.26 mm, ⌬t ⫽ 0.10 ps, 15,000 time steps, and total time 8. Q.X. Chu and H. Ding, Second-order accurate FDTD equations at
magnetic media interfaces, IEEE Trans Magn 27 (2006), 3141–
cost is 445 s [11].
3143.
The transmission characteristics of the mircostrip low pass 9. Mur G, Absorbing boundary condition for the finite-difference approx-
filter are calculated in FDTD methods with three different forms of imation of the time-domain electromagnetic field equations, IEEE
grids, and the comparison of the numerical solutions is shown in Trans EMC, 23 (1981), 1073–1077.
Figure 7. It is clearly seen that the curve of S21 obtained with 10. X.L. Zhang, J.Y. Fang, K.K. Mei, and Y.W. Liu, Calculation of the
nonuniform grids is very close with the reference curve. There is dispersive characteristics of microstrips by the time-domain finite
significant deviation from the reference in the numerical solution difference method, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 36 (1988),
calculated by the normal FDTD method. It is noted that the method 263–267.
proposed in this article has the better accuracy than the standard 11. D.M. Sheen, S.M. Ali, M.D. Abouzahra, and J.A. Kong, Application
FDTD method in the same computation capacity. of the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method to the
analysis of planar microstrip circuits, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
Tech 38 (1990), 849 – 857.
2.3. Dual-Band Filter 12. G. D’inzeo, F. Giannini, C.M. Sodi, and R. Sorrentino, Method of
The structure and dimension of the microstip dual band filter are analysis and filtering properties of microwave planar networks, IEEE
shown in Figure 8. In the method proposed above, 57 ⫻ 150 ⫻ 5 Trans Theory Tech 26 (1978), 462– 471.
grids are employed to analyze the model targeted, and the distance
parameters d ⫽ 0.5, l ⫽ 0.5, g ⫽ 0.16; Cell lengths, ⌬x ⫽ 0.59 © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
mm, ⌬y ⫽ 0.45 mm, ⌬zc ⫽ 1.00 mm in the air region, and
⌬zf ⫽ 0.32 mm in the dielectric substrate, and ⌬t ⫽ 1.00 ps,
10,000 time steps, time cost 203 s. In the normal FDTD method
with coarse uniform grid, there are the same number of grids, and BODE AND FANO IMPEDANCE
the cell lengths and time step, ⌬x ⫽ 0.59 mm, ⌬y ⫽ 0.45 mm, MATCHING
⌬z ⫽ 0.64 mm, ⌬t ⫽ 1.00 ps, 10,000 time steps, total time cost
R. C. Hansen
205 s. In the normal FDTD method with finer grid, 100 ⫻ 200 ⫻ R. C. Hansen, Inc., P.O. Box 570215, Tarzana, CA 91357;
10 grids are employed and the cell lengths and time step are as Corresponding author: www.rchansen.com
below, ⌬x ⫽ ⌬y ⫽ 0.33 mm, ⌬z ⫽ 0.32 mm, ⌬t ⫽ 0.63 ps,
15,000 time steps and time cost is 1128 s [12]. Received 8 September 2007
The curves of S21 of the microstrip band pass filter are plotted
in Figure 9. Compared with the reference results with finer grids, ABSTRACT: The Bode limit on bandwidth enhancement through use of
the numerical solutions calculated by the second-order FDTD an ideal impedance matching network does not allow changes in an-
equations are more accurate than the standard FDTD method in the tenna reflection coefficient over the bandwidth. An exact correction fac-
same number of grids. tor is derived from the Fano limitations, yielding a simple modification

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 50, No. 4, April 2008 875
to the Bode limit. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt bandwidth improvement that can be provided by an ideal lossless
Technol Lett 50: 875– 877, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience impedance matching network of many sections, which is Q1 /Q⬁ .
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23244 To obtain Q1 , Eqs. (2) and (3) are solved for n ⫽ 1, giving
Key words: impedance matching; Bode limit; Fano limit
sinh a1 ⫽ 1/⌫, sinh b1 ⫽ ⌫ (5)
1. BODE LIMIT
Thus:
Improvement of antenna performance via an ideal lossless imped-
ance matching network was studied by Bode [1]. Bode’s band-
2⌫
width improvement factor is: Q1 ⫽
1 ⫺ ⌫2 (6)
BWIF ⫽ ␲/兩n共1/⌫兲 (1)
Next Q⬁ is obtained. As n increases, an and bn decrease, but nan
where ⌫ is the magnitude of the antenna reflection coefficient. This and nbn are not small. From (4) for large n,
factor is often used [2, 3], but the limitations are not always
included. Bode assumed that ⌫ was constant over the bandwidth of ␲
n共a n ⫺ b n兲; (7)
interest, thus restricting its validity to modest values of VSWR. Qn
The Bode result can be modified to allow ⌫ to vary over the
bandwidth. Fortunately, the exact results of Fano allow a simple From (2) for large n,
but exact modification.
1
; exp关n共an ⫺ bn 兲兴 (8)
2. FANO LIMIT ⌫
Fano [4, 5] derived exact simultaneous transcendental equations
relating parameters in each matching section, for equal ripple in Combining these gives Q⬁ :
the passband. These equations are:

⌫ cosh nan ⫽ cosh nbn (2) Q ⬁; (9)
兩n1/⌫

tanh nan tanh nbn Note that the individual an , bn satisfy (3). The bandwidth improve-
⫽ (3)
cosh an cosh bn ment factor is:

2 ␲ Q1 1 ⫺ ⌫2 ␲
sinh an ⫽ sinh bn ⫹ sin (4) BWIF ⫽ ⫽ • (10)
Qn 2n Q⬁ 2⌫ 兩n1/⌫

Each matching section has coefficients a and b, and Qn is the or in terms of VSWR:
resulting Q using n sections. The matching network is lossless; of
course loss would decrease efficiency and increase bandwidth.
Graphical results were presented by Matthaei et al. [6], and
computer solutions were given in [7]. Of interest here is the

Figure 1 Bandwidth improvement versus VSWR Figure 2 Bandwidth improvement versus 兩r兩

876 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 50, No. 4, April 2008 DOI 10.1002/mop
2V ␲ monitoring a wide range of products. Small boxes in supermarket,
BWIF ⫽ • (11) inventory of factories, people entrance, and even vehicle traffic can
V ⫺ 1 兩n共共V ⫹ 1兲/共V ⫺ 1兲兲
2

be controlled with RFID tags and readers. RFID systems consist of


This is simply the Bode factor multiplied by a factor that exactly a reader that interrogates an identification tag and this, in turn,
takes into account ⌫ varying over the bandwidth. sends an identification code back to the reader. Specifically, the
passive RFID tags take advantage of being free of batteries. It
3. RESULTS converts part of the incoming RF signal from the reader into power
supply. This fact makes available cheaper tags, saving the money
Bandwidth improvement factor is shown versus VSWR in Figure
that would be spent on batteries. And also, it is not necessary to
1, and versus magnitude ⌫ in Figure 2. As expected, many match-
worry about batteries’ life time any longer. A passive RFID tag is
ing sections can make large improvements for VSWR near one,
basically a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) attached on
and conversely large VSWR are harder to correct, even with many
an antenna. Low-power RFIC and higher gain antennas are the
sections.
main proposals to improve the reading range because of the limited
effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the reader (27 and 36
4. CONCLUSIONS
dBm in some countries).
The simple formulas (10) or (11) should be used in place of the
Bode result (1) for many matching sections. For a matching 2. BASIC CONCEPTS
network of one to five sections, use the tabular data in [7].
As predicted by Friis [1] in Eq. (1), the reading range r is a
function of the following parameters: wavelength in the free space
REFERENCES
␭, EIRP power Pt䡠Gt, tag antenna gain Gr, and the minimum power
1. H.W. Bode, Network analysis and feedback amplifier design, Van required for activating the RFIC chip Pr [2].
Nostrand, 1949, p. 367. For a RFIC operating with 16.7 ␮W minimum power level [2]
2. M. Gustafsson, Bandwidth, Q factor, and resonance models of antennas,
and indoor reader EIRP of 27 dBm, gain improvements on the tag
Prog EM Res 62 (2006), 1–20.
antenna could increase the reading range of the system.
3. D. Pozar, Microwave engineering, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ 2006, Chapter
5. Figure 1 shows the system reading range as a function of the
4. R.M. Fano, Theoretical limitations of the broadband matching of arbi- antenna gain. Most of the antennas of commercial available tags
trary impedances, J Franklin Institute, 249 (1950), 139 –154. are printed dipoles. So, their Gr are close to 2 dB over an isotropic
5. R.M. Fano, A note on the solution of certain approximation problems in antenna [3].
network synthesis, J Franklin Institute 249 (1950), 189 –205. According to Refs. 2 and 3, passive RFIC tags have generally
6. G.L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E.M.T. Jones, Microwave filters, imped- negative input reactance and may have low input resistance. The
ance-matching networks and coupling structures, McGraw-Hill, New impedance of the RFIC and the antenna must be matched with
York, NY 1964, Sections 4.09, 4.10. each other [3].
7. R.C. Hansen, Phased array antennas, Wiley, New York, NY 1998.

© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. r⫽



4䡠␲ 冑 P t 䡠 Gt 䡠 Gr
Pr
(1)

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS


COPLANAR ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGN The antenna was implemented on a RT6002 substrate of thickness
WITH STUBS OVER DIPOLES FOR 1.5 mm, relative dielectric permissivity ␧r ⫽ 2.94, and loss tangent
RFID APPLICATIONS ␦ ⫽ 0.0012. Simulations were taken in the 1.5–3-GHz range.
F. R. L. e Silva, M. T. de Melo, and M. D. Lourenço Júnior
Departamento de Eletronica e Sistemas – Grupo de Fotonica,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Academico Helio
Ramos, S/N, 50740 –530 Recife - Pernambuco, Brazil;
Corresponding author: marcos@ufpe.br

Received 16 August 2007

ABSTRACT: A new Coplanar Strip Antenna design is presented.


This antenna is suitable for RFID tags, operating in the 2.4-GHz
range. Device was fabricated on RT6002 substrate of thickness h ⫽
1.5 mm. The input impedance control is based on the conformal
mapping technique. A full-wave EM simulator was used to obtain the
frequency response. Simulated and experimental results are pre-
sented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett
50: 877– 879, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.
interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23238

Key words: RFID; microwave antenna array; coplanar strips; planar


array

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, where the information traffic is very high, radio-fre-
quency identification (RFID) systems play an important role in Figure 1 The reading range versus the tag antenna gain

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 50, No. 4, April 2008 877

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