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ADJECTIVE
 Any word that qualifies noun or pronoun is called Adjective.
 It tells us about or add to the meaning of a noun.
Eg. 1. She is a kind lady.
2. I like this pen.
3. She lives in a large house.
4. He is a strong player.
Identification of Adjective based on suffix:
1. FUL : Beautiful, helpful, wonderful, careful, doubtful, joyful, houseful, plentiful, grateful, thankful,
harmful, successful etc.
2. LESS : Meaningless, careless, homeless, eggless, tubeless, useless, helpless, fruitless, eligible, terrible
etc
3. IBLE : Possible, horrible, feasible, eligible, terrible etc.
4. CAL : Medical, chemical, political, physical, surgical, critical, radical, tactical, optical etc.
5. NAL : International, national, venal, seasonal, functional, emotional, maternal, paternal, vocational
etc.
6. TIAL : Essential, partial, initial, confidential, celestial, credential, providential etc.
7. ABLE : Portable, capable, amiable, fabourable, desirable, afable, lovable, adorable, comfortable etc.
8. ENT : Permanent, absent, present, reticent, diligent, eminent etc.
9. IOUS : previous, serious, religious, delicious, sagacious, curious, laborious, gracious, pious etc.
10. ARY: Temporary, necessary, complimentary, examplary, contrary etc.
11. IVE : Positive, negative, active, passive, effective, sensitive, connective, relative, productive,
Innovative etc.
12. AL : Natural, normal, cultural, venial, menial, rural, fetal, social, congenial etc.
13. ISH :Childish, selfish, foolish, stylish, reddish, lavish, girlish etc.
14. Like:Warlike, childlike, birdlike, ladylike etc.
15. IC: Horrific, terrific, basic, historic, scientific, photographic, athletic etc.
16. ANT: Blatant, exuberant, brilliant, constant, dominant etc.
17. EN: Golden, wooden, broken, fallen, earthen, woolen, flatten etc.
Special Note :
1. NOUN + LY = Adjective
2. ADJECTIVE + LY = Adverb
Verb of state = Adjective
Verb Verb of action = Adverb
Test :
WORD RECOGNITION
Accidentally
Badly
Nationally
Powerfully
Carelessly
Cowardly
Miserly
Powerfully
Slowly
Previously
Optionally
Lovely
Initially
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 Positively
Clearly
Friendly
Manly
Fatefully
Mechanically
Normally
Honestly
Newly
Correctly
Finally
Happily
Proudly
Sadly
Sharply
Smoothly
Perfectly
COWARDLY:
COWARD + LY
N + LY = Adjective

KINDS OF ADJECTIVE :
1. Participle Adjective 6. Distributive Adjective
2. Possessive Adjective 7. Adjective of number
3. Demonstrative Adjective 8. Proper Adjective
4. Adjective of Quantity 9. Interrogative Adjective
5. Adjective of Quality 10. Emphasising Adjective

1. PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVE : Participle adjective are of 2 types

(i) Present participle (V1 + ing)
(ii) Past participle (V3)

1. Present participle: When there is continuity or presence of action, it is called present participle.
2. Past participle: When there is completion of action it is called past participle.

Eg. mcyrk gqvk nw/k – boiling milk

mcyk gqvk nw/k – boiled milk
Fodflr ns”k– Developed country
fodkl”khy ns”k– Developing country
fxjrh gqbZ ifÙk;k¡ - Falling leafs
fxjs gq, isM+ - Fallen trees
eqLdjkrk gqvk psgjk– Smiling face
mcys gq, v.Ms– Boiled eggs

2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE : The adjective that show possession over a noun are called possessive
adjective.
Eg. My car, Your book, His notes, Her brother, Their country, It‟s beauty, Our attitude.

 Possessive Adjective always take noun with them.

POSSESSION POSSESSION ADJECTIVE

PRONOUN + NOUN
Mine My + N
Yours Your + N
Theirs Their + N
Hers Her + N
Ours Our + N
His His + N
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Eg. 1. This car is .......
a. Mine b. My car c. Mine d. My‟s car
2. ............ is a beautiful country.
a. our b. Ours country c. Our country d. Ours
3. .......... is beautiful
a. Our b. Ours country c. Our country d. Ours
4. My cat is more beautiful than.........
a. Your b. You c. Your cat d. Yours
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE :The adjectives that point out a noun are called demonstrative adjective.
This, that, these, those are demonstrative adjective.

1. This/that + singular noun + singular verb+ addition info.

2. These/those + plural noun + plural verb + addition info.

 This/these are used to point out near objects.

 That/those are used to point out distant objects.

Demonstrative Adjective Demonstrative Pronoun

This book is mine This is my book
That shirt is black That is a black shirt
Those students are intelligent Those are intelligent students
These shirts are white These are white shirts

NOTE : Demonstrative pronoun that/those are used to avoid the repetition of noun in comparison.

Eg. The climate of Auli is cooler than those of /that of Delhi.

 To avoid the repetition of singular noun in comparison we use “that” and to avoid the repetition of plural
noun in comparison we use “those”.

Eg. 1. The streets of Dehradun are wider than that of/those of Mumbai.
2. The GDP of India is still better than that of/ those of Pakistan.

4. ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY : The adjective that denote the quantity of a noun are called adjective of
quantity.
Eg. Much, little, whole, all, most, some, enough etc.

Eg. 1. There is little milk in the bottle.

2. There is enough water in Uttarakhand.
3. I‟ll take some sugar.
4. You should drink much water.
5. She eats the whole apple daily.
6. He has little knowledge about this project.
7. All the students have passed the exam.
8. Employees have completed most of the tasks.

5. ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY : The adjective that show the kind or quality of a person, place etc.
Eg. Beautiful, sad, long, hot, good, bad, red, tired etc.

Eg. 1. The weather was balmy in Dehradun yesterday.

2. The boy is wise.
3. He has always been honest with me.

ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER:- The adjective that show how many persons or things are meant, are called
adjective of num.
E.g. Some boys, many people, several books, few students, ten runs, twenty pens

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NOTE 1:- Adjective of number are of 2 types:-
1. Definite – one, two, three etc.
2. Indefinite- some, many, few, various, several, all, enough, most, etc.
NOTE 2:- Definite Adjective are of 2 TYPES:-
1. Cardinal Adjectives :- one, Two, three etc.
2. Ordinal Adjectives :- first ,second, third etc.

Order of definite Adjective in sentences:-

The + ordinal adjective + cardinal adjective + noun

 The two first/ first two chapters of this book one Latin Greek to me.
 The four last/last four students will be punished.
 I have already translated the first two/ two first chapters.
 The two last songs by Sonu Nigam who has already given many hit songs have proved a success.

8. PROPER ADJECTIVES:-The Adjective formed with the help of proper noun are called proper adjective.

Proper noun Proper Adjective

1. India Indian
2. West Western
3. China Chinese
4. America American
5. East Eastern
6. Britain British

1. I love Chinese food.

2. My brother likes Italian cuisine.
3. Japanese cars are wonderful.
4. All the African people are not black.
5. Shakespearean sonnets are easy to understand.

9. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE:- if WH words are followed by a noun the WH words are called
Interrogative Adjective.
E.g. 1. What colour is your shirt?
2. Which teacher taught you Physics?
3. Whose can is this?
4. What book are you looking for?
5.Which house do you want to buy?
6. Whose wife is this?

10. EMPHASISING ADJECTIVE:-the Adjective that emphasize a noun are called emphasizing adjective.
E.g. 1. This is the very book, I am looking for.
2. He is a very handsome boy.
3. It is very hot today.
4. He was decapitated/beheaded before my very eyes & the P.M. remained silent.
5. one day I‟ll live in my own house.
6. Where is your own car?
Note-: order to use possessive & Emphasizing Adjective.
_ _ _ + poss. Adj. + Emp. Adj. + Noun + _ _ _

USES OF ADJECTIVES:-

1. Little, A little, the little:-

(i) Little- it is used with uncountable nouns, it means hardly any quantity. It is used in negative sense.
(ii) A little- It is used with uncountable noun, it means some but not much. It is used in affirmative sense.
(iii) The little- it is used with uncountable noun, it means not much but all that is available.

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E.g. 1. ……… knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2. I would like to take ……… milk.
3. Will you please take …….. water?
4. ……….. time I spent that in your company was memorable.
5. I can‟t prepare tea for you because there is ……… milk in the bottle.
6. ………….. money that you gave has been spent.
7. He was really upset to find that he had …………. leisure left in his life.
8. ………….. money is needed to save his life.
9. ………….. knowledge of English that she had, proved very useful for her to get 190 marks in the
mains examination.
10. ……………. common sense can bring success to you.

2. FEW/A FEW/ THE FEW :-

(i) Few- it is used with plural countable noun, it means hardly any number. It is used in negative sense.
(ii) A few-it is used with plural countable noun, it means some but not many. . It is used in affirmative
sense.
(iii) The few- it is used with, plural countable noun, it means not many but all that are available.

Few + Plural countable noun + Plural Verb

E.g. 1. The doctor advised me to take rest for ………… days.

2. He had to cut a sorry figure when he came to know that ………… rupees left in his purse.
3. The show was called off because ………….. people turned up to see it.
4. I have ………….. books to read.
5. He wants to spend ……………… days that are left to him in solitude and meditation
6. I have got ……………. questions to ask.
7. …………… public gardens that we have are not properly maintained.

Note: Money is uncountable noun but rupees are countable.

3. MUCH & MANY

I. MUCH- It is used with uncountable noun.
II. MANY- It is used with Plural countable noun.

E.g. 1. Nowadays there are many more criminals than police man.
2. Let her take as much/many books as she wants.
3.Of the billions of stars in the galaxy, how much/many is/are suitable for life.
4. There isn‟t much/ many sugar in my coffee.
5. The old man hasn‟t got much/ many hair on his head.

4. FURTHER AND FARTHER:-

Further- it means in addition to

Farther- it means at a greater distance

E.g.1. Clock tower is not farther/farther form Karanpur, so I can go there in foot/on foot/by foot.
2. My house is at the farther/further end of the lane.
3. I didn‟t receive any farther/further order.
4. Farther/further discussion will be held in the office of the principal.
5. I saw her strolling on the farther/ further beach.
6. Your proposal has been forwarded to the higher authority for farther/ further consideration.
7. He lives at a much further/ farther place than this.

5. The whole Vs the Whole of :-

i- The whole + common noun
ii- The whole of + proper noun
e.g. I. The whole/the whole of city is Afflicted with dengue.

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 II. the whole of India is beset with umpteen problems which seem to have no solution.
III.The whole of Dehradun will get relief after a 6 lane highway

 CONCEPT OF MORE THAN ONE ADJECTIVE:-

(i)
Adj Adj Noun
. .

Note:- If more than one Adj. is used to qualify the noun, they should be arranged in the following manner.
O, S, A, S, C, O, M, P + noun

O- opinion (intelligent, dull, pretty, lovely etc)

S- Size (large, small, big, tiny etc)
A-Age (old, young, new, recent etc)
S- Shape (round, oval, elliptical)
C- Colour (black, blue etc)
O- origin (Indian, Chinese etc)
M- material (Plastic, wooden, iron etc)
P- Purpose (sleeping, sitting, wedding, etc)

E.g. 1. She was wearing a woolen, red, pretty wedding gown. ( )

Pretty > red > woolen > wedding

(OP) (C) (M) (P)
2. I saw a wooden broken chair. ( )
3. I have two plastic black, narrow, long brushes ( )

 UTMOST VS OUTER MOST:-

1. Utmost- it means most important, it denotes chief position of something.
2. Outer most- It means farthest from the center.

E.g. 1- My outermost/utmost goal in life is to bring the house down for my parents.
2. We need some workers, because utmost/out most walls of this house are badly damaged.
3. My utmost/ outermost respect goes to those who serve in the armed forces.
4. The outermost/ utmost area of this garden is not properly maintained.
5. It was not audible to the outermost/utmost ring of the listeners.

 LATER VS LATTER VS LATEST VS LAST

1. Later- It means “at some subsequent time to a given time”.
2. Latter- It means second of the two, It is used only for two.
3. Last- It means after all others, It is used for more than two.
4. Latest- It means newest/recent.
 Former is the opposite of latter.
 First is the opposite of last.
 Earlier is the opposite of later.
 Outdated/antique is the opp. of latest.

E.g. 1. The later/latter part of the movie was interesting.

2. Ravi& Manish are colleagues. The later/latter is stronger and taller.
3. Ravi, Manish and Mohit are brothers. The latter/last is the tallest.
4. What is the latest/last news?
5. The train arrived an hour later/latter than the scheduled time.
6. I am busy now, I will call you later.
7. Of the two options offered, I prefer the latter/ later
8. Let‟s have coffee later/ latter in the week.
9. My neighbor has a son and a daughter- the former is a teacher, the_____ is a nurse.
10. Mahesh arrived at the party_____ than Priya did.
11. Can we rely on this agency for the latest/ last/ later news of the day ?
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NOTE: In case of more than two, we should use „First‟ in place of „Former‟ and „Last” in place of “Latter”.
Uses of Degrees:- Adj. have three degrees
1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative

1. Positive degree- it is used to show quality or when no comparison is made.

E.g. i. He is a good boy.
ii. She is a tall girl.

2. Comparative degree- when two things or sets of thing are compared we use comparative degree.
E.g. i. He is good/better than his brother.
ii. She is tall/taller than her sister.

3. Superlative degree- it is used to choose one out of more than two.

E.g. i. He is good/better/ best of all the students.
ii. She is the tall/taller/tallest of all the girls.

WAYS TO CHANGE POSITIVE DEGREE INTO COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

1. To change an adj. into comp. degree „er‟ is added to the positive degree & „est‟ is added to change into
superlative degree.
E.g.
P. C. S.
Thick Thicker Thickest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Tall Taller Tallest
Deep Deeper Deepest
Young Younger Youngest
Bright Brighter Brightest
Poor Poorer Poorest
Rich Richer Richest

1. If e is present at the end of a positive degree .r is added to change it into comparative dg. And st is added
to change it into superlative degree.
P C S
Able Abler Ablest
Brave Braver Bravest
Fine Finer Finest
Noble Nobler Noblest
Wise Wiser Wisest
True Truer Truest

2. If the positive degree ends in a consonant and a short vowel before it, the last consonant is doubled &
then er and est are added to change it into comp. & sup. Degree respectively.

P C S
Big Bigger Biggest
Fit Fitter Fittest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Hot Hotter Hottest

3. When a positive degree ends in y and a consonant is present before y, the given y is converted into i and
then er and est are added respectively.

P C S

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 Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Dry Drier Driest
Pretty Prettier Prettiest

4. Adjectives that are of more than two syllables are changed to comp. & sup. Degree by adding more & most
respectively.
 Syllable- No of sound of vowels in a word.

P C S
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Pleasant More pleasant Most pleasant
Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent
Courageous More Courageous Most Courageous
Interesting More Interesting Most Interesting
Sagacious More Sagacious Most Sagacious

5. Certain adjective do not follow any rule they get change completely.
P.D. C.D. S.L.D.
Many/much More Most
Far Farther Farthest
Good Better Best
Well (adj) Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
ill Worse Worst
Little Less Least

 Comparison in Degrees:-

1. Comp. in positive degree:-

Structure:-

(i) No other + sing. Noun or subject (1) + sing. Verb+ so/as + positive deg. + adj. + as + subject(2).

E.g. (1) No other country is as peaceful as Nepal.

(2) No other boy is as tall/taller as Ram.
(3) No method/ no other method of making other people agree to your view-point is as effective as this
method
(4) No hill station/ no other hill station is as beautiful as Darjeeling with its scenic beauty.

2. Comp. in comparative degree:-

Structure-
Subject + Verb + Comp. Deg. Adj. + than + any other/ all other +object…..
E.g. (1) Nepal is more peaceful than any other country/ all other countries.
(2) Ram is taller than any other boy in the class.
(3) She is better than any other girl/ all other girls in the class.

3. Comparison in superlative degree:-

Structure-
Subject + verb + article ‘the’ + S.D.A. + of + all + plural noun.
E.g. (1) Nepal is the most peaceful of all the countries.
(2) Ram is the tallest of all the boys in the class.
(3) Amit Shah is the most canny of all the politician.
(4) Virat Kohli is the most aggressive of all other/all the cricketers.

 In case of two proportional or inversely proportional to each other.

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 The C.D.A. + …………………. The + C.D.A. ……….
E.g. 1. The more you burn the more you earn.
2. The highest/higher we go, the coolest/ cooler it became.
3. The more electricity you use, the high / the higher / the highest your bill will be.

(1) There are some Adj. that do not follow comparative Or superlative Degree because they are
complete.

E.g. Interior, exterior, major, minor, empty, excellent, circular, extreme, chief, entire, complete,
perfect, final unique, universal, round, eternal, everlasting, Ideal, absolute, impossible, supreme,
prime.

a. He is the most perfect person that I have ever seen.

b. This is the more unique book on English language.
c. You are the most ideal person in my life.

Diff. btw less & Fewer-

Less- it is used to show comparison of uncountable noun. Less is the comparative degree of little.
Fewer- it is used to show the comp. of plural countable noun, it is the comparative degree of few.

(1) no less/ fewer than 200 runs were scared by Sachin.

(2) Australia has less/fewer all-rounder than New Zealand, therefore the stars of Australian cricket term
are crossed.
(3) No less/lesser/few/fewer than twenty students were plucked in the examination held last year
ORAL VS VERBAL:-Oral means words of mouths verbal means written.
Eg.(a) The evidence should be in verbal form.
(b) There was a/an oral / verbal demonstration and he said everything so fast that I could not get down
anything.
(c) Do not give us any kind of written instructions, only verbal/oral instruction will be enough.
USE OF ENOUGH :-It is used as both, adjective and adverb, when enough is used as adjective we place it
before noun but when it is used as adverb we place it after adjective.
i. Enough + noun = Adjective
ii. Adjective + Enough = Adverb

E.g. (a) Manish is enough tall to pluck these mangoes.

(b) There is enough water in Uttarakhand.
(c) I am not enough capable/capable enough take out the income of my family.
(d) She is enough wisest to clear any exam.
(e) Today India is stronger enough to beat its foe.
(f) We are confident enough/ enough confident to earn our livelihood by toiling hardly
(g) I am enough fortunate/ fortunate enough to get your support at this crucial and precarious phase
of my life .
(h) She is wiser enough/ wise enough/ enough wise to see through your trick.
SOME VS ANY
Some - It is used with both countable and uncountable noun. It is used in positive sentences. It can be used
in interrogative sentences but only to show request.

Any- It is used with both countable & uncountable noun. It is used in negative sentences. It can be used in
Interrogative sentences in the sense of every.

E.g. (a) I do not have some/any problem.

(b) I want some/any water.
(c) There are hardly some/any plants in the field, because all have withered.
(d) Are there some/any boys in your class?
(e) I have not eaten …….since morning.
(a) Some (b) Any (c) Anything (d) no
(g) We don‟t have any/ some olives.

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SYNTHESIS OF POSITIVE AND COMPARATIVE DEGREES:-

1. You are as dishonest or even more dishonest than your friend.

2. He is as strong as and even more stronger than his foe
3. She is as tall or even taller than her sister
4. This book is as useful if not better than that.
5. He feels his troubles as much or even more than they.

Rule: The + Adjective is used as plural noun hence plural verb is used
1. The poor is/ are exploited by the rich.
2. The everybody has respect for an/ the honest.
3. Alms are given to the poors/ the poor/ a poor.
4. The poor is/ are subjugated everywhere in this world, in my opinion poverty is curse.
RULE - too much + Noun
much too + adjective
1. She is too much sad to say anything.
2. He has faced much to difficulty in accomplishing this project.
3. That house is too much/ much too beautiful
4. She is too much / much too young to brave this world.
Rule: If noun comes as an Adjective, the Noun will be in singular form.

Examples

1. Lungs/ lung cancer

2. Knee/ knees replacement
3. Eye/ eyes infection
4. Three-year/ three-years imprisonment
5. Two-hours/ two hour lecture
6. Five-star/ five stars hotel

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