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Microprocessor 8086
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Unit 1 -: 8086 16-Bit

Microprocessor

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Syllabus Topic -:
1. 8086 Features

2. 8086 Pin diagram

3. Architecture of 8086

4. Register organization

5. Concept of pipelining

6. Memory segmentation

Why the Rush? Let's Take a Step Back!

Isn't it amusing how most books on the 8086 Microprocessor eagerly dive straight into its
features, as if we already share a secret handshake with the concept? It’s like introducing
someone by listing their hobbies before even telling you who they are! How can we truly
appreciate the brilliance of the 8086 without first understanding what a microprocessor
actually is? So, before we get dazzled by registers and addressing modes, let's first
unravel the core question: What is a Microprocessor? Because knowing the roots makes
the journey all the more meaningful!

They jump straight into the features of the 8086 Microprocessor as if the term
‘microprocessor’ is as obvious as gravity! But how can we appreciate the power of the
8086 without first knowing what a microprocessor actually is? Let’s break the cycle of
bland intros and start where it truly matters: Understanding the Microprocessor. After
all, every masterpiece begins with a solid foundation!

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What is a ? – Let's Make It Simple!

Imagine your computer is like a super-talented chef in a bustling restaurant. Now, this
chef needs to take orders, process them, and finally serve delicious dishes. But who’s
responsible for making sure everything runs smoothly, from taking the order to plating
the dish? That’s where the microprocessor comes in!

A microprocessor is like the head chef – the mastermind that takes commands
(instructions), processes them, and gives the final output. It’s the brain of your computer,
deciding what to do next, how to do it, and when to do it. Without it, the computer would
just be a bunch of hardware with no clue how to work together!

Formal Definition (For Semester Exams)

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that performs the functions of a central

processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

 It executes arithmetic and logical operations, controls data flow, and manages
input/output operations as instructed by a program.
 It is the heart of a computer system, responsible for processing data and controlling
all other components.
 Just like a skilled juggler handling multiple balls at once, a microprocessor can
manage several tasks simultaneously. It rapidly switches between instructions,
making it seem like everything is happening at the same time!
 Microprocessors are not just limited to computers. They power everyday devices like
smartphones, washing machines, and even your smart TV! If it’s “smart,” there’s a
microprocessor behind it.
 From the simple 4-bit processors of the past to the powerful multi-core processors
today, microprocessors have evolved dramatically. They have become faster, smaller,
and more efficient, revolutionizing the way we live and work.

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8086 16-Bit Microprocessor

Imagine your computer is like a super-efficient office, where tasks are completed at
lightning speed. Now, in this office, the 8086 microprocessor is the boss – the one who
takes in all the instructions (like emails), processes them, and sends out the results.

But what makes the 8086 special? Well, it's a 16-bit boss! This means it can handle data
in chunks of 16 bits at a time, just like a manager who can read 16 lines of an email in
one go instead of just 8. This makes it faster and more powerful than its older siblings.

Introduced by Intel in 1978, the 8086 was like the rockstar of its time. It could address 1
MB of memory and had a speed ranging from 5 MHz to 10 MHz. It became the
foundation for future computer designs, influencing the way modern processors are built
today.

So, in short, the 8086 is like that legendary office boss who set new standards for
productivity and efficiency!

Formal Definition (For Semester Exams)

The 8086 microprocessor is a 16-bit microprocessor developed by Intel in 1978. It has

a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus, enabling it to address 1 MB of memory. It
supports a rich set of instructions for arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output
operations. The 8086 operates in two modes: Minimum mode (single processor
environment) and Maximum mode (multi-processor environment). It is known for its
high processing speed and was widely used in early personal computers.

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8086 Microprocessor म्हण काय तण साध ा भाषणत समहावून सांग तो.
समहा, तुमचाकाण एक हुाा नोका आहण हो खूप वणगानण काम कर ुकतो. तो एकावणळी 16
गोषी लकात ठण वू ुकतो आण् वणगानण गण्तण सोावू ुकतो. आता, हा नोका तुमचा प्णक
आदण ुाचं पालन कातो – हसं तुमचं संग्क प्णक आदण ुाचं पालन कातं .

8086 हा असाच एक हुाा मायकोपोसणसा आहण . तो 16 बिट् सची माबहती (Data) एकावणळी वाचू
ुकतो आण् ्ावा पबकया कर ुकतो. ्ामुळणच ्ाला 16-बिट मायकोपोसणसा म्तात.
्ाचात ‘ाीणहसा’ नावाचण छोटण मणमाी युबनट् स आहण त, हण ्ाला माबहती (Data) साठवणासाठी
मदत कातात.

सोपा भाषणत सां गायचं ता, 8086 हा संग्काचा मेदू आहण . तो सूचना (Instructions) घणऊन ्ावा
बवचाा करन काम पू्् कातो.
हसं तुमी बवचाा करन काम काता, अगदी तसंच!

हा अहून साधणप्ा हवा असणल बकंवा काही उदाहा्ासह समहावून सां गायचं असलास, ता
सां गा!

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Features of 8086

1. 16-bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The 8086 has a 16-bit ALU, meaning it can process data in 16-bit chunks. It performs
arithmetic operations (like addition, subtraction) and logical operations (like AND, OR).
This makes calculations faster and more efficient than 8-bit processors.

Why It’s Important:

With a 16-bit ALU, the 8086 can handle complex calculations and logical decisions
efficiently, making it powerful enough for advanced programming.

2. Dual Operating Modes (Minimum and Maximum)

The 8086 operates in two modes:

 Minimum Mode: For single-processor systems, where the 8086 controls all
system buses.
 Maximum Mode: For multiprocessor systems, enabling communication with
other processors for complex tasks.

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Why It’s Important:
This flexibility allows the 8086 to work efficiently in both simple standalone computers
and complex multiprocessor systems, making it versatile for various applications.

3. 20-bit Address Bus

The 8086 has a 20-bit address bus, which enables it to access up to 1 MB of memory.
Earlier 8-bit processors could only access 64 KB, making this a significant advancement.

Why It’s Important:

Accessing more memory allows the 8086 to run larger programs and handle complex
data, which is crucial for advanced software.

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4. Segmented Memory Architecture

The 8086 divides memory into segments: Code, Data, Stack, and Extra. This
segmentation organizes memory efficiently, allowing programs to use more than 64 KB
by switching segments.

Why It’s Important:

This helps in modular programming and efficient data management, which is essential for
complex software applications.

5. Instruction Queue (6-Byte Prefetch)

The 8086 prefetches the next 6 bytes of instructions before executing the current one,
using a technique called pipelining. This overlaps the fetch and execution phases,
speeding up processing.

Why It’s Important:

By fetching instructions in advance, the 8086 reduces wait time and enhances execution
speed, improving overall performance.

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6. 16-bit Data Bus

The 8086 has a 16-bit data bus, allowing it to transfer 16 bits of data in one cycle. This
doubles the speed of data transfer compared to 8-bit processors.

Why It’s Important:

A wider data bus means faster data transfer, leading to better performance and quicker
execution of programs.

7. Powerful Instruction Set

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The 8086 supports over 100 instructions, including arithmetic, logical, control, and data
transfer instructions. It also supports complex operations like string manipulation and bit
manipulation.

Why It’s Important:

A rich instruction set enables programmers to write more efficient and powerful
programs, making the 8086 suitable for a wide range of applications.

8. Multiprocessing Support

In Maximum Mode, the 8086 supports multiprocessing, meaning multiple processors

can work together. This is achieved by coordinating with a co-processor, like the 8087
Math Co-Processor.

Why It’s Important:

Multiprocessing allows parallel execution of tasks, enhancing performance and enabling
the processor to handle complex computations efficiently.

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